2.1
Properties of Matter
2.1
> Describing Matter
Describing Matter
Properties of Matter
> Describing Matter
Properties used to describe matter
can be classified as extensive or
intensive.
How can properties used to
describe matter be classified?
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2.1
Properties of Matter
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2.1
> Describing Matter
Extensive Properties
Properties of Matter
> Describing Matter
Intensive Properties
• The mass of an object is a measure of the
An intensive property is a
property that depends on
the type of matter in a
sample, not the amount
of matter. The hardness
of a bowling ball is an
example of an intensive
property.
amount of matter the object contains.
• The volume of an object is a measure of the
space occupied by the object.
• An extensive property is a property that
depends on the amount of matter in a
sample.
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2.1
Properties of Matter
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2.1
> Identifying Substances
Properties of Matter
> Identifying Substances
Matter that has a uniform and definite
composition is called a substance.
These kettles are mainly copper. Copper
is an example of a substance.
Identifying Substances
Why do all samples of a substance
have the same intensive
properties?
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2.1
Properties of Matter
2.1
> Identifying Substances
Properties of Matter
> Identifying Substances
A physical property is a quality or
condition of a substance that can be
observed or measured without changing
the substance’s composition.
Every sample of a given substance
has identical intensive properties
because every sample has the
same composition.
Hardness, color, conductivity, and
malleability are examples of physical
properties.
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2.1
Properties of Matter
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2.1
> Identifying Substances
Properties of Matter
> States of Matter
States of Matter
What are three states of matter?
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Properties of Matter
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2.1
>
Pennsylvania, Deleware, New
York
Properties of Matter
> States of Matter
Three states of matter are solid,
liquid, and gas.
Sometimes New Jersey
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2.1
Properties of Matter
2.1
> States of Matter
Properties of Matter
> States of Matter
Solids
Liquid
A solid is a form of
matter that has a
definite shape and
volume.
A liquid is a form of
matter that has an
indefinite shape, flows,
yet has a fixed volume.
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2.1
Properties of Matter
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2.1
> States of Matter
Properties of Matter
> States of Matter
Gases
Vapor describes the gaseous state
of a substance that is generally a
liquid or solid at room
temperature, as in water vapor.
A gas is a form of matter
that takes both the
shape and volume of
its container.
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2.1
Properties of Matter
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2.1
> Physical Changes
Properties of Matter
> Physical Changes
During a physical change,
some properties of a
material change, but the
composition of the
material does not change.
Physical Changes
As gallium melts in a
person’s hand, the shape
of the sample changes,
but the composition of
the material does not
change.
How can physical changes be
classified?
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2.1
Properties of Matter
> Physical Changes
2.1 Section Quiz.
Physical changes can be classified as
reversible or irreversible.
Assess students’ understanding
of the concepts in Section 2.1.
• All physical changes that involve a
change from one state to another are
reversible.
Continue to:
-or-
Launch:
Section Quiz
• Cutting hair, filing nails, and cracking
an egg are examples of irreversible
physical changes.
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2.1 Section Quiz.
2.1 Section Quiz.
1. Which of the following would be described as
an extensive property of matter?
2. Which properties can be observed without
changing the composition of a substance?
a. temperature
a. all properties of a substance
b. color
b. intensive properties
c. mass
c. chemical properties
d. hardness
d. physical properties
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2.1 Section Quiz.
3. Match the states of matter with the following
descriptions:
(1) takes the volume and shape of its container
END OF SHOW
(2) has a definite shape and volume
(3) has a definite volume but an indefinite shape
a. (1) liquid, (2) solid and (3) gas
b. (1) gas, (2) solid, and (3) liquid
c. (1) gas, (2) liquid, and (3) solid
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2.2
Mixtures
>
2.2
Classifying Mixtures
Mixtures
>
Classifying Mixtures
A mixture is a physical blend of two or
more components.
A salad bar provides a range of items.
Customers choose how much of each
item to use in their salads. Each salad
has a different composition.
Classifying Mixtures
How can mixtures be classified?
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2.2
Mixtures
>
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2.2
Classifying Mixtures
Mixtures
>
Classifying Mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixtures
A mixture in which the composition is
not uniform throughout is a
heterogeneous mixture.
Based on the distribution of their
components, mixtures can be
classified as heterogeneous
mixtures or as homogeneous
mixtures.
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2.2
Mixtures
>
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2.2
Classifying Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixtures
Mixtures
>
Classifying Mixtures
The term phase is used to describe
any part of a sample with uniform
composition and properties.
A mixture in which the composition is
uniform throughout is a homogeneous
mixture.
• A homogenous mixture consists
of a single phase.
Another name for a homogeneous
mixture is a solution.
• A heterogeneous mixture consists of
two or more phases.
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2.2
Mixtures
>
Classifying Mixtures
When oil and vinegar are mixed they form
layers, or phases. The oil phase floats on
the water phase.
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2.2
Mixtures
>
Separating Mixtures
Separating Mixtures
How can mixtures be separated?
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2.2
Mixtures
>
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2.2
Separating Mixtures
Mixtures
>
Separating Mixtures
Filtration
Differences in physical properties
can be used to separate
mixtures.
The process that separates a solid from the
liquid in a heterogeneous mixture is
called filtration.
A colander is used to separate pasta from
the water in which it was cooked. This
process is a type of filtration.
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2.2
Mixtures
>
Separating Mixtures
2.2 Section Quiz.
Distillation
During a distillation, a liquid is boiled to
produce a vapor that is then condensed
into a liquid.
Assess students’ understanding
of the concepts in Section 2.2.
Continue to:
-or-
Launch:
Section Quiz
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2.2 Section Quiz.
2.2 Section Quiz.
1. Which of the following phrases describes a
mixture?
2. Which of the following is a homogeneous
mixture?
a. composition varies
a. vinegar
b. composition may vary
b. iron filings in sand
c. components cannot be separated
c. chicken noodle soup
d. muddy water
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2.2 Section Quiz.
3. Which technique is used to separate
homogeneous mixtures?
a. filtration
END OF SHOW
b. distillation
c. magnetism
d. dissolving
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2.3
3
Elements and Compounds
2.3
> Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
Elements and Compounds
> Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
An element is the simplest form of matter
that has a unique set of properties.
Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
A compound is a substance that contains
two or more elements chemically
combined in a fixed proportion.
How are elements and
compounds different?
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2.3
Elements and Compounds
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2.3
> Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
Elements and Compounds
> Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
Breaking Down
Compounds
A chemical change is a
change that produces
matter with a different
composition than the
original matter.
Compounds can be broken down
into simpler substances by
chemical means, but elements
cannot.
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When table sugar is
heated, it goes through
a series of chemical
changes.
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2.3
Elements and Compounds
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2.3
> Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
Elements and Compounds
> Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
Properties of Compounds
The final products of these chemical
changes are solid carbon and water
vapor. The following diagram
summarizes the process.
In general, the properties of compounds
are quite different from those of their
component elements.
When the elements sodium and chlorine
combine chemically to form sodium
chloride, there is a change in
composition and a change in properties.
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2.3
Elements and Compounds
2.3
> Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
Chlorine is used to kill
harmful organisms
in swimming pools.
Elements and Compounds
> Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
Sodium is stored
under oil to keep
it from reacting
with oxygen or
water vapor in
the air. Sodium
vapor produces
the light in some
street lamps.
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2.3
Elements and Compounds
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2.3
> Distinguishing Elements and
Compounds
Sodium Chloride
(commonly
known as table
salt) is used to
season or
preserve food.
Elements and Compounds
> Distinguishing Substances and
Mixtures
Distinguishing Substances and
Mixtures
How can substances and mixtures be
distinguished?
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2.3
Elements and Compounds
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
> Distinguishing Substances and
Mixtures
If the composition of a material is fixed,
the material is a substance.
2.3
Elements and Compounds
> Distinguishing Substances
and Mixtures
This flowchart
summarizes the
process for
classifying matter.
If the composition of a material may vary,
the material is a mixture.
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2.3
3
Elements and Compounds
2.3
> Symbols and Formulas
Elements and Compounds
> Symbols and Formulas
Chemists use chemical symbols to
represent elements, and chemical
formulas to represent compounds.
Symbols and Formulas
These chemical symbols were used in
earlier centuries.
What do chemists use to
represent elements and
compounds?
Waldo
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2.3
Elements and Compounds
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
> Symbols and Formulas
2.3 Section Quiz.
Each element is represented by a one or
two-letter chemical symbol.
Assess students’ understanding
of the concepts in Section 2.3.
Continue to:
-or-
Launch:
Section Quiz
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2.3 Section Quiz
2.3 Section Quiz
1. Passing an electric current through a certain
substance produces oxygen and sulfur. This
substance cannot be a(n)
2. Which of the following is a mixture?
a. sodium chloride
a. compound.
b. carbon dioxide
b. mixture.
c. sucrose
c. element.
d. air
d. solution.
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2.3 Section Quiz.
3. The symbol for the element potassium is
a. K.
b. Po.
END OF SHOW
c. P.
d. Pt.
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2.4
3
Chemical Reactions
2.4
> Chemical Changes
Chemical Reactions
> Chemical Changes
The ability of a substance to undergo a
specific chemical change is called a
chemical property.
Chemical Changes
Chemical properties can be used to
identify a substance. But chemical
properties can be observed only when a
substance undergoes a chemical
change.
What always happens during a
chemical change?
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2.4
Chemical Reactions
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2.4
> Chemical Changes
Chemical Reactions
> Chemical Changes
A magnet separates iron from sulfur. This
is an example of a physical change.
During a chemical change, the
composition of matter always
changes.
Recall that during a physical change,
the composition of matter never
changes.
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2.4
Chemical Reactions
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2.4
> Chemical Changes
Chemical Reactions
> Chemical Changes
• A chemical change is also called a chemical
A mixture of iron and sulfur is heated. The
iron and sulfur react and form iron
sulfide. This is an example of a chemical
change.
reaction.
• One or more substances change into one or
more new substances during a chemical
reaction.
• A substance present at the start of the
reaction is a reactant.
• A substance produced in the reaction is a
product.
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2.4
Chemical Reactions
2.4
> Recognizing Chemical Changes
Recognizing Chemical Changes
Chemical Reactions
> Recognizing Chemical Changes
Possible clues to chemical change
include:
• a transfer of energy
• a change in color
• the production of a gas
• the formation of a precipitate.
What are four possible clues that a chemical
change has taken place?
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2.4
Chemical Reactions
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2.4
> Chemical Changes
Chemical Reactions
> Conservation of Mass
A precipitate is a solid that forms and
settles out of a liquid mixture.
Clues to chemical changes have practical
applications.
Conservation of Mass
How are the mass of the reactants and
the mass of the products of a chemical
reaction related?
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2.4
Chemical Reactions
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2.4
> Conservation of Mass
Chemical Reactions
> Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass states
that in any physical change or chemical
reaction, mass is conserved.
During any chemical reaction, the mass of
the products is always equal to the mass of
the reactants.
The conservation of mass is easily
observed when a change occurs in a
closed container.
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2.4 Section Quiz.
2.4 Section Quiz.
1. Which of the following is a chemical reaction?
Assess students’ understanding
of the concepts in Section 2.4.
Continue to:
-or-
a. melting of lead
b. dissolving sugar in water
Launch:
c. rusting of iron
Section Quiz
d. crushing of stone
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2.4 Section Quiz.
2.4 Section Quiz.
2. Which of the following is NOT a possible clue
that a chemical change is taking place?
3. During any chemical change, the mass of the
products is
a. a change of state
a. always equal to the mass of the reactants.
b. a change in color
b. always greater than the mass of the
reactants.
c. production of a gas
c. always less than the mass of the reactants.
d. formation of a precipitate
d. sometimes different than the mass of the
reactants.
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Chemical Reactions
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> Concept Map 2
Concept Map 2 Solve the Concept Map with the help
of an interactive guided tutorial.
END OF SHOW
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