ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
Name: __________________________
Assignment Schedule:
T
1/26
Revolution (AR 44-47)
Conquest of the Mediterranean – part 1 (AR 47-52)
W
1/27
Carthage: The Roman Holocaust (1-9 online)
http://goblues.org/faculty/rogersb/video-transcripts-2/
S
1/30
Conquest of the Mediterranean – part 2 (AR 52-60)
M
2/1
Turning Point: The Sack of Carthage (AR 60-71)
T
2/2
Crisis in Rome (AR 71-81)
W
2/3
Appian – The Growth of the Slave System (WW 172-174)
Disgrace (AR 81-88)
F
2/5
Murder in Rome (AR 88-98)
-- Winter Weekend –
T
2/9
NO HW – In class: Epilogue (AR 98-100)
W
2/10
ESSAY DUE – Rome Unit 2
Essay Topics – Choose One:
A) For what reasons did Rome fight against Carthage, and what values did Rome exhibit
through its conduct of the wars?
B) What problems in Roman society did Tiberius Gracchus attempt to address, and what
obstacles did he confront in his reform efforts?
Vocab: commemorate (44), diverge (46), incitement (50), proxy (50), rankle (51), precocious
(55), autonomy (58), benevolent (58), subjugate (59), illustrious (60), pretext (62), cynicism (62),
stipulate (63), impeccable (64), impregnable (64), reprisal (71), reproach (73), nascent (73),
alleviate (77), deracinated (78), vitriolic (83), ignominious (83), flout (89), insolent (89), depose
(93), estranged (95), mêlée (96)
ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
Vocabulary Terms to Know:
commemorate (44)
impregnable (64)
diverge (46)
reprisal (71)
incitement (50)
reproach (73)
proxy (50)
nascent (73)
rankle (51)
alleviate (77)
precocious (55)
deracinated (78)
autonomy (58)
vitriolic (83)
benevolent (58)
ignominious (83)
subjugate (59)
flout (89)
illustrious (60)
insolent (89)
pretext (62)
depose (93)
cynicism (62)
estranged (95)
stipulate (63)
mêlée (96)
impeccable (64)
ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
Due: Tuesday, 1/26
Revolution (AR 44-47) & Conquest of Mediterranean (47-52)
PART I: REVOLUTION (AR 44-47)
Funeral of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
Accomplishments of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
Public celebration of one virtue:
On of the key motivations of the Roman elite:
Impact on young Tiberius
Achievements of young Tiberius’ ancestors
Question at the center of crisis in Rome:
“Great convulsion” as a “morality tale”:
Conquest of the Mediterranean – Part 1 (AR 47-52)
Question Polybius addressed:
Concentration of power in a few aristocratic families
Carthage as a Mediterranean power
First Punic War – initial cause:
Development of the Roman Navy
Carthaginian general Hamilcar
First Punic War – Roman acquisitions:
First Punic War – harsh conditions:
Rome’s “naked show of imperialism” – shift in war aims
First Punic War – unanswered question:
ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
Due: Wednesday, 1/27
Richard Miles – “Carthage: The Roman Holocaust”
http://goblues.org/faculty/rogersb/video-transcripts-2/
Destruction of Carthage in 146 BC
Carthage’s reputation in history
Phoenicians
Carthage’s empire
Carthaginian control of the sea
Roman aggression in Sicily
First Punic War (264-241 BC)
Rome as a new sea power
Carthaginian resentment after Roman victory
Hamilcar & Carthage in Spain
Hannibal’s invasion of Italy
Second Punic War (218-202 BC)
Battle of Zama
Terms of the peace treaty
Cato
Delenda est Carthago
Scipio Nasica & the antiwar faction
Rearmament of Carthage
Hasdrubal & violation of the peace treaty
Scipio’s destruction of Carthage (146 BC)
Hasdrubal’s wife
Why did Rome destroy Carthage?
Destruction of Corinth (146 BC)
Roman soldiers as “losers” in the war
ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
Due: Saturday, 1/30
Conquest of the Mediterranean (AR 52-60)
Conquest of the Mediterranean (AR 52-60)
Spain & New Carthage
Saguntum as a “time bomb”
Hannibal
Second Punic War
Battle of Cannae
Publius Cornelius Scipio
Roman manpower
Invasion of North Africa
Battle of Zama
Terms of Peace
Strategy for Roman supremacy in the East
Philip V of Macedon
Antiochus of Syria
Perseus of Macedon
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
Cornelia
Questions about what empire was doing to Rome:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
Due: Monday, 2/1
Turning Point: The Sack of Carthage (AR 60-71)
Turning Point: The Sack of Carthage (AR 60-71)
Poor start to the Third Punic War
Controversy in the Senate over the war
“Doves’” argument about the war:
“Hawks’” argument about the war
“Pretext” for war
Roman cynicism about Numidia
Violation of fides
First set of Roman conditions:
Second set of Roman conditions:
Third set of Roman conditions:
Censorinus and “treachery of the Romans”
Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus
Aemilianus’ new strategy
Tiberius Gracchus
Cursus Honorum
Liberty as a cherished value
Mural Crown
Sack of Carthage
Aemilianus’ reaction
Total destruction of Carthage
Province of North Africa
Destruction of Corinth
146 BCE as a “watershed”
ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
Due: Tuesday, 2/2
Crisis in Rome (AR 71-81)
Crisis in Rome (AR 71-81)
Aemilianus’ triumph
Tiberius’ early career
Cornelia
Impact of wealth flowing to Rome
Gap between rich and poor
Living conditions in Rome
“New benchmark” for competition among aristocrats
Corruption of the Republic – cause:
Land as an “inflammatory issue”
Property requirement for military service
Challenges facing citizen-soldiers
Smallholders’ loss & aristocrats’ gain
Slave labor
Growth of the “mob” in Rome
Scipio Nasica – conservative:
Appius Claudius Pulcher – reformer:
Land reform bill
Laelius “the Wise”
Slave rebellion in Sicily
Numantine rebellion in Spain
Mancinus
Tiberius’ “political awakening” en route to Spain
ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
Due: Wednesday, 2/3
Appian – The Growth of the Slave System (WW172-174 )
Disgrace (AR 81-88)
Appian – The Growth of the Slave System (WW 172-174)
As Rome conquered the Italian peninsula, it devised a system of distributing land to its citizens.
But against its purposes, the rich managed to acquire large tracts of land which they ran with
slave labor. Rome passed a law limiting holdings to 500 acres and requiring free labor, but no
one tried to enforce the law until Tiberius Gracchus in 133. The rich blocked Gracchus and the
land commission, complaining that they deserved the land, and headed toward a showdown with
Gracchus.
Why did the Romans want land in the hands of free citizens?
Why did the rich want it in their own hands?
How did slave labor hurt the military of Rome?
What arguments did Gracchus make?
And how did his opponents respond?
Disgrace (AR 81-88)
Surrender of Roman troops to Numantines
Terms of Peace negotiated by Tiberius
Nasica’s reaction in the Senate
Mancinus’ argument
Senate’s rejection of the treaty
Aemilianus’ proposal
Impact on Tiberius’ career
Tiberius’ turn against the Senate
Tiberius’ marriage
Creation of a reforming faction
Plan for reform
Election as Tribune
Land Commission
Marcus Octavius
ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
Due: Friday, 2/5
Murder in Rome (AR 88-98)
Murder in Rome (AR 88-98)
Conditions in Rome in 133
Tiberius’ rejection of republican tradition
Content of Tiberius’ speech
Tiberius’ simple question:
Benefit of Tiberius’ proposal to the Republic
Reaction of the landowning aristocrats
Octavius’ veto
Stand-off between Tiberius and Octavius
Vote to depose Octavius
Passage of the land bill
Appointment of land commissioners
Senate’s refusal to fund the commission
Smear campaign against Tiberius
Tiberius’ plans for Attalus’ gift to Rome
Pompeius’ testimony against Tiberius
Tiberius’ campaign for a second tribuneship
Bad omens on election day
Nasica’s plan to kill Tiberius
Tiberius’ gesture
Nasica’s interpretation of Tiberius’ gesture
Emergency decree of the Senate
Death of Tiberius and 300 supporters
ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
In Class: Tuesday, 2/9
Epilogue (AR 98-100)
Epilogue (AR 98-100)
Price paid for Rome becoming a superpower
Consequences of nobles’ pursuit of glory
Social and Economic Problems
Tiberius’ conservative aims
Tiberius’ “revolutionary” methods
Gaius Gracchus’ efforts at reform
Murder of Gaius Gracchus
Crucial issue for the empire
The Roman Mob as a combustible force
The “ruthless mind” that harnessed the power of the people:
ROME UNIT 2 – THE PUNIC WARS and THE GRACCHAN REVOLUTION
Wednesday, 2/10
ESSAY DUE – Rome Unit 2
Choose One:
A) For what reasons did Rome fight against Carthage, and what values did Rome exhibit
through its conduct of the wars?
This essay should look closely at the three Punic Wars (261-241, 218-201, and 149-146) and
explain both the general motivations that drove Rome to fight against Carthage and the
particular reasons Rome started each war. Explain clearly why Rome fought.
This essay should then shift to explain how Rome fought. Clearly, Rome was no longer fighting
in the same manner as Livy described in his stories about the early Republic. But what
distinguished Roman military conduct as it fought for an overseas empire? What events from the
Punic Wars best exemplify the new values that Rome was actually practicing? And how do these
new values differ from the old?
•
•
•
•
Your paper should include a brief introduction (2-3 sentences) that states your position
on the two questions.
You need at least two body paragraphs, but you might elect to have more. (For instance,
you could devote one paragraph to the general reason Rome fought Carthage, and another
to summarizing the particular reasons for each war. You might also devote distinct
paragraphs to the different values Rome displayed in fighting these wars.)
You should conclude with a brief restatement of your core argument.
Include direct evidence from any or all readings as you deem appropriate.
2) What problems in Roman society did Tiberius Gracchus attempt to address, and what
obstacles did he confront in his reform efforts?
This essay should look closely both at the problems that Rome faced as a result of gaining an
empire and at the solutions Tiberius Gracchus proposed in order to address them. What were the
problems, and what did Tiberius try to do about them?
This essay should then shift to explain the obstacles that prevented from Tiberius addressing
those problems successfully. Who opposed him, how did they oppose him, and why did they
oppose him?
•
•
•
•
Your paper should include a brief introduction (2-3 sentences) that states your position
on the two questions.
You need at least two body paragraphs, but you might elect to have more. (For instance,
you could devote one paragraph to the problems that Rome faced, and another to Tiberius
Gracchus’s solutions. You might also choose to devote distinct paragraphs to the
different opponents Tiberius confronted, or to the different ways his opponents blocked
him and his proposals.)
You should conclude with a brief restatement of your core argument.
Include direct evidence from any or all readings as you deem appropriate.