VALVE
SIZING
REFERENCE
GUIDE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Valve Flow Terminology......................................................................................................................... 4
The Sizing Process................................................................................................................................ 5
Operating Conditions ................................................................................................................. 5
Fluid Properties .......................................................................................................................... 5
Rangeability ............................................................................................................................... 5
Cv and Flow Sizing Formulas ..................................................................................................... 6
CV Formulas for Liquid Flow
CV Formulas for Vapor Flow
CV Formulas for Two Phase Flow
Flow Velocity Formulas .............................................................................................................. 7
Flow Velocity for Liquid Flow
Flow Velocity for Vapor Flow
Nomenclature............................................................................................................................. 8
Conversion to Cg and Cs ........................................................................................................... 9
Seat Leakage ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Actuator Sizing .................................................................................................................................... 12
P Tables................................................................................................................................. 13
Actuator Air Volume ................................................................................................................. 26
Application Guide for Cavitation, Flashing and Compressible Flow Services ....................................... 27
Liquid Flow
..................................................................................................................................... 27
Cavitation ................................................................................................................................. 27
Cavitation Definition
Cavitation Countermeasures
Application of Norriseal 2700A Trims in Cavitation Service........................................... 28
Cavitation Avoidance
Cavitation Tolerant
Cavitation Containment
Cavitation Prevention
Application Summary.................................................................................................... 28
The Cavitation Phenomena .......................................................................................... 29
Fluid and Pressure Profiles
Choked Flow and Incipient Cavitation
Cavitation Damage
Flashing
.......................................................................................................................... 30
Flashing Definition
Flashing Countermeasures
Body Material
Trim Selection
Application of Norriseal 2700A Valves in Flashing Service ........................................... 31
Body Material
Trim Selection
The Flashing Phenomena............................................................................................. 31
Liquid Flow Velocity - Body Material......................................................................................... 31
Compressible Flow Noise .................................................................................................................... 32
Compressible Flow Noise Discussion
Compressible Flow Noise Countermeasures
Application of Norriseal 2700A Trims in Compressible Flow Applications................................. 32
Standard Trims
DB I and DB II Multiple Orifice Trims
Compressible Flow Velocity Limits
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Two Stage Trims and Backpressure Orifices
The Compressible Flow Noise Phenomena.............................................................................. 33
TABLES
Table 1-Trim Rangeability...................................................................................................................... 6
Table 2-Cg & Cs Conversion Factors .................................................................................................... 9
Table 3-Fluid Properties ...................................................................................................................... 10
Table 4-FL Factors ............................................................................................................................... 11
Table 5-Flanged Body Inlet and Outlet Diameters ............................................................................... 12
Table 6-Allowable Seat Leakage Classes............................................................................................ 12
Table 7-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 9 Actuator....................... 14
Table 8-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 12 Actuator..................... 15
Table 9-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 16 Actuator..................... 16
Table 10-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Teflon Packing 18 Actuator................... 17
Table 11-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Grafoil Packing 9 Actuator .................... 18
Table 12-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Grafoil Packing 12 Actuator .................. 19
Table 13-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Grafoil Packing 16 Actuator .................. 20
Table 14-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Cage Control Trim, Grafoil Packing 18 Actuator .................. 21
Table 15-Allowable P Ratings 2700A/E Plug Control Trim, 12, 16 & 18 Actuators............................. 22
Table 16-Allowable P Ratings for Unbalanced Trim, No.9 Actuator ................................................... 23
Table 17-Allowable P Ratings for Unbalanced Trim, No.12 Actuator ................................................. 24
Table 18Allowable P Ratings for Unbalanced Trim, No.16 Actuator .................................................. 25
Table 19-Actuator Air Chamber Volume & Required Added Air to Actuate .......................................... 26
Table 20-Liquid Flow Velocity Limits.................................................................................................... 31
Table 21-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2200/2220 Unbalanced Modified Percent. Plug Control................ 35
Table 22-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2275A Unbalanced Modified Percentage Plug Control ................. 35
Table 23-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2400/2420 Unbalanced Modified Percent. Plug Control................ 36
Table 24-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Quick Opening Cage Control.......................... 36
Table 25-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Linear Cage Control ....................................... 37
Table 26-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Equal Percentage Cage Control ..................... 37
Table 27-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced DB I Cage Control .......................................... 38
Table 28-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced DB II Control................................................... 38
Table 29-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced CAV II Cage Control....................................... 39
Table 30-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Modified Percentage Plug Control .................. 39
Table 31-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Balanced Quick Opening Plug Control ........................... 40
Table 32-Flow Coefficients, CV, for 2700A/E Unbalanced Modified Percent Plug Control.................... 40
FIGURES
Graph 1-Pressure Drop Profile ............................................................................................................ 41
Graph 2-Liquid Flow Relationship with Pressure Drop ......................................................................... 42
Graph 3-CAV II Flow Noise Attenuation............................................................................................... 42
Graph 4-Pressure Profiles, Single Stage and Three stage Trims ........................................................ 43
Graph 5-DB I & DB II Flow Noise Attenuation...................................................................................... 43
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INTRODUCTION
A Control Valve performs a special task,
controlling the flow of fluids so a process
can be controlled. In addition to controlling
the flow, a control valve may be used to
shut off flow. A control valve may be
defined as a valve with a powered actuator
that responds to an external signal. The
signal usually comes from a controller. The
controller and valve together form a basic
control loop. The control valve is seldom
full open or closed but in an intermediate
position controlling the flow of fluid through
the valve.
In this dynamic service
condition, the valve must withstand the
erosive effects of the flowing fluid while
maintaining an accurate position to
maintain the process variable.
A Control Valve will perform these tasks
satisfactorily if it is sized correctly for the
flowing and shut-off conditions. The valve
sizing process determines the required CV,
the required FL, Flow Velocities, Flow
Noise and the appropriate Actuator Size
VALVE FLOW TERMINOLOGY
CV: The Flow Coefficient, CV, is a
dimensionless value that relates to a
valve’s flow capacity. Its most basic form is
As the FL value becomes smaller the vena
contracta pressure becomes increasingly
lower than the valve’s outlet pressure and
the valve is more likely to cavitate. A
valve’s Rated FL varies with the valve and
trim style, it may vary from .99 for a special
multiple stage trim to .60 for a ball valve.
Rated FL: The Rated FL is the actual FL
value for a particular valve and trim style.
Required FL: The Required FL is the FL
value calculated for a particular service
condition.
It indicates the required FL
needed to avoid choked flow. If the Rated
FL is less than the Required FL, the liquid
flow will be choked with cavitation.
variable such as fluid pressure, fluid level,
Q
flow rate or temperature C V 
where
P
Q=Flow rate and P=pressure drop across
the valve. See pages 5 and 6 for the
equations for liquid, gas, steam and twophase flow. The CV value increases if the
flow rate increases or if the P decreases.
A sizing application will have a Required CV
while a valve will have a Rated CV. The
valve’s rated CV must equal or exceed the
required CV.
FL: The FL, Liquid Pressure Recovery
Coefficient, is a dimensionless constant
used to calculate the pressure drop when
the valve’s liquid flow is choked. Increasing
the pressure drop when the flow is choked
will not increase the flow rate. The FL is the
square root of the ratio of valve pressure
drop to the pressure drop from the inlet
pressure to the pressure of the vena
contracta. See page 5 for the FL equation.
The FL factor is an indication of the valve’s
vena contracta pressure relative to the
outlet pressure. See Graph 1. If the FL
were 1.0, the vena contracta pressure
would be the same as the valve’s outlet
pressure and there would be no pressure
recovery.
Vena Contracta: The vena contracta is
where the jet of flowing fluid is the smallest
immediately downstream of the trim's
throttle point. At the vena contracta, the
fluid's velocity is the highest and the fluid's
pressure is the lowest.
Vapor Pressure: A fluid's vapor pressure is
the pressure where the fluid will change
from a liquid to a vapor. The liquid will
change to a vapor below the vapor
pressure and a vapor will change to a liquid
above the vapor pressure. The vapor
pressure increases as the temperature
increases.
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Choked Flow: Liquid flow will become
choked when the trim's vena contracta is
filled with vapor from cavitation or flashing.
Vapor flow also will become choked when
the flow velocity at the vena contracta
reaches sonic. A choked flow rate is
limited, a further decrease of the outlet
pressure does not increase flow. Choked
flow is also called critical flow.
Cavitation: Cavitation is a two stage liquid
flow phenomena. The first stage is the
formation of vapor bubbles in the liquid as
the fluid passes through the trim and the
pressure is reduced below the fluid's vapor
pressure. The second stage is the collapse
of the vapor bubbles back to a liquid as the
fluid passes the vena contracta and the
pressure recovers and increases above the
vapor pressure. The collapsing bubbles
are very destructive when they contact
metal parts and the bubble collapse may
produce high noise levels.
Flashing: Flashing is similar to cavitation
except the vapor bubbles do not collapse,
as the downstream pressure remains less
than the vapor pressure. The flow will
remain a mixture of vapor and liquid.
Laminar Flow: Most fluid flow is turbulent.
However, when the liquid flow velocity is
very slow or the fluid is very viscous or
both, the flow may become laminar. When
the flow becomes laminar, the required CV
is larger than for turbulent flow with similar
conditions. The ISA sizing formulas adjust
the CV when laminar flow exists.
THE SIZING PROCESS
The first sizing step is to determine the
required CV value for the application. Next
determine if there are unusual conditions
that may affect valve selection such as
cavitation, flashing, high flow velocities or
high flow noise. The valve sizing process
will determine the proper valve size, valve
trim size , valve trim style and actuator size.
Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program will
accurately calculate the CV, flow velocity
and flow noise. The program will also show
messages when unusual conditions occur
such as cavitation, flashing, high velocity or
high noise. The results from Norriseal’s
Valve Sizing Program are only one element
of the valve selection process. Knowledge
and judgment are also required.
This
manual will give the user some of the sizing
basics.
The liquid, gas and steam CV calculation
methods, in this manual, are in accordance
with ISA 75.01 and the gas and steam flow
noise calculations are in accordance with
ISA 75.07.01. These two ISA Standards
are in agreement with IEC-534. These
standards have worldwide acceptance as
the state of the art in CV and Flow Noise
determination.
OPERATING CONDITIONS
The most important part of Valve Sizing is
obtaining the correct flowing conditions. If
they are incorrect or incomplete, the sizing
process will be faulty. There are two
common problems. First is having very
conservative conditions that overstate the
CV and provide a valve less than ½ open at
maximum required flow. The second is
stating only the maximum flow condition
that has minimum pressure drops and not
stating the minimum flow conditions with
high pressure drops that often induce
cavitation or have very high rangeability
requirements.
Fluid Properties
Table 3 lists many fluid properties needed
for valve sizing. These fluid properties are
in Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program’s
database and do not need manual entry.
Rangeability: Rangeability is the ratio of
maximum to minimum controllable CV. This
is also sometimes called CV Ratio or
Turndown. The maximum flow for Norriseal
valves is at maximum travel. The minimum
controllable CV is where the Flow
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Characteristic (CV vs. Travel) initially
deviates or where the valve trim cannot
maintain a consistent flow rate. The Trim’s
rangeability is not always the useable range
as seat erosion may be a governing factor.
A valve with a significant pressure drop at
low flow rates should not be used to throttle
near the seat for extended periods of time.
The rangeability values, listed in Table 1,
apply to the rated CV, not the required CV.
For example, an application may require a
A 4” Equal
maximum CV of 170.
Percentage Trim may be selected that has
a maximum CV of 195. Using the
rangeability value for this trim, the minimum
CV is 195/100=19.5, not 170/100=17.
Valve applications subject to pressures
from nature, such as gas and oil
production, are usually sized for full flow at
about 80% open as the pressure may be
unknown when the valve is sized and the
pressure may vary with time.
Those valve applications with fairly
consistent inlet pressures, such as process
control and power applications are usually
sized at full travel. The valve specifier
usually includes a fair margin of safety in
the stated sizing conditions. If the valve
supplier includes additional safety, such as
full flow at 80% open, the valve may be at
full flow at less than ½ travel giving poor
performance.
CV AND FLOW SIZING FORMULAS
The following formulas are for information
and for understanding the sizing process.
Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program is
recommended for the calculation process.
Flow noise equations are not listed below
as they are highly complex and should only
be made on our verified computer program.
Formulas are shown both for calculation the
CV when the flow rate is known and for
calculating the flow when the CV is known.
CV Formulas for Liquid Flow
Required FL 
P1  P2
P1  PV FF
PV
PC
FF  0.96  0.28
If the Rated FL is larger than the Required
FL:
Gf
P1  P2
Q
CV 
or Q  C V FP FR
FP FR P1  P2
Gf
When the Rated FL is smaller than the
Required FL, choked flow exists in the vena
contracta limiting the flow.
If the Rated FL is smaller than the Required
FL:
Gf
Q
CV 
FP FL Rated  P1  FF PV
Table 1 - TRIM RANGEABILITY
Rang
Valve Trim
ability
or
Equal Percent - Balanced Cage Control
Linear - Balanced Cage Control
Quick Opening - Balanced Cage Control
DB I - Balanced Cage Control
DB II & CAV II - Balanced Cage Control
Modified Percent - Balanced Plug Control
Modified Percent - Unbalanced Plug Control
V Control Ball
P for choked flow  F P1  FFPV   psi
P for incipient cavitation  K C P1  PV   psi
100:1
100:1
30:1
100:1
100:1
50:1
25:1
300:1
Q  CV FP FL ( Rated )
P1  FF PV
Gf
2
L
(See discussion in “Choked Flow and
Incipient Cavitation” section)
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CV Formulas for Vapor Flow
FLOW VELOCITY FORMULAS
P1  P2
P1
k
FK 
14
.
Flow Velocity for Liquid Flow
x
Limit
x  xT
Y  1
x
3 FK x T
If the flow rate is in volumetric units, SCFH,
then
CV 
Q
1360 F P P1 Y
G gT Z
x
or
Q  1360 C V F P P1 Y
x
G gT Z
If the flow rate is in mass flow units, Lb./Hr.,
C
then or
V

W
63 . 3 F P Y
W  63 . 3 C
V
FPY
x P1  1
x P1  1
To convert SCFH to Lb./Hr.:
W=0.0764 Q Gg = Lb./Hr.
Specific Gravity of a Vapor 
Molecular Weight of the Vapor
Molecular Weight of Air
CV Formulas for Two Phase Flow
Pressure Drop for liquid phase =
 Pf  FL2 P1  FF PV 
Liquid Flow Velocity through the Valve:
0.408 Q
VV 
 Ft./ Sec.
Db2
Liquid Flow Velocity through the Pipe:
0.408 Q
VP 
 Ft./ Sec.
DP2
Flow Velocity for Vapor Flow
Downstream Specific Volume for a Gas
10.72 T Z
Vapor: V2 
 Ft.3 /Lb.
M P2
Downstream Specific Volume for Steam:
V2  Refer to Keenan & Keyes’ Steam
Tables
Vapor Flow Velocity through the Valve:
3.06W V2 0.234QGg
VV 

 Ft. / Min.
DV2
DV2
Vapor Flow Velocity through the Pipe:
3.06W V2 0.234QGg
VP 

 Ft. / Min.
DP2
DP2
Sonic Velocity of a Vapor Fluid:
VSONIC  4650 P2 V2  Ft./Min.
Mach Number: 
Vapor FlowVelocity,VV orVP
VSONIC
Pressure Drop for vapor phase =
 Pg  FK x T P1
ff = weight fraction of total flow as liquid
fg = weight fraction of total flow as vapor
CV 
W
63.3 FP
fg
ff

PF  1f Pg  1g Y 2
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Nomenclature
CV = Valve Flow Coefficient.
DB = Inside Diameter of Valve Body Outlet
= Inches. See Table 5.
DP = Inside Diameter of Outlet Pipe =
Inches.
FF = Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio Factor:
Fk = Ratio of specific Heats Factor.
FL = Liquid Pressure Recovery Factor.
FL Required = The FL factor to avoid
Choked Flow.
FL Rated = The FL factor rated for individual
Trim Styles. See Table 4.
FP = Piping Geometry Factor, If the valve
size and pipe size are equal us 1.0, if
not refer to ISA 75.01 section 4.3.
FR = Reynolds Number Factor, Normally =
1.0 but varies with very slow fluid
velocities or very viscous fluids. Refer
to ISA 75.01 section 4.4.
Gf = Specific Gravity of a Liquid relative to
water at 60 F.
Gg = Specific Gravity of a Vapor relative to
air at 60 F 14.7 PSIA.
k = Ratio of specific Heats. See Table 3.
KC = Cavitation Index. See Table 4.
M = Molecular Weight. See Table 3.
P1 = Valve Inlet Pressure (psia).
P2 = Valve Outlet Pressure (psia).
PC = Fluid’s Critical Pressure (psia). See
Table 3.
PV = Fluid’s Vapor Pressure (psia).
Q = Volumetric Flow Rate:
Liquids (GPM)
Vapor (SCFH)
T = Fluid Temperature in Degrees
Rankine. R = F + 460.
V2 = Specific Volume of vapor, either gas
or steam = Ft.3 / Lb.
W = Mass Flow Rate = Lb./Hr.
x = Pressure Drop Ratio.
xT = Maximum Pressure Drop Ratio,
varies with Trim Style. See Table 4.
Y = Fluid Expansion Factor for vapor flow.
Z = Compressibility Factor for vapor flow.
Usually 1.0. Refer ISA Handbook of
Control Valves, 2nd Edition, pages
488-490.
 = Specific Weight = Lb./Ft.3
Subscripts:
1 = Inlet conditions
2 = Outlet conditions
v = Valve
p = Pipe
f = Liquid
g = Vapor
b = Body
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Flow velocity of a vapor, gas or steam,
physically cannot exceed sonic velocity or
Mach 1.0. Vapor flow is physically limited
at sonic velocity and becomes choked. The
choked sonic limitation may apply either at
the valve trim or at the valve body’s outlet.
When the flow rate increases with the
velocity at the valve’s outlet at sonic, the
valve’s outlet pressure will rise increasing
the fluid density and allowing a higher flow
rate still limited at sonic velocity. When a
sizing program shows a Valve MACH
Number exceeding 1, the inputted outlet
pressure is incorrect. Increase P2 until the
MACH number equal 1.0. This determines
the valve’s outlet pressure that develops to
increase the fluid density sufficiently for the
fluid to flow out of the valve at sonic
velocity. The specifier may write a lower
pressure
that
may
occur
further
downstream after the piping system causes
additional pressure drops.
The ISA noise prediction formulas for vapor
flow loses accuracy at Mach numbers
larger than .33.
Conversion to Cg and Cs
Not all valve suppliers use the ISA sizing
coefficient and may use a Cg or Cs value
instead. The ISA CV coefficient can be
converted to Cg or Cs using these
equations.
C g  C V  conversion factor 
Cs 
CV 
CV 
C V  conversion factor 
20
Cg
 conversion factor 
C s  20
 conversion factor 
Table 2 - Cg Conversion Factors
Valve
General
DB I
DB II
Size
1”
32.3
35.1
30
1.5”
32.7
37.8
30
2”
32.6
38.8
30
3”
32.2
38.1
30
4”
33.5
38.9
30
6”
34.8
N/A
30
8”
35.6
N/A
30
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Table 3 - FLUID PROPERTIES
Name
of
Fluid
Acetylene
Air
Ammonia
Argon
Benzene
Butane
Butanol
Butene-1
Butylene Oxide
Butadiene
1-Butene
n-Butane
Isobutane
n-Butanol
Isobutylene
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Cyclobutane
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentane
Cyclopropane
Crude Oil
Ethane
Ethanol
Ethylbenzene
Ethyl Chloride
Ethyl Oxide
Ethylene
Ethylene Glycol
Triethylene Glycol
Freon 11
Freon 12
Freon 22
Helium
Heptane
Hydrazine
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Bromide
Hydrogen Chloride
Hydrogen Floride
Hydrogen Iodide
Hydrogen Sulphide
Fluid
Form
Liquid
Gas
G
G
L G
G
L G
G
L
G
L
L
L
G
G
L
L
L G
L G
L
L G
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L G
L
L
G
L
L G
L
L
L G
L G
L G
G
G
L
L G
L
L G
L
L
G
Molecular
Weight
M
26.038
28.966
17.031
39.948
78.114
58.124
74.123
56.108
54.092
56.108
58.1243
58.124
Critical
Pressure
Critical
Temperature
Pc psia
905.04
546. 79
1637.48
706.34
713.59
529.39
639.62
583.4
63.6
652.5
583.4
551.1
529.10
638.3
580.5
1070.38
507.63
661.37
1116.79
655.62
786.11
616.5
723.24
590.30
654.15
797.71
Tc (F)
95.27
-220.99
270.59
-188.23
552.11
274.91
553.55
295.6
Ratio of
specific
Heats
k
1.26
1.4
1.31
1.668
1.08
1.1
1.11
339
295.6
305.7
274.90
1.12
1.11
1.1
1.11
292.6
87.71
-220.45
541.85
291.29
678.32
505.13
1.12
1.295
1.395
1.067
1.355
1.1
367.82
536.45
460.88
256.37
1.14
90.05
469.49
651.1
369.05
1.18
1.13
1.072
1.13
28.054
62.069
707.79
925.34
523.2
754.20
1052.2
732.44
1117.2
49.91
1.22
137.37
120.92
86.48
4.003
100.205
32.045
2.016
80.912
36.461
20.006
127.91
34.076
635.00
596.90
716.00
33.36
396.8
2132.06
188.55
1240
1205.27
941.30
1205.27
1296.64
338.00
234.00
204.80
-450.33
512.7
716.09
-399.73
193.76
124.79
370.49
303.35
229.91
1.14
1.14
1.18
1.66
1.05
56.108
44.01
28.01
153.82
70.906
112.559
119.38
56.108
84.162
70.135
42.081
30.07
46.069
106.168
64.515
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
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Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386
1.11
1.412
1.4
1.41
1.32
10/10/2008
Name
of
Fluid
Isoprene
Methane
Methanol
Methyl Chloride
1-Methylchloride
O-Methylene Chloride
Napthalene
Natural Gas
Neon
Nitric Oxide
Nitrogen
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrous Oxide
n-Nonane
n-Octane
Oxygen
Pentane
Phenol
Propane
n-Propanol
Propene
Propylene
Propyl Oxide
Sea Water/Brine
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Trioxide
Tolulene
Water
M-Xylene
O-xylene
P-xylene
Fluid
Form
Liquid
Gas
L
L G
L
L G
L
L
L
G
G
L G
L G
L
L G
G
G
L G
G
L
L G
L
G
L
L
L
L
L G
L
L
L G
L
L
L
Molecular
Weight
Critical
Pressure
Critical
Temperature
M
Pc psia
532.1
667.17
1153.05
968.85
889.08
910.9
587.40
670
400.30
941.30
493.13
1479.8
1050.08
335.1
362.60
730.99
488.78
889.56
617.86
751.3
661
667.17
714.7
3200
Tc (F)
16.043
32.042
50.49
84.922
128.17
19.5
20.179
30.006
28.013
46.006
44.013
128.259
114.23
31.999
72.151
94.113
44.097
42.1
42.081
18
64.059
80.058
92.141
18.015
106.168
106.168
106.168
1142.90
1190.7
587.40
3208.24
514.4
540.8
510
-116.77
463.01
289.67
458.33
887.45
-80
-379.75
-135.67
-232.51
316.52
97.61
610.6
456.35
-181.39
385.61
789.56
205.97
Ratio of
specific
Heats
k
1.31
1.2
1.27
1.667
1.4
1.29
1.04
1.05
1.397
1.07
1.09
1.13
198
197.51
1.14
1.154
705.47
1.33
315.59
423.8
609.53
705.47
650.9
674.7
649.5
1.29
1.06
1.335
1.072
1.049
1.073
Table 4 - FL, KC & XT Factors
FL
KC
XT
Rated
CAV II Cage Control
.94
.80

DB I Cage Control
.75


DB II Cage Control
.75


Plug Control (Flow Up)
.90
.65
.70
Ported Cage Control (Flow Up)
.90
.65
.70
Ported Cage Control (Flow Down)
.90
.65
.75
Butterfly Valve
.65
.30
.38
V Control Ball Valve
.57
.22
.25
 = No value for vapor flow
 = No value for liquid flow
Valve Trim Style
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
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Table 5 - Flanged Body Inlet and Outlet Diameters
Nominal
Body Size
1
1.5
2
3
4
6
8
150
1.06"
1.63"
2.06"
3.00"
4.00"
6.00"
8.00"
ANSI Pressure Class
300
600
900
1500
1.06" 1.06" 1.00" 1.00"
1.63" 1.63" 1.63" 1.63"
2.00" 2.00" 2.00" 2.00"
3.00" 3.00" 3.00" 2.69"
4.00" 4.00" 4.00" 3.69"
6.00" 6.00" 5.75" 5.75"
8.00" 8.00" 7.62" 7.25"
2500
1.00"
1.50"
1.75"
2.69"
3.44"
5.50"
7.00"
SEAT LEAKAGE
The Fluids Control Institute (FCI) Standard ANSI/FCI 70.2 establishes a Valve’s allowable seat
Leakage Rate. The standard recognizes five degrees of seat tightness.
Table 6 - ALLOWABLE SEAT LEAKAGE CLASSES
Maximum Seat
Test
Test
Relative Seat
Leakage
Fluid
Pressure
Tightness
Class II
0.5% of rated CV
Water 45 to 60 PSI
1.0
Class IIA (Norriseal) 0.2% of rated CV
Water 45 to 60 PSI
2.5
Class III
0.1% of rated CV
Water 45 to 60 PSI
5.0
Class IV
0.01% of rated CV
Water 45 to 60 PSI
50
0.0005 ml /min/inch
Max Operating
Class V
Water
300,000
of trim size/ P(PSI)
P
Class VI
Air
50 PSI
600,000
About 0.9 ml/min 
 Leakage rate varies by valve size, Refer to the Standard ANSI/FCI 70.2.
Norriseal offers Class IIA (Norriseal), Class IV, Class V & Class IV
The Relative Seat Tightness is at a 50 P. For example, a Class IV leakage rate is 1/50
as much as Class II
Class VI is for resilient seated valves; the other classes are for metallic seats.
Leakage Class
ACTUATOR SIZING
The actuator sizing process matches our
actuator’s force output with our valve trim’s
required stem forces. The result is the
maximum obtainable pressure drop at the
different seat leakage classes.
The
process considers the valve’s shut off
condition.
The flowing conditions also
require an adequate match between the
actuator and trim forces but the shut off
condition is dominant and determines the
allowable.

UA  UnbalancedArea  BalancedTrim   Cage ID   Seat ID
2
2
  4  = In
2
2  
2
UA  UnbalancedArea  UnbalancedTrim   Seat ID   = In
4
CL  Seat Contact Load   Seat ID   Load Factor  = Lb./In. of circumference
Load Factors vary with seat leakage class
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
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PF = Packing Friction (Teflon Packing)= 25 Lb.
PF = Packing Friction (Grafoil Packing)= (Stem Dia.) (P1) (Packing Height) (.15)
PF for Grafoil Packing friction should never be less than 25 Lb.
2
2 
 0.03 P
RF  Plug Seal Ring Friction   Cage ID  2      Cage ID   Seal Groove
4
Direct Actuator Output = (Effective Diaph. Area) (Actuator Press.- Final Spring Pressure)
Reverse Actuator Output = (Effective Diaph. Area) (Initial Final Spring Pressure)


The “Initial Spring Pressure” is the actuator pressure when the valve stem begins to move.
The “Final Spring Pressure” is the actuator pressure when the valve stem reaches full travel.
Allowable P 
Allowable P 
 Actuator Output  PF  RF  CL
UA
 Actuator Output  PF  CL
UA
 For Balanced Trim Flow to Close
 For Unbalanced Trim Flow to Open
P Tables
The following eleven tables contain
calculated P pressures, in psi, using the
above formulas. The first four tables are
for No. 9, 12, 16, & 18 actuators and valves
with balanced trim and Teflon packing, the
second four are with Grafoil packing.. The
four Grafoil packing tables show lower
allowable due to the significantly higher
friction with Grafoil packing. The last three
are for unbalanced trims with No. 9, 12 &
16 actuators.
The difference in the allowable P
pressures for the Seat Leakage Classes
requires different seat contact forces. A
lower leakage rate, except for Class VI, is
obtained by increasing the net seat contact
force. Leakage Classes IV & VI (resilient
seat) share the same contact forces and
allowable pressures even though their
leakage rates are quite different.
The allowable pressure drop cannot exceed
the Body’s ANSI pressure rating.
The table’s first column for direct acting
actuators is the air supply pressure to the
actuator. A 3-15 psi actuator spring is
assumed. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct actuator, add 15 to the pressure in
the first column.
The table’s first column for reverse acting
actuators
is
the
initial
pressure
corresponding
to
the
amount
of
compression in the actuator’s spring when
the valve is closed. The “Initial air pressure
is actuator diaphragm pressure when the
valve begins to open. The final air pressure
is determined by adding 12 psi to the initial
air pressure of a 3-15 psi spring and by
adding 24 psi to the initial air pressure of a
6-30 psi.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
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10/10/2008
Table 7
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No. 9 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Air Supply
Pressure
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Trim Size
1.5”
2”
3”
23
Leakage
Class
1”
4”
18
II
94
18
IV & VI
18
V
20
II
312
223
175
92
20
IV & VI
59
20
V
22
II
529
423
370
278
144
22
IV & VI
277
82
22
V
24
II
747
623
564
465
296
24
IV & VI
494
282
165
24
V
27
II
1,074
923
855
744
523
27
IV & VI
821
583
457
233
27
V
30
II
1,400
1,223
1,147
1,024
751
30
IV & VI
1,147
883
748
513
197
30
V
10
33
II
1,726
1,524
1,438
1,304
979
33
IV & VI
1,474
1,183
1,039
792
425
33
V
336
36
II
1,944
1,724
1,633
1,490
1,130
36
IV & VI
1,691
1,383
1,234
979
577
36
V
554
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No. 9 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Initial Air
Leakage
Trim Size
Pressure*
Class
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”

3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
12
12
12
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
94
23
421
168
323
273
185
68
747
494
623
282
564
165
465
296
1,074
821
923
583
855
457
744
233
523
The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3-15
has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 and 12 psi
initial pressures.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
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Table 8
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.12 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Air
Supply
Pressure
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
36
36
Leakage
Class
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
1"
421
168
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Trim Size
1.5"
2"
3"
323
273
185
4"
68
856
603
723
382
661
262
558
47
372
1,291
1,038
1,726
1,474
336
2,379
2,126
989
3,032
2,779
1,642
3,685
3,432
2,295
4,120
3,867
2,730
1,123
783
1,050
651
931
420
675
121
1,524
1,183
2,124
1,784
251
2,725
2,384
851
3,325
2,984
1,452
3,725
3,385
1,852
1,438
1,039
1,304
792
979
425
2,021
1,622
1,863
1,352
1,434
880
2,604
2,205
410
3,187
2,788
993
3,575
3,177
1,382
2,422
1,911
1,890
1,336
2,981
2,470
171
3,354
2,843
543
2,345
1,791
2,649
2,095
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No. 12 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Initial
Leakage
Air
Trim Size
Class
Pressure*
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"

3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
12
12
12
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
421
168
323
273
185
68
1,074
821
923
583
855
457
744
233
523
1,726
1,474
336
2,379
2,126
989
1,524
1,183
1,438
1,039
1,304
792
979
425
2,124
1,784
251
2,021
1,622
1,863
1,352
1,434
880
The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 315 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
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10/10/2008
Table 9
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.16 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Air
Leakage
Supply
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
36
36
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
887
634
752
411
689
290
584
73
393
1,633
1,380
243
2,379
2,126
989
3,125
2,873
1,735
4,244
3,992
2,854
5,364
5,111
3,973
6,483
6,230
5,093
7,229
6,976
5,839
1,438
1,097
1,355
956
1,224
713
914
360
2,124
1,784
251
2,810
2,470
937
3,840
3,499
1,966
4,869
4,529
2,996
5,899
5,558
4,025
6,585
6,244
4,711
2,021
1,622
1,863
1,352
1,434
880
2,687
2,288
494
3,686
3,288
1,493
4,686
4,287
2,492
5,685
5,286
3,491
6,351
5,952
4,157
2,502
1,991
1,955
1,401
3,461
2,950
650
4,420
3,908
1,609
5,378
4,867
2,568
6,017
5,506
3,207
2,735
2,181
3,516
2,962
470
4,297
3,743
1,250
4,817
4,263
1,777
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.16 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Initial
Leakage
Air
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
12
12
12

II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
887
634
752
411
689
290
584
73
393
2,006
1,753
616
3,125
2,873
1,735
4,244
3,992
2,854
1,781
1,440
1,688
1,289
1,543
1,032
1,174
620
2,810
2,470
937
3,840
3,499
1,966
2,687
2,288
494
3,686
3,288
1,493
2,502
1,991
1,955
1,401
3,461
2,950
650
2,735
2,181
The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 315 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
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10/10/2008
Table 10
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.18 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Air
Leakage
Supply
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
6”
8”
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
36
36
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
1,447
1,194
56
2,566
2,313
1,176
3,685
3,432
2,295
4,804
4,551
3,414
6,483
6,230
5,093
8,161
7,909
6,771
9,840
9,587
8,450
10959
10706
9,569
1,266
926
56
2,296
1,955
422
3,325
2,984
1,189
790
1,064
553
784
230
333
177
2,188
1,789
2,023
1,512
1,564
1,010
759
300
500
24
3,187
2,788
2,981
2,470
2,345
1,791
1,185
726
824
348
4,354
4,014
2,481
5,899
5,558
4,025
7,443
7,102
5,569
8,987
8,646
7,113
10,016
9,675
8,143
4,186
3,787
1,992
5,685
5,286
3,491
7,183
6,785
4,990
8,682
8,283
6,489
9,681
9,283
7,488
3,940
3,429
1,129
5,378
4,867
2,568
6,816
6,305
4,006
8,255
7,744
5,444
9,213
8,702
6,403
3,126
2,572
79
4,297
3,743
1,250
5,468
4,914
2,421
6,639
6,085
3,592
7,419
6,866
4,373
1,611
1,152
1,147
671
2,250
1,791
1,632
1,156
2,889
2,430
363
3,528
3,069
1,002
3,954
3,495
1,428
2,117
1,641
2,602
2,127
2,926
2,450
309
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.18 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
 Initial
Leakage
Air
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
6”
8”
3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
12
12
12

II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
1,447
1,194
56
3,125
2,873
1,735
4,804
4,551
3,414
6,483
6,230
5,093
1,266
926
1,189
790
1,064
553
784
230
333
177
2,810
2,470
937
4,354
4,014
2,481
5,899
5,558
4,025
2,687
2,288
494
4,186
3,787
1,992
5,685
5,286
3,491
2,502
1,991
1,955
1,401
972
513
662
186
3,940
3,429
1,129
5,378
4,867
2,568
3,126
2,572
79
4,297
3,743
1,250
1,611
1,152
1,147
671
2,250
1,791
1,632
1,156
The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 315 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
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Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386
10/10/2008
Table 11
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.9 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Air
Supply
Pressure
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
36
36
Leakage
Class
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
1"
94
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Trim Size
1.5"
2"
3"
23
4"
299
59
223
175
92
453
274
381
82
343
275
144
607
428
527
278
487
165
415
290
838
659
747
498
702
407
625
233
471
1,070
891
10
1,301
1,122
316
1,455
1,376
470
967
718
918
623
835
451
653
197
1,187
937
1,133
838
1,045
661
834
393
1,333
1084
1,277
982
1,185
801
955
514
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.9 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Initial 
Leakage
Air
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
12
12
12

II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
94
23
376
168
308
271
185
68
607
428
527
278
487
165
415
290
838
659
747
498
702
407
625
233
471
The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 315 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
18 of 43
Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386
10/10/2008
Table 12
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.12 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Air
Leakage
Supply
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
36
36
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
376
168
308
271
185
68
684
505
601
351
559
262
485
47
350
993
813
894
644
846
551
765
381
592
121
1,301
1,122
316
1,763
1,584
778
2,226
2,047
1,241
2,689
2,510
1,704
2,997
2,818
2,012
1,187
937
1,133
838
1,045
661
834
393
1,626
1,377
251
2,066
1,816
694
2,505
2,256
1,134
2,798
2,549
1,427
1,565
1,270
1,464
1,081
1,197
756
1,996
1,701
373
2,427
2,132
804
2,714
2,419
1,092
1,884
1,500
1,560
1,118
2,304
1,920
171
2,583
2,200
474
1,922
1,481
2,164
1,723
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.12 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Initial 
Leakage
Air
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
3
II
376
308
271
185
68
3
IV & VI
168
3
V
6
II
838
747
702
625
471
6
IV & VI
659
498
407
233
6
V
9
II
1,301
1,187
1,133
1,045
834
9
IV & VI
1,122
937
838
661
393
9
V
316
12
II
1,763
1,626
1,565
1,464
1,197
12
IV & VI
1,584
1,377
1,270
1,081
756
12
V
778
251

The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 315 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
19 of 43
Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386
10/10/2008
Table 13
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.16 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Air
Leakage
Supply
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
36
36
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
706
527
622
372
579
284
505
73
368
1,235
1,056
243
1,763
1,584
778
2,292
2,113
1,307
3,085
2,906
2,100
3,878
3,699
2,893
4,671
4,492
3,686
5,200
5,021
4,215
1124
875
1072
777
985
601
782
341
1,626
1,377
251
2,129
1,879
757
2,882
2,633
1,511
3,635
3,386
2,264
4,389
4,140
3,018
4,891
4,642
3,520
1,565
1,270
1,464
1,081
1,197
756
2,057
1,762
435
2,797
2,502
1,174
3,536
3,241
1,913
4,275
3,980
2,652
4,768
4,473
3,145
1,944
1,560
1,611
1,170
2,663
2,280
554
3,383
2,999
1,274
4,102
3,719
1,993
4,582
4,198
2,473
2,233
1,792
2,855
2,414
428
3,477
3,036
1,050
3,892
3,451
1,465
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.16 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Initial 
Leakage
Air
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
12
12
12

II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
706
527
622
372
579
284
505
73
368
1,499
1,320
514
2,292
2,113
1,307
3,085
2,906
2,100
1,375
1,126
1,318
1,023
1,224
841
990
548
2,129
1,879
757
2,882
2,633
1,511
2,057
1,762
435
2,797
2,502
1,174
1,944
1,560
1,611
1,170
2,663
2,280
554
2,233
1,792
The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 315 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
20 of 43
Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386
10/10/2008
Table 14
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.18 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Air
Leakage
Supply
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
6”
8”
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
36
36
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
1,103
924
56
1,896
1,717
911
2,689
2,510
1,704
3,482
3,303
2,497
4,671
4,492
3,686
5,861
5,681
4,876
7,050
6,871
6,065
7,843
7,664
6,858
998
749
949
654
865
481
679
230
311
175
1,752
1,502
381
2,505
2,256
1,134
3,259
3,009
1,887
4,389
4,140
3,018
5,519
5,270
4,148
6,649
6,400
5,278
7,403
7,153
6,031
1,688
1,393
1,584
1,201
1,301
859
671
283
455
24
2,427
2,132
804
3,166
2,871
1,543
4,275
3,980
2,652
5,384
5,089
3,761
6,492
6,197
4,870
7,232
6,937
5,609
2,304
1,920
171
3,023
2,639
914
4,102
3,719
1,993
5,181
4,798
3,072
6,260
5,877
4,151
6,980
6,596
4,871
1,922
1,481
1,031
643
735
323
2,544
2,103
79
3,477
3,036
1,050
4,410
3,969
1,983
5,343
4,902
2,916
5,965
5,524
3,538
1,391
1,003
1,015
603
1,930
1,542
1,435
1,023
2,470
2,082
336
3,010
2,622
876
3,369
2,982
1,236
1,854
1,443
2,274
1,862
2,554
2,142
290
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A CAGE CONTROL TRIM
GRAFOIL PACKING, FLOW DOWN, No.18 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Initial 
Leakage
Air
Trim Size
Class
Pressure
1"
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
6”
8”
3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
12
12
12

II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
1,103
924
56
2,292
2,113
1,307
3,482
3,303
2,497
4,671
4,492
3,686
998
749
949
654
865
481
679
230
311
175
2,129
1,879
757
3,259
3,009
1,887
4,389
4,140
3,018
2,057
1,762
435
3,166
2,871
1,543
4,275
3,980
2,652
1,944
1,560
1,611
1,170
851
463
595
183
3,023
2,639
914
4,102
3,719
1,993
2,544
2,103
79
3,477
3,036
1,050
1,391
1,003
1,015
603
1,930
1,542
1,435
1,023
The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 315 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
21 of 43
Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386
10/10/2008
Table 15
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A PLUG CONTROL TRIM, TEFLON PACKING
FLOW UP, Direct Actuators, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Air
Supply
Pressure
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Leakage
Class
No 12 Direct Actuator
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
Trim Size
No 16 Direct Actuator
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
1.5"
No 18 Direct Actuator
2"
3"
4"
6”
8"
II
1160
990
630
410
1980 1700 1080
700
2970 2550 1610 1060
650
300
18
IV
580
530
290
190
1000
910
500
320
1500 1370
750
480
320
90
II
1290 1100
700
460
2200 1890 1200
780
3300 2830 1790 1170
720
330
20
IV
970
890
490
310
1660 1520
840
530
2490 2280 1250
800
540
150
II
1410 1210
770
500
2420 2080 1310
860
3640 3110 1970 1290
800
360
22
IV
1360 1240
680
430
2330 2130 1170
740
3490 3200 1760 1120
750
220
II
1540 1320
840
550
2640 2260 1430
940
3970 3400 2150 1410
870
400
24
IV
1750 1600
880
560
2990 2740 1500
960
4490 4110 2260 1440
970
280
II
1740 1490
940
620
2970 2550 1610 1060
4460 3820 2420 1580
980
450
27
IV
2330 2130 1170
740
3990 3650 2010 1280
5990 5480 2260 1910 1290
370
II
1930 1650 1050
680
3300 2830 1790 1170
4960 4240 2690 1760 1090
500
30
IV
2910 2660 1460
930
4990 4570 2510 1590
5990 5480 2260 2390 1610
460
II
2120 1820 1150
750
3640 3110 1970 1290
5450 4670 2960 1940 1190
550
33
IV
3490 3200 1760 1120
5990 5480 3010 1910
5990 5480 2260 2390 1610
550
II
2250 1930 1220
800
3860 3300 2090 1370
5780 4950 3140 2050 1270
580
36
IV
3880 3550 1950 1240
6650 6090 3340 2130
5990 5480 2260 2390 2150
620
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3) net closure force on the trim, or for a 27
psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
ALLOWABLE PRESSURE DROP RATINGS FOR 2700A PLUG CONTROL TRIM, TEFLON PACKING
FLOW UP, Reverse Actuators
Initial *
Air
Pressure
Leakage
Class
No 12 Direct Actuator
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Trim Size
No 16 Direct Actuator
1.5"
2"
3"
4"
1.5"
No 18 Direct Actuator
2"
3"
4"
6”
II
1160
990
630
410
1980 1700 1080
700
2970 2550 1610 1060
3
IV
580
530
290
190
1000
910
500
320
1500 1370
750
480
II
1350 1160
730
480
2310 1980 1250
820
3470 2970 1880 1230
6
IV
1160 1070
590
370
2000 1830 1000
640
2990 2740 1500
960
II
1540 1320
840
550
2640 2260 1430
940
3970 3400 2150 1410
9
IV
1750 1600
880
560
2990 2740 1500
960
4490 4110 2260 1440
II
1740 1490
940
620
2970 2550 1610 1060
4460 3820 2420 1580
12
IV
2330 2130 1170
740
3990 3650 2010 1280
5990 5480 2260 1910
 The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 3-15 has an initial pressure of
spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12 psi initial pressures.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
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10/10/2008
Norriseal – P.O. Box 40525 Houston TX 77240-052–- Ph: (713) 466-3552, Fax: (713) 896-7386
8"
650
300
320
90
760
350
650
180
870
400
970
280
980
450
1290
370
3 psi. The
Table 16
ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.9 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Air
Supply
Pressure
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
36
36
Leakage
Class
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
.125”
6,199
5,560
2,679
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Trim Size
.187"
.250"
.375"
.500
2,684
1,470
618
327
2,257
1,150
404
167
337
5,220
2,896
1,251
684
4,792
2,576
1,038
524
2,872
1,136
78
7,754
4,322
1,885
1,040
7,328
4,002
1,672
880
5,408
2,562
712
160
>10000
5,748
2,519
1,397
9,863
5,428
2,306
1,237
7,943
3,988
1,346
517
>10000
7,887
3,470
1,932
>10000
7,567
3,256
1,772
>10000
6,127
2,296
1,052
>10000
>10000
4,420
2,466
>10000
9,706
4,207
2,306
>10000
8,266
3,247
1,586
>10000
>10000
5,371
3,001
>10000
>10000
5,158
2,841
>10000
>10000
4,198
2,121
>10000
>10000
6,005
3,358
>10000
>10000
5,792
3,198
>10000
>10000
4,832
2,478
.750
128
21
1.000
62
286
180
151
71
445
338
240
160
603
496
16
841
734
254
1,078
972
492
1,316
1,209
729
1,475
1,368
888
329
249
463
383
23
597
517
157
730
650
290
819
739
379
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
Initial 
Air
Pressure
3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
12
12
12

ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.9 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Leakage
Trim Size
Class
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
.125”
6,199
5,560
2,679
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
.187"
2,684
2,257
337
6,487
6,060
4140
>10000
9,863
7,943
>10000
>10000
>10000
.250"
1,470
1,150
.375"
618
404
.500
327
167
.750
128
21
1.000
62
3,609
3,289
1,849
5,748
5,428
3,988
7,887
7,567
6,127
1,568
1,355
395
2,519
2,306
1,346
3,470
3,256
2,296
862
702
365
259
196
116
1,397
1,237
517
1,932
1,772
1,052
603
496
16
841
734
254
329
249
463
383
23
The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 315 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
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10/10/2008
Table 17
ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.12 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Air
Supply
Pressure
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
36
36
Leakage
Class
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
.187"
6,487
6,060
4,140
>10000
>10000
9,210
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Trim Size
.250"
.375"
.500
.750
3,609
1568
862
365
3,289
1355
702
259
1,849
395
6,461
2,836
1,575
682
6,141
2,626
1,415
576
4,701
1,663
695
96
9,313
4,104
2,288
999
8,993
3,890
2,128
893
7,553
2,930
1,408
413
>10000
5,371
3,001
1,316
>10000
5,158
2,841
1,209
>10000
4,198
2,121
729
>10000
7,272
4,071
1,791
>10000
7,059
3,911
1,685
>10000
6,099
3,191
1,205
>10000
9,174
5,140
2,267
>10000
8,961
4,980
2,160
>10000
8,001
4,260
1,680
>10000
>10000
6,210
2,742
>10000
>10000
6,050
2,635
>10000
9,902
5,330
2,155
>10000
>10000
6,923
3,059
>10000
>10000
6,763
2,952
>10000
>10000
6,043
2,472
1.000
196
116
374
294
552
472
112
730
650
290
998
918
558
1,265
1,185
825
1,532
1,452
1,092
1,711
1,631
1,271
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
Initial 
Air
Pressure
3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
12
12
12

ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.12 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Leakage
Trim Size
Class
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
.187"
6,487
6,060
4,140
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
.250"
3,609
3,289
1,849
7,887
7,567
6,127
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
.375"
1,568
1,355
395
3,470
3,256
2,296
5,371
5,158
4,198
7,272
7,059
6,099
.500
862
702
.750
365
259
1.000
196
116
1,932
1,772
1,052
3,001
2,841
2,121
4,071
3,911
3,191
841
734
254
1,316
1,209
729
1,791
1,685
1,205
463
383
23
730
650
290
998
918
558
The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 315 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
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10/10/2008
Table 18
ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.16 Direct Actuator, 3 to 15 psi Spring
Air
Supply
Pressure
18
18
18
20
20
20
22
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
30
30
30
33
33
33
36
36
36
Leakage
Class
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
.250"
6,665
6,345
4,905
>10000
>10000
9,794
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
Allowable Pressure Drops
Trim Size
.375"
.500
2,926
1626
2,713
1466
1,753
746
5,099
2,848
4,886
2,688
3,926
1,968
7,272
4,071
7,059
3,911
6,099
3,191
9,445
5,293
9,232
5,133
8,272
4,413
>10000
7,127
>10000
6,967
>10000
6,247
>10000
8,960
>10000
8,800
>10000
8,080
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
9,913
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
(PSI)
.750
705
598
118
1,248
1,114
662
1,791
1,685
1,205
2,335
2,228
1,748
3,150
3,043
2,563
3,964
3,858
3,378
4,779
4,673
4,193
5,323
5,216
4,736
1.000
387
307
692
612
252
998
918
558
1,303
1,223
863
1,762
1,682
1,322
2,220
2,140
1,780
2,678
2,598
2,238
2,984
2,904
2,544
Usually direct acting actuators use a 3-15 psi spring. With an 18 psi air supply pressure, there is a 3 psi (18-15=3)
net closure force on the trim, or for a 27 psi supply the net closure force is 12 psi. If a 6-30 psi spring is used in a
direct acting actuator, add 15 to pressure in the air supply column.
Initial 
Air
Pressure
3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
12
12
12

ALLOWABLE PRESS. DROP RATINGS FOR UNBALANCED TRIM
TEFLON PACKING, FLOW UP, No.16 Reverse Actuator
Allowable Pressure Drops (PSI)
Leakage
Trim Size
Class
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
II
IV & VI
V
.250"
6,665
6,345
4,905
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
>10000
.375"
2,926
2,713
1,753
6,186
5,973
5,013
9,445
9,232
8,272
>10000
>10000
>10000
.500
1,626
1,466
746
3,460
3,300
2,580
5,293
5,133
4,413
7,127
6,967
6,247
.750
705
598
118
1,520
1,413
933
2,335
2,228
1,748
3,150
3,043
2,563
1.000
387
307
845
765
405
1,303
1,223
863
1,762
1,682
1,682
The Initial air pressure is actuator diaphragm pressure when the valve begins to open. For example, a 315 has an initial pressure of 3 psi. The spring may have additional compression to provide the 6, 9 & 12
psi initial pressures.
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Actuator Air Volume
Valve applications may need to determine the amount of air, gas or liquid to actuate an
actuator to its rated travel. The first segment of Table 18 is the 2700A Actuator Air Chamber
Volumes at initial travels and at final travel. The choice of final travel depends on the size of
the valve trim. The required added air to actuate the actuator is the amount of air, of gas, to
be added to the atmospheric pressure in the actuator and may be calculated from the
following equation or found in the last four segments of Table 18.
Req'd Added Air to Actuate =
(Actuator Volume) (Actuator Air Pressure)
 Std Ft 3
(14.7)
Table 19 - Actuator Air Chamber Volume & Required Added Air to Actuate
Actuator
Size
9
12
16
18
Actuator
Size
9
12
16
18
Actuator
Size
9
12
16
18
Actuator
Size
9
12
16
18
Actuator
Size
9
12
16
18
0”
0.035
0.053
0.076
0.371
2700A Actuator Air Chamber Volume (Cubic Feet)
Travel
0.625”
0.75”
1”
1.25”
1.5”
2”
0.046
0.048
0.052
0.073
0.077
0.086
0.094
0.104
0.119
0.109
0.116
0.132
0.146
0.167
0.192
0.477
0.512
0.547
2.75”
4”
0.615
0.731
Required Added Air to Actuate at 18 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet)
Travel
0.625”
0.75”
1”
1.25”
1.5”
2”
2.75”
0.056
0.059
0.064
0.089
0.094
0.105
0.115
0.128
0.146
0.133
0.143
0.161
0.179
0.205
0.235
0.584
0.627
0.669
0.754
Required Added Air to Actuate at 24 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet)
Travel
0.625”
0.75”
1”
1.25”
1.5”
2”
2.75”
0.075
0.078
0.086
0.119
0.126
0.140
0.154
0.170
0.195
0.178
0.190
0.215
0.239
0.273
0.313
0.779
0.837
0.892
1.005
Required Added Air to Actuate at 30 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet)
Travel
0.625”
0.75”
1”
1.25”
1.5”
2”
2.75”
0.093
0.098
0.107
0.149
0.157
0.175
0.192
0.213
0.244
0.222
0.238
0.269
0.299
0.341
0.391
0.974
1.046
1.115
1.256
Required Added Air to Actuate at 36 PSIG (Standard Cubic Feet)
Travel
0.625”
0.75”
1”
1.25”
1.5”
2”
2.75”
0.112
0.117
0.128
0.179
0.189
0.210
0.230
0.255
0.292
0.267
0.285
0.322
0.359
0.410
0.469
1.169
1.255
1.338
1.507
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4”
0.895
4”
1.193
4”
1.491
4”
1.790
10/10/2008
APPLICATION GUIDE FOR
CAVITATION, FLASHING AND
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW SERVICES
Valve applications involving cavitation,
flashing
and
noise
reduction
of
compressible flow require special sizing
and application considerations and, in
most cases, special trims are required.
This guide discusses these phenomena
with a definition, a list of possible
countermeasures,
instructions
on
application of Norriseal's 2700A Trims,
and a technical discussion of the
phenomena. Cavitation and flashing are
in the "Liquid Flow" Section and
compressible flow noise reduction is in the
"Compressible Flow Noise" Section.
Liquid Flow
Cavitation and flashing applications
require accurate prediction to determine
when they occur and proper valve
selection to supply the best trim for the
application.
Cavitation
Cavitation Definition
Cavitation is a two stage phenomena with
liquid flow. The first stage is the formation
of vapor bubbles in the liquid as the fluid
passes through the trim and the pressure
is reduced below the fluid's vapor
pressure.
The second stage is the
collapse of the vapor bubbles back to
liquid as the fluid passes the vena
contracta and the pressure recovers and
increases above the vapor pressure. The
collapsing bubbles are very destructive
when they contact metal parts and the
bubble collapse may produce high noise
levels.
Cavitation Countermeasures
There are several ways to deal with
cavitation.
Method 1: Cavitation avoidance: Cavitation
can be avoided by selecting a valve style that
has FL (rated) values greater than required
for the application. This is an especially
useful advantage of globe valves over ball
and butterfly valves. Norriseal's options are
the use of the CAV II that has a higher FL
value than the standard port and cage
control trims.
Cavitation can also be avoided with the
installation of an orifice plate downstream of
the valve that shares the pressure drop. The
valve's pressure drop is reduced to the point
of avoiding damaging cavitation.
The
downstream orifice plate also should be
sized to avoid damaging cavitation. This
may not be suitable for applications with a
wide flow range as the low flow condition
may put the entire pressure drop on the
valve.
Method 2: Cavitation Tolerant: Standard
trim designs can tolerate mild cavitation
applications. These applications will have
increased flow noise from the mild cavitation
but should not have damage from cavitation.
Method 3: Cavitation Containment: A trim
design that allows cavitation to occur but in a
harmless manner can be effective in
preventing cavitation damage and reducing
cavitation noise.
Cavitation containment
designs are limited to cavitation applications
of moderate intensity.
Method 4: Cavitation Prevention: A trim
design that takes the pressure drop in
several steps or stages can avoid the
formation of cavitation. These trim designs
are more expensive than other methods but
may be the only alternative in the more
severe cases of cavitation. Graph 4 shows
how a three stage trim can eliminate
cavitation that would occur in a single stage
trim. The total pressure drop is taken in
three stages instead of one. Notice none of
the vena contracta pressures of the three
stage trim are below the vapor pressure.
//data/public/pdf/valve-sizing-maual.doc
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Application of Norriseal Trims in
Cavitation Service
Cavitation Avoidance: The Plug Control
and Cage Control 2700A trims both have
relatively high FL values and can avoid
choked flow at significantly high pressure
drops. The CAV II trim, with a higher FL
value, will avoid cavitation with a 10%
higher pressure drop than the Plug or
standard Cage Control Trims.
Cavitation Tolerant: All of our 2700A
Cage Control Trims are tolerant to
cavitation service where the FL (required)
exceeds the FL (rated) and the inlet
pressure is 50 psig or less for standard
materials or 200 psig or less with stellited
valve seat and plug's guide & seat. At this
inlet pressure, the severity of cavitation
will be small enough to use any Cage
Control Trim in the flow down direction.
The unbalanced Plug Control Trims with
tungsten carbide or ceramic materials can
withstand cavitation up to an inlet
pressure of 2000 psig. These trims will
not reduce noise. Oversized bodies are
recommended to avoid body erosion.
Cavitation Containment: The 2700A
CAV II trims are appropriate where the FL
(required) exceeds .94 and the inlet
pressure is 1000 psig or less and the
pressure drop is 500 psi or less.
For a FL(required) between .90 and .94,
cavitation will be avoided. Above a FL of
.94, the flow will cavitate but the CAV II
trims will not be damaged by cavitation in
these conditions. See table 4 for FL
values of Norriseal trims.
The flow noise from cavitation will be
reduced by the amount shown in Graph 3.
Determine the Critical Pressure Drop
Ratio by dividing the actual pressure drop
by the critical pressure drop. Use the
Critical Pressure Drop Ratio to determine the
SPL Attenuation Value from Graph 3.
Subtract the SPL Attenuation Value from the
predicted flow noise level for standard trims.
Notice the CAV II trims will reduce flow noise
even when there is no cavitation. The flow
noise calculation for CAV II trim is automatic
with Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program.
The CAV II trim will make multiple small
cavitation plumes that will not as readily
cause erosion damage and will generate less
noise than a trim with plug or cage port
control. The CAV II trim is used only in the
flow down direction.
Cavitation Prevention: Special trims with
two or three stages can be designed for the
2700A valve to suit a particular application.
These trims will cost significantly more than
the other trims discussed but will be
applicable in conditions beyond the others.
Consult with Application Engineering for
multiple stage applications.
Application Summary
If FL(required) is less than FL(rated):
No special considerations are required.
If FL(required) is greater than FL (rated)
and P1 is 50/200/2000 psig or less:
Use any Cage Control Trim in the Flow down
direction. If P1 is 50 psig or less or stellited
valve seat, guide and cage if P1 is between
200 and 50 psig. Unbalanced Plug Control
Trims with carbide or ceramic materials may
be used up to a 2000 psig inlet pressure.
If FL (required) is between .90 and .94 and
the standard 2700A Cage Control Trims
have choked flow:
Use the CAV II Trim in the flow down
direction to avoid choked flow.
If FL (required) is greater than .94, P1 is
1000 psig or less and the pressure drop is
500 psig or less:
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Use the CAV II Trim in the flow down
direction.
If the application is outside of the
above options:
Consult with the Application Engineer.
The Cavitation Phenomena
FLUID AND PRESSURE PROFILE A control valve creates a pressure drop in
the fluid as it controls the flow rate. The
profile of the fluid pressure, as it flows
through the valve, is shown in Graph 1.
The fluid accelerates as it takes a
pressure drop through the valve's trim, It
reaches its highest velocity just past the
throttle point, at a point called the vena
contracta.
The fluid is at its lowest
pressure and highest velocity at the vena
contracta. Past the vena contracta the
fluid decelerates and some of the
pressure drop is recovered as the
pressure increases. For globe valves, the
pressure difference from the inlet pressure
P1 to the vena contracta pressure PVC is
about 125% of the P1 to P2 pressure drop.
The pressure in the vena contracta is not
of importance until it is lower than the
fluid's vapor pressure. Then the fluid will
quickly form vapor bubbles and, if the
pressure increases above the vapor
pressure, the vapor bubbles instantly
collapse back to liquid. This is cavitation.
It will occur when the vapor pressure,
shown as "PV Cavitation" in Graph 1, is
more than the vena contracta pressure
but less than the outlet pressure, P2.
When the Vapor pressure, shown as "PV
Liquid" in Graph 1, is less than the vena
contracta pressure, there is full liquid flow
with no cavitation.
Cavitation in control valves can have four
negative effects;
 Restricts fluid flow
 Causes severe vibrations
 Erodes metal surfaces
 Generates high noise levels.
CHOKED FLOW AND INCIPIENT
CAVITATION The liquid flow rate will increase as the
pressure drop increases. However, when
cavitation vapor bubbles form in the vena
contracta, the vapor bubbles will increasingly
restrict the flow of liquid until the flow is fully
choked with vapor. This condition is known
as "choked flow" or "critical flow".
When the flow is fully choked, the flow rate
does not increase when the pressure drop is
increased.
Graph 2 shows these flow
relationships. The flow curve begins in the
chart's lower left corner with fully liquid flow.
The relationship of flow to P1  P2 is linear
until cavitation begins to form at the point of
incipient cavitation.
As more cavitation
forms, the more the flow curve bends until it
is horizontal and fully choked with the flow
not increasing with additional pressure drop.
The larger the FL factor, the greater the
pressure drop that can be taken before
choked flow occurs. Note in table 4 that ball
and butterfly valves have a relatively low FL
and Norriseal's CAV II trim will produce
higher flow rate without choking than
standard Cage or Plug Control Trims.
The point of "Incipient Cavitation" can be
predicted with the P incipient in the
equation in the “CV Formulas for Liquid Flow”
using the KC factor. Values for KC are shown
in table 4. Cavitation will begin at the point
of "Incipient Cavitation" and increase in
intensity to the point of choked flow.
Cavitation at point of "Incipient Cavitation" is
not damaging and is almost undetectable.
At some point between incipient and choked,
the cavitation may damage most trim styles.
The location of the "Damage" point varies
with trim style and material. A larger KC is
preferred so the incipient cavitation range to
choked flow is as small as possible.
As the point of damaging cavitation is not
easily defined, sizing and application
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methods use the Critical Pressure Drop
and the Required FL to rate trims for
cavitation service. The KC value is not
used for trim selection only flow noise
prediction.
CAVITATION DAMAGE Cavitation damage problems are more
likely to occur with water flow as water has
a well defined vapor pressure and the
vapor bubble collapse is instantaneous.
Hydro-carbon fluids have a less precise
vapor pressure and are often a compound
with several vapor pressures. Cavitation
damage with hydro-carbon fluids is usually
less severe than water as the bubble
collapse is not as sudden and can be
cushioned by other vapors. However the
vibration and flow noise problems remain.
The fluid's inlet pressure is proportional to
the amount of energy available to cause
cavitation damage. Higher inlet pressures
will produce more intense and more
damaging cavitation.
The amount of
cavitation is related to the degree the
required FL exceeds the rated FL. As the
required FL exceeds the rated FL, the
amount of cavitation increases. A valve
with a rated FL of .90 in an application
requiring a FL of .96 will have more
cavitation than an application requiring
.92. There will be more cavitation but not
more flow!
The generation and implosion of the vapor
bubbles will cause vibration to the valve's
Plug that may cause wear between the
Plug and Cage or Guide and can cause
Stems to break.
The implosion of the bubbles when near
or on a metal surface can generate
extremely high shock stresses in the metal
surface that usually damages the metal
with severe erosion of the metal. This
phenomena, when severe, can destroy
trims within hours! The generation and
implosion of the vapor bubbles will cause
significantly elevated flow noise in addition to
vibration.
The cavitation bubbles will form a vapor
plume in the liquid. The larger the plume,
the noisier the flow and the more likely it is to
cause erosion damage. The size of the
plume is dependent on trim style and
severity of cavitation. The CAV II Trim with
many small orifices will have significantly
smaller vapor plumes with less noise and a
reduced damage potential than a standard
trim.
There is not much positive to say about
cavitation.
Valves improperly applied or
without adequate cavitation protection can
lead to early failure.
FLASHING
Flashing Definition Flashing is a one stage phenomena
somewhat similar to cavitation.
The
difference is the downstream pressure does
not recover enough to be above the fluid's
vapor pressure. The vapor bubbles in the
liquid do not collapse and they remain in the
fluid as vapor. Generally only part of the
fluid vaporizes so the resulting flow
downstream of the valve is two phase, vapor
and liquid. Flashing is similar to cavitation in
some respects but is not quite as severe.
There are means to prevent or retard
cavitation but not flashing! If the valves
outlet pressure is below the vapor pressure,
flashing will occur regardless of the valve's
trim. When the Vapor pressure, shown as
"PV Flashing" in Graph 1, is greater than the
outlet pressure, there is flashing flow.
Flashing Countermeasures There are several measures that should be
made in flashing applications.
Body Material: The flashing process can
cause body erosion that may reduce the
body's wall thickness to less than required by
codes.
The fluid in the valve body
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downstream of the trim is highly turbulent
as a two phase flow mixture of vapor and
liquid. The turbulent mixture can easily
erode body materials, such as carbon
steel, that may not have sufficient erosion
resistance.
Trim Selection: Avoid the use of
Balanced Plug Control Trim in flashing
applications as the flashing process may
make the trim unstable. High pressure
drops in flashing service is best served
with a cage control trim with multiple small
orifices, CAV II, that reduce the trim's
vibration from the fluid's turbulence
APPLICATION OF NORRISEAL
VALVES IN FLASHING SERVICE
Body Material: The flashing process can
cause body erosion that may reduce the
body's wall thickness to less than required
by codes. Severe flashing service should
have stainless steel or Chrome-Moly
(WC6) bodies, Carbon steel may not be
suitable.
Trim Selection: If the pressure drop is
50 PSI or less, standard Cage Control
Trim is suitable. Plug control Trim is not
recommended for flashing service. For
pressure drops greater than 50 psi, CAV II
Trim or Unbalanced Plug Control Trims
with tungsten carbide or ceramic are
recommended.
THE FLASHING PHENOMENA
Liquids in flashing service undergo a
transformation from all liquid flow to two
phase flow of flashed vapor and the
remaining liquid. The liquid will flash until
thermodynamic equilibrium is achieved
with the vapor fully saturated. Often the
majority of the volume will be vapor and
some of the remaining liquid will be
suspended as droplets in the vapor. As
the velocity of the vapor can reach as high
as sonic velocity, the liquid droplets can
cause severe erosion the valve body and the
downstream pipe. The flashing process is
highly turbulent with the liquid impacting the
valve trim at high velocity. The effects of the
turbulent flashing liquid can cause trim
instability if it impacts the control surfaces of
the Plug. For this reason, Plug Control Trim
is not suitable for flashing service. The CAV
II Cage will distribute the flashing process
into a large number of small jets reducing the
total turbulence and reducing the vibration
effects on the Plug and the erosion effects to
the body. Often flashing service will be in
the flow down direction through an angle
style body. The object is the get the flashing
through the valve without significant contact
with the body. As Norriseal does not have a
angle body, our best solution is flow down
through the CAV II using the trim's small
holes to reduce the total turbulence and
protect the body. Flashing service with
pressure drops less than 50 PSI will have
less severe turbulence so the standard Cage
Control Trims with flow down will be suitable.
LIQUID FLOW VELOCITY - BODY
MATERIAL
High liquid flow velocities in valve bodies can
cause metal erosion even though there may
be no cavitation or flashing. Liquid flow
velocity in valve bodies should be limited to
the velocities shown in Table 6 to avoid flow
erosion. The body's flow velocity, for liquid
flow, can be calculated. The body flow
velocity at the smallest flow passage, usually
the body inlet or outlet, should not exceed
the velocities in Table 20.
Table 20
LIQUID FLOW VELOCITY LIMITS
Body
Material
Carbon Steel
Stainless or
WC6 (Cr-Mo)
Application Limits
Pressure Drop
Infrequent
> 500 PSI
30 Ft/Sec
< 500 PSI
40 Ft/Sec
< 2% of time
50 Ft/Sec
45 Ft/Sec
60 Ft/Sec
90 Ft/Sec
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW NOISE
Compressible Flow Noise Discussion Flow noise from compressible flow is a
major application consideration. The flow
noise must be accurately predicted and
the appropriate valve trim chosen to meet
the customers requirements and assure
good valve operation.
Compressible flow noise is generated by
fluid turbulence, the more turbulence the
more noise. Fluid turbulence is increased
by higher flow rates and by a higher fluid
pressure drop through valve trim. As the
valve's pressure drop reaches the critical
condition and the speed of sound is
reached in the flow stream's vena
contracta, shock waves are produced that
increases the noise level above that
produced by turbulence alone.
Compressible Flow Noise
Countermeasures There are several methods to reduce
compressible flow noise.
Multiple Orifice Trims: A trim with a high
number of small flow orifices will produce
less flow noise than a trim of equal flow
capacity with either four or one flow
orifices. The small holes produce smaller
flow jets that generate proportionally less
noise as the small holes are less efficient
in converting mechanical power to
acoustical power than large holes.
Norriseal's DB I and DB II trims have
multiple small orifices and are significant
quieter than standard plug or cage control
trims.
Backpressure Orifice: The flow noise
increases rapidly with increased pressure
drop especially when the critical pressure
drop is exceeded. However if the total
pressure drop can be shared by two
devices, the flow noise can be significantly
reduced. This can be accomplished with
a fixed orifice plate downstream of a
control valve. At maximum flow the valve
and orifice plate can have about the same
pressure drop and generate less noise than
taking the total drop across the valve alone.
At lower flow rates, the noise from flow
through the valve will probably be less than
at full flow even though the valve's pressure
drop increases as the pressure drop across
the fixed orifice plate decreases.
The
backpressure orifice plate may be in the form
of a cylindrical diffuser. The backpressure
orifice device also should be sized for flow
noise.
Two Stage Trim: A two stage valve will
reduce flow noise beyond the noise
reduction of the DB I and DB II trims. The
two stage trim is similar to two DB II trims
one inside of the other. The inner stage
takes the majority of the pressure drop with
the outer stage acting as a diffuser to reduce
flow turbulence.
APPLICATION OF NORRISEAL
TRIMS IN COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
APPLICATIONS
Low noise considerations should be applied
when the predicted noise level exceeds the
customers requirement or when the noise
level exceed 110 dBA. Flow noise in excess
of 110 dBA can permanently damage a
person’s hearing and the noise induced
vibrations can damage the valve’s trim and
instrumentation mounted on the valve.
Standard Trims: Calculate the flow noise
for the specified conditions. The standard
Plug Control, flow up, or the Cage Control,
flow down, may meet the customer's noise
requirements or our 110 dBA limit. In this
case no further measures are required
providing the downstream flow velocity is not
excessive.
DB I and DB II Multiple Orifice Trims: The
DB I and DB II trims will reduce compressible
flow noise in the flow up configuration.
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Determine the predicted flow noise for
standard cage control trim. Calculate the
valve's pressure ratio by dividing the
upstream pressure by the downstream
pressure, both psia, and determine the
"Noise Attenuation Value" from Graph 5.
To determine the aerodynamic flow noise
with DB I and DB II trims, subtract the
"Noise Attenuation Value" from the
predicted flow noise for standard cage
control trim.
Graph 5 shows noise
attenuation for both the DB I slotted cage
and the DB II drilled hole cage. Noise
attenuation for the DB I cage is less than
the DB II but the cost of a DB I is also less
than the DB II. Choose the cage style
appropriate for the application. The DB I
cage is not available in trim sizes larger
than 4". The flow noise calculation for DB
I and DB II trim is automatic with
Norriseal’s Valve Sizing Program.
Compressible Flow Velocity Limits: If
flow noise is being controlled, the flow
velocity in the valve body and downstream
piping should be limited to 1/3 sonic
velocity for DB II and 1/2 sonic velocity for
DB I trims. Higher velocities will generate
significant flow noise in the pipe even
though a low noise trim is installed.
Applications with low outlet pressures can
readily have high downstream velocities.
Sonic velocity at the valve's outlet can
produce flow noise as high as 135 dBA as
the shock waves from the sonic velocity
will propagate downstream as the pipe
acts as a megaphone! The body's flow
velocity, for compressible flow, can be
calculated using the body outlet diameter
from Table 5.
Two Stage Trims and Backpressure
Orifices:
Two stage trims and
backpressure orifices require special
analyses and designs not available as
standard. The use of two stage trims and
downstream orifices may reduce the flow
noise an additional 10 dBA beyond the
reduction of the DB II Trim. Consult
Norriseal’s Application Engineering for
applications with DB II that have predicted
noise values above the required limit.
THE COMPRESSIBLE FLOW NOISE
PHENOMENA
A control valve's purpose is to create a
pressure drop, the pressure drop creates
fluid turbulence and the turbulence
generates flow noise. The resultant flow
noise is inevitable but can be minimized by
trim and valve selection.
Flow noise produced by a valve will be
transmitted through the wall of the
downstream pipe. Very little noise will come
through the valve body wall as the area of
the pipe's wall is larger than the pipe's wall
thickness.
High flow noise from compressible flow
presents
two
problems.
Mechanical
vibrations from excessive noise levels can
quickly destroy the trim and also may
damage accessories mounted on the valve's
actuator. The major problem from high flow
noise is hearing damage to people in the
vicinity of the valve. OSHA has established
noise limits that vary from 115 dBA to 85
dBA depending on the length of daily
exposure. the 115 dBA is for 15 minutes
exposure and 85 dBA is for an 8 hour
exposure. The usual requirement is 85 dBA
as it is difficult to limit a person's exposure.
Ear protection can help protect a person's
hearing, but with today's legal liability rulings,
the owner of the process is liable for people's
hearing damage even if they exceed posted
exposure times and do not use provided ear
protection. We should be concerned if the
predicted noise level exceeds 110 dBA even
if the customer does not impose a limit. Flow
noise exceeding 110 dBA, for any significant
time can damage the valve trim and
accessories.
Norriseal uses both ISA's CV formulas from
ISA 75.01 and ISA's Control Valve
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Aerodynamic Noise Prediction formulas
from ISA 75.07.01. ISA 75.07.01 was
published in 1989 and has become
recognized as the best compressible flow
noise prediction method.
The major
control valve companies, Fisher and
Masoneilan, had developed, in the 1960's,
empirical noise prediction techniques
based on laboratory test data. Formulas
were written to fit the test data. In the 1980's
ISA developed a theoretical noise prediction
method, with the combined input from many
valve companies, that is more accurate than
the previous empirical methods. The ISA
noise prediction method applies only to
standard plug or cage control trims. Low
flow noise designs require an additional
factor to be subtracted from the ISA value.
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Table 21 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2200/2220 Globe Body, Modified Percentage &
Quick Opening, Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Body
Size
1”
2”
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
Trim
Size
0.250”
0.375”
0.500”
0.750”
1.000”
0.250”
0.375”
0.500”
0.750”
1.000”
Modified Percentage
10
.284
.311
.557
.752
.983
.284
.311
.592
.882
1.01
20
.506
.621
1.11
1.57
2.01
.506
.621
1.17
1.76
2.02
30
.657
.942
1.68
2.43
3.40
.657
.942
1.76
2.76
3.08
40
.767
1.28
2.26
3.42
6.12
.767
1.28
2.34
3.82
4.67
50
.875
1.64
2.92
4.58
8.90
.875
1.64
2.95
5.05
6.96
60
.989
2.07
3.62
6.08
11.7
.989
2.07
3.70
6.57
10.3
70
1.10
2.51
4.30
7.93
13.5
1.10
2.51
4.57
8.49
13.7
80
1.20
2.93
4.98
9.71
14.4
1.20
2.93
5.50
10.8
15.4
90
1.32
3.35
5.43
10.6
15.1
1.32
3.35
5.95
12.2
16.7
100
1.43
3.70
5.60
11.0
15.4
1.43
3.70
6.08
12.9
17.1
Quick
Open
100
1.68
3.82
5.60
11.6
15.4
1.68
3.75
6.08
13.0
23.0
Table 22 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2275A Globe and Angle Bodies, Modified Percentage &
Quick Opening, Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Globe
Body
Size
Trim
Size
1’
0.062”
0.125”
0.250”
0.375”
0.500”
Angle
Body
Size
Trim
Size
1’
0.062”
0.125”
0.250”
0.375”
0.500”
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
100
.100
.407
1.36
3.45
5.22
Quick
Open
100
.096
.446
1.40
3.51
5.90
100
.109
.415
1.34
3.52
6.18
Quick
Open
100
.109
.421
1.38
3.59
6.20
Modified Percentage
10
.016
.050
.487
.724
.887
20
.026
.073
.588
.901
1.13
30
.033
.088
.617
1.04
1.82
40
.038
.111
.693
1.41
3.45
50
.043
.155
.802
2.27
4.24
60
.048
.258
.940
2.74
4.70
70
.058
.324
1.08
3.05
4.98
80
.072
.367
1.22
3.25
5.14
90
.086
.389
1.33
3.38
5.18
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
Modified Percentage
10
.010
.031
.505
.707
.725
20
.017
.046
.579
.978
1.15
30
.025
.068
.612
1.26
1.98
40
.034
.133
.659
1.53
3.05
50
.045
.204
.753
2.00
4.10
60
.055
.269
.885
2.48
5.11
70
.065
.328
1.01
2.92
5.70
80
.077
.377
1.14
3.23
5.93
90
.092
.402
1.27
3.44
6.08
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Table 23 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2400/2420 Globe Body, Modified Percent,
Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Body
Size
Trim
Size
2”
0.250”
0.375”
0.500”
0.750”
1.000”
1.250”
1.500”
1.750”
10
.284
.311
.592
.882
1.05
1.60
2.02
2.14
20
.506
.621
1.17
1.76
2.10
3.17
3.51
3.81
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
30
40
50
60
70
80
.657
.767
.875
.989
1.10
1.20
.942
1.28
1.64
2.07
2.51
2.93
1.76
2.34
2.95
3.70
4.57
5.50
2.76
3.82
5.05
6.57
8.49
10.8
3.21
4.86
7.24
10.7
14.3
16.0
6.42
9.78
13.2
16.6
20.1
23.8
7.60
12.0
16.3
20.7
24.4
27.8
8.09
12.6
16.9
21.2
25.7
30.5
90
1.32
3.35
5.95
12.2
17.4
27.1
31.0
34.6
100
1.43
3.70
6.08
12.9
17.8
29.8
34.0
38.1
90
21.1
36.9
46.9
41.7
66.7
69.8
41.7
70.9
85.9
117
41.7
81.0
106
153
201
302
419
573
837
100
21.6
39.1
47.5
44.6
69.4
71.3
44.6
73.7
88.1
119
44.6
84.9
110
155
203
305
422
578
841
Table 24 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body,
Balanced Quick Opening Cage Control Trims, Flow Down
Body
Size
Trim
Size
1”
1”
1”
1.5”
1”
1.5”
2”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
4”
6”
6”
8”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
6”
8”
10
.675
.675
1.06
.675
1.06
2.03
6.75
1.06
2.03
4.63
.675
1.06
2.03
5.47
12.4
14.7
37.9
37.9
95.9
20
2.20
2.20
6.02
2.20
6.02
9.34
2.20
6.02
9.34
14.5
2.20
6.02
11.9
21.6
40.8
50.2
114
119
257
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
30
40
50
60
70
80
6.68
11.0
15.1
17.8
19.7
20.6
6.90
12.5
17.7
23.0
28.2
33.2
15.2
24.5
33.4
40.0
43.4
45.6
6.90
12.5
17.8
24.4
31.0
37.2
16.5
26.7
37.2
47.5
56.4
62.7
24.8
40.5
52.8
59.4
64.2
67.6
6.90
12.5
17.8
24.4
31.0
37.2
16.5
26.7
39.9
53.1
61.4
67.0
25.4
41.6
57.5
69.6
78.6
83.6
37.2
65.4
86.0
100
109
114
6.90
12.5
17.8
24.4
31.0
37.2
16.5
26.7
39.9
53.1
66.5
75.2
28.2
49.8
70.6
85.3
94.9
102
48.1
77.1
104
124
139
148
85.6
128
159
179
193
199
108
165
220
258
282
295
210
287
344
384
406
415
223
325
430
500
537
561
434
596
713
777
818
833
Table 25 - Flow Coefficients, CV,2700/2720A/E Globe Body,
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Balanced Linear Cage Control Trims, Flow Down
Body
Size
Trim
Size
1”
1”
1”
1.5”
1”
1.5”
2”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
4”
6”
6”
8”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
6”
8”
10
.355
.355
.906
.355
.906
1.51
.355
.906
1.51
3.23
.355
.906
1.51
3.60
8.57
11.7
19.6
24.8
55.3
20
1.01
1.01
3.26
1.01
3.26
4.87
1.01
3.26
4.87
8.30
1.01
3.26
7.61
12.4
21.2
31.5
55.8
75.2
125
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
30
40
50
60
70
80
2.48
5.46
8.43
11.3
14.3
16.9
2.48
5.46
8.50
12.4
16.4
20.7
7.35
13.1
20.2
27.7
34.5
39.8
2.48
5.46
8.50
12.4
16.4
20.9
7.35
13.1
20.2
28.8
37.2
46.0
11.0
20.3
30.9
41.5
50.2
57.0
2.48
5.46
8.50
12.5
14.7
22.6
7.35
13.1
20.2
29.8
40.5
50.9
11.9
22.8
34.4
46.1
57.6
69.0
19.6
37.6
55.8
73.7
88.9
101
2.48
5.46
8.50
12.4
17.4
22.6
7.35
13.1
20.2
30.4
42.4
54.2
14.6
25.6
39.9
54.6
67.8
78.2
25.7
44.3
64.9
85.8
106
122
42.7
68.5
94.0
120
145
168
66.8
103
139
175
210
246
104
152
200
248
296
339
140
203
266
331
393
457
224
324
422
521
618
705
90
18.6
25.0
43.5
25.6
54.8
61.4
27.8
58.4
76.9
110
27.8
65.5
87.5
135
184
271
369
502
752
100
19.6
29.2
45.5
30.2
61.3
64.8
33.1
63.0
81.5
117
33.1
72.1
94.1
145
195
284
391
523
790
90
17.8
22.7
35.5
24.4
49.7
58.5
26.3
50.7
68.0
108
26.3
55.3
70.9
131
185
249
360
472
728
100
18.9
27.3
39.2
29.9
57.5
62.0
32.2
61.7
77.2
116
32.2
63.8
82.1
142
195
269
378
508
756
Table 26 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body,
Balanced Equal Percentage Cage Control Trims, Flow Down
Body
Size
Trim
Size
1”
1”
1”
1.5”
1”
1.5”
2”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
4”
6”
6”
8”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
6”
8”
10
.308
.308
.400
.308
.400
.643
.308
.400
.643
.906
.308
.400
.643
.906
2.83
5.34
6.84
11.8
18.1
20
.565
.565
.813
.565
.813
2.20
.565
.813
2.20
3.31
.565
.813
2.20
4.03
9.09
9.84
19.6
23.1
44.1
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
30
40
50
60
70
80
1.21
2.63
4.83
8.16
12.4
15.5
1.21
2.63
5.06
8.40
13.0
17.9
2.36
4.86
8.49
15.1
22.7
30.3
1.39
3.02
5.26
8.81
13.4
18.9
2.41
5.24
9.45
17.1
27.9
39.2
4.82
9.29
15.6
25.9
39.5
53.0
1.39
3.02
5.26
8.81
14.6
20.3
2.41
5.24
9.45
17.1
28.0
39.3
4.82
9.29
15.6
25.9
39.5
55.4
7.72
15.4
27.7
46.8
70.1
93.7
1.39
3.02
5.26
8.81
14.6
20.3
2.41
5.24
9.45
17.1
28.9
42.4
4.82
9.29
15.6
25.9
39.5
55.4
9.25
17.3
29.2
49.0
77.0
106
19.5
33.9
52.0
79.8
119
159
18.5
38.6
65.6
107
155
206
40.1
69.6
107
163
244
325
43.2
78.8
139
223
310
399
86.9
143
221
346
494
642
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10/10/2008
Table 27 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body,
Balanced DB I Noise Abatement Cage Control Trims, Flow Up
Body
Size
Trim
Size
1”
1”
1”
1.5”
1”
1.5”
2”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
4”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
6”
10
.480
.480
1.13
.480
1.13
1.78
.480
1.13
1.78
3.04
.480
1.13
1.78
4.25
10.4
9.18
20
1.85
1.85
5.21
1.85
5.21
7.50
1.85
5.21
7.5
12.7
1.85
5.21
7.5
15.8
38.9
36.1
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
30
40
50
60
70
80
5.25
8.61
11.9
14.6
16.6
17.9
5.51
9.33
13.0
17.1
21.0
24.7
12.7
20.0
27.4
34.1
38.3
40.8
5.51
9.33
13.0
17.1
21.4
26.0
12.7
20.0
27.4
34.5
41.1
47.2
18.7
29.6
40.7
49.9
55.7
59.1
5.51
9.33
13.2
17.3
22.0
27.4
12.7
20.0
28.6
38.5
49.1
56.2
18.7
32
44.5
56.2
66.6
75.1
30.2
49.6
67.6
82.4
93.5
102
5.51
9.33
13.2
17.3
22.0
27.4
12.7
20.0
29.4
39.7
49.4
57.8
18.7
32.0
44.8
57.6
69.7
80.5
33.9
52.4
71.4
89.8
108
124
77.5
111
134
150
160
166
72.4
108
145
181
215
237
90
18.6
27.5
42.4
29.9
51.5
61.1
32.0
61.5
81.3
108
32.0
65.1
89.4
137
172
251
100
18.8
29.8
43.9
32.3
54.8
61.9
35.4
65.8
85.3
112
35.4
70.3
95.8
147
178
262
90
18.2
24.8
39.7
25.7
44.5
60.1
26.8
49.4
78.7
94.6
26.8
52.8
82.3
107
151
213
337
385
611
100
18.6
28.2
42.0
29.1
49.9
61.5
31.6
56.6
83.8
100
31.6
60.9
92.9
115
160
224
351
405
644
Table 28 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body,
Balanced DB II Noise Abatement Cage Control Trims, Flow Up
Body
Size
Trim
Size
1”
1”
1”
1.5”
1”
1.5”
2”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
2”
3”
4”
6”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
6”
8"
10
.475
.475
1.04
.475
1.04
1.60
.475
1.04
1.60
1.71
.475
1.04
1.60
4.47
7.01
9.09
23.9
24.9
47.3
20
1.59
1.59
3.46
1.59
3.46
7.33
1.59
3.46
7.33
9.93
1.59
3.46
7.33
13.7
28.1
32.4
67.3
69.2
131
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
30
40
50
60
70
80
4.71
7.80
10.9
14.0
16.1
17.5
4.91
8.13
11.5
14.8
18.1
21.5
9.93
16.3
22.2
27.4
32.2
36.2
4.91
8.40
11.8
15.3
18.8
22.3
9.93
16.3
22.2
27.7
33.3
38.9
18.0
28.6
39.2
47.8
53.6
57.5
4.91
8.40
11.8
15.3
18.8
22.4
9.93
16.3
22.2
28.2
34.8
42.0
18.0
28.6
39.2
49.4
59.8
70.5
24.5
38.8
53.3
66.0
77.5
87.2
4.91
8.40
11.8
15.3
18.8
22.4
9.93
16.3
22.5
29.1
36.5
44.7
18.0
28.6
39.3
50.1
60.8
71.7
27.2
41.2
55.8
70.0
84.2
96.9
50.4
72.9
94.2
114
129
141
60.4
87.4
115
142
170
195
117
166
215
258
292
318
118
166
220
271
317
357
220
305
389
462
524
574
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Table 29 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body,
Balanced CAVII Cavitation Cage Control Trims, Flow Down
Body
Size
Trim
Size
1”
1”
1”
1.5”
1”
1.5”
2”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
4”
6”
6”
8”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
6”
8”
10
20
.453
.453
.890
.453
.890
1.55
.453
.890
1.55
1.66
.453
.890
1.55
4.04
6.40
8.82
21.8
28.2
45.4
1.18
1.18
2.67
1.18
2.67
7.69
1.18
2.93
7.70
9.88
1.18
2.93
7.70
15.7
26.8
31.4
66.9
77.2
128
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
30
40
50
60
70
80
4.12
4.59
8.58
4.73
9.00
17.9
4.73
10.0
18.8
23.7
4.73
10.0
20.7
30.6
48.3
55.9
115
127
213
7.12
8.45
14.5
8.95
15.7
28.2
8.95
17.0
30.0
37.4
8.95
17.0
32.1
45.1
69.9
80.0
163
176
297
10.1
12.6
20.5
13.2
22.2
38.6
13.2
23.8
41.2
51.0
13.2
23.8
42.7
58.2
88.7
105
207
227
371
13.2
16.5
26.7
17.4
28.8
46.2
17.4
30.7
51.8
63.1
17.4
30.7
52.6
69.7
103
129
239
274
428
15.8
20.2
31.5
21.3
35.3
51.9
21.3
37.0
58.8
73.0
21.3
37.0
60.7
80.0
115
150
266
320
478
16.9
23.5
35.2
25.0
41.2
55.8
25.0
42.7
64.0
80.9
25.0
42.7
67.0
88.6
126
166
289
353
523
90
100
17.7
26.1
38.0
28.3
45.7
58.7
28.3
47.6
68.6
87.0
28.3
47.6
72.6
96.0
136
178
309
375
565
18.5
27.9
40.2
31.0
49.3
61.3
31.0
51.9
73.0
91.7
31.0
51.9
76.7
104
146
186
328
390
603
Table 30 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Modified Percent,
Balanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Body
Size
Trim
Size
1”
1”
1”
1.5”
1”
1.5”
2”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
2”
3”
4”
6”
4”
6”
8”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
6”
8”
10
20
1.17
1.17
3.13
1.17
5.03
5.01
1.17
5.03
5.01
6.15
1.17
5.03
6.2
14.8
14.8
6.2
14.8
15.4
19.8
15.4
26.8
36.3
2.29
2.29
6.06
2.29
7.67
11.0
2.29
7.67
9.85
14.9
2.29
7.67
11.5
29.0
23.2
11.5
29.0
31.3
40.1
31.3
54.2
75.2
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
30
40
50
60
70
80
3.82
4.29
9.68
4.29
9.53
20.3
4.29
9.53
16.6
27.7
4.29
9.53
20.9
44.1
38.3
20.9
44.1
57.5
76.7
66.6
99.7
138
6.65
7.75
17.7
7.75
12.9
33.8
7.75
12.9
30.6
52.5
7.75
12.9
37.1
59.1
71.5
37.1
67.2
101
128
117
175
242
10.9
13.2
28.8
13.2
18.4
48.9
13.2
18.4
47.2
80.3
13.2
18.4
53.1
80.6
114
53.1
96.6
145
192
168
252
375
15.2
19.1
40.0
19.6
24.9
61.4
19.6
26.2
62.9
104
19.6
26.2
70.3
111
148
70.3
126
190
252
220
329
522
17.7
25.2
47.2
25.7
33.6
67.2
25.7
35.6
77.0
118
25.7
37.9
82.1
135
177
82.1
155
234
312
271
406
641
19.3
30.5
51.6
31.5
44.0
69.5
31.5
46.2
88.8
124
31.5
50.6
93.8
151
196
93.8
181
272
352
315
471
723
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90
100
20.2
34.1
54.0
35.1
53.4
70.8
35.1
57.0
96.4
128
35.1
62.1
104
166
207
104
195
294
378
340
510
780
20.5
36.0
54.8
37.1
59.5
71.6
37.1
65.1
101
129
37.1
67.4
110
172
211
110
210
316
400
366
548
805
10/10/2008
Table 31 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Quick Opening,
Balanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Body
Size
Trim
Size
1”
1”
1”
1.5”
1”
1.5”
2”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
1”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
2”
3”
4”
6”
4”
6”
8”
1.5”
2”
3”
4”
6”
8”
10
20
8.83
10.9
13.2
10.9
18.4
19.6
10.9
18.4
19.6
27.5
10.9
18.4
26.8
27.5
30.4
26.8
27.5
55.0
55.2
55.0
75.7
90.3
14.0
20.6
26.4
20.6
33.4
38.7
20.6
33.4
38.7
54.5
20.6
33.4
45.7
55.9
64.5
49.1
55.9
111
117
111
160
217
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
30
40
50
60
70
80
17.4
27.1
37.2
27.9
46.9
55.2
27.9
46.9
59.9
81.8
27.9
51.1
64.5
93.5
103
72.2
103
166
189
166
259
354
19.2
31.7
44.3
33.8
56.5
62.7
33.8
57.7
74.5
102
33.8
63.7
77.8
131
142
90.8
149
221
271
221
372
505
20.2
34.9
49.1
38.2
60.9
65.6
38.2
66.9
88.3
115
38.2
70.5
92.3
153
175
106
180
270
333
277
457
631
20.9
37.3
52.4
41.5
62.3
67.5
41.5
73.9
97.0
122
41.5
78.1
101
168
195
116
199
298
374
321
513
725
21.2
38.9
54.2
43.6
63.7
68.8
43.6
77.3
100
126
43.6
83.2
107
178
204
123
212
312
406
345
557
797
21.5
39.8
54.8
45.1
64.4
70.0
45.1
79.9
103
127
45.1
87.7
114
182
210
128
219
316
427
357
586
841
90
100
21.7
40.3
55.3
45.8
64.6
71.3
45.8
81.4
104
129
45.8
90.5
119
186
212
130
225
318
440
363
604
872
21.9
40.5
55.9
46.2
65.0
72.8
46.2
81.9
105
130
46.2
92.5
122
187
213
132
229
320
444
369
609
885
Table 32 - Flow Coefficients, CV, 2700/2720A/E Globe Body, Modified Percent,
Unbalanced Plug Control Trims, Flow Up
Body
Size
1”
1.5”
2”
3” & 4”
Trim
Size
0.250”
0.375”
0.500”
0.750”
1.000”
0.250”
0.375”
0.500”
0.750”
1.000”
0.250”
0.375”
0.500”
0.750”
1.000”
0.250”
0.375”
0.500”
0.750”
1.000”
10
20
.284
.311
.557
.752
.983
.284
.311
.592
.882
1.01
.284
.311
.592
.882
.964
.284
.311
.592
.882
.964
.506
.621
1.11
1.57
2.01
.506
.621
1.17
1.76
2.02
.506
.621
1.17
1.76
1.92
.506
.621
1.17
1.76
1.92
Flow Coefficient (CV)
Valve Opening - Percent of Total Travel
30
40
50
60
70
80
.657
.942
1.68
2.43
3.40
.657
.942
1.76
2.76
3.08
.657
.942
1.76
2.76
3.14
.657
.942
1.76
2.76
3.14
.767
1.28
2.26
3.42
6.12
.767
1.28
2.34
3.82
4.67
.767
1.28
2.34
3.82
5.07
.767
1.28
2.34
3.82
5.07
.875
1.64
2.92
4.58
8.90
.875
1.64
2.95
5.05
6.96
.875
1.64
2.95
5.53
9.68
.875
1.64
2.95
5.53
9.68
.989
2.07
3.62
6.08
11.7
.989
2.07
3.70
6.57
10.0
.989
2.07
3.70
6.57
11.9
.989
2.07
3.70
6.57
11.9
1.10
2.51
4.30
7.93
13.5
1.10
2.51
4.57
8.49
13.0
1.10
2.51
4.57
8.49
14.9
1.10
2.51
4.57
8.49
14.9
1.20
2.93
4.98
9.71
14.4
1.20
2.93
5.50
10.8
14.7
1.20
2.93
5.50
10.8
17.2
1.20
2.93
5.50
10.8
17.2
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90
100
1.32
3.35
5.43
10.6
15.1
1.32
3.35
5.95
12.2
15.5
1.32
3.35
5.95
15.0
19.3
1.32
3.35
5.95
15.0
19.3
1.43
3.70
5.60
11.0
15.4
1.43
3.70
6.08
12.9
16.3
1.43
3.70
6.08
12.9
20.9
1.43
3.70
6.08
16.2
20.9
10/10/2008
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