Introduction to Basic
Principles
Types of Level Measurement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A STICK/SOUNDING TAPE/SITE GLASS
MECHANICAL FLOATS
CAPACITANCE
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
RADAR/SONAR
Typical Level Sensors
Hydrostatic Pressure
• PRESSURE-FORCE/AREA
• Water Column
• Density and Specific
Gravity
• P=h*SG/27.68
• Sensor Ranging
Pressure vs Volume
psi
volume
1
4000
0.9
3500
0.8
3000
0.7
2500
0.5
psi
0.4
volume
pressure
0.6
2000
1500
0.3
1000
0.2
500
0.1
0
0
0
5
10
15
height
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
height
20
25
30
Pressure is
a function
of height
Volume is
a function
of shape
Scale Calculations
• Dimensions
• Calibrations
• Sounding Chart
• Application
nData Sheet
4-20mA Basics
• Can be run long distances with minimal loss
~1,000 ft+
• Varying impedance or supply voltage will not
affect the signal.
• Low electromagnetic susceptibility
• Only requires 2 wires to operate
Typical 4-20mA Loop
Remote Indicator Loop
KING Filters
•
•
•
•
Single stage or dual stage
Main Line or Point of use
Polisher Selection
Scrubber Selection
Coalescing Filtration
• Compressed air enters
• Travels through filter media
• Oil and water attach to
fibers
• Grow into droplets and fall
off into bowl
• Replace elements yearly or
as needed
King’s Outside to Inside Flow
• More surface
area for
particulate
• Nozzle
shaped outlet
for better
discharge
Removing Oil/Water Vapor
• Using desiccants
to remove vapor
through
adsorption
Desiccant Dryers
• Compressed air passes
through an adsorbent
media (desiccant) such
as activated
charcoal, silica gel, or
molecular sieve.