INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
Officially recognized by the Italian Ministry of Social Affairs
for his Social Goals
Officially recognized by the Italian Ministry of Interior Affairs
for his Cultural and Welfare Goals
Non Profit Organization
recognized by official decree
Mario Pianesi is the founder and President of UPM
Member of the Scientific Board of the of the United Nation Decade of Education for Sustainable
Development – Italian National Commission for UNESCO
Doctor and Professor Honoris Causa Degree
awarded from the Mongolian Academy of Sciences.
1
69
2
3
79
58
3
1
1
8
1
5
1
1
International Secretariat
Social Clubs
Publishing houses
Wholesale Centers
Shops
Restaurants
Catering centers
Hostel
Tea shop
Bakeries
Mill
Food workshop
Natural furnishing workshop
Natural paints workshop
CONGRESSES IN ITALY
CONGRESSES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
INITRODUCING MA-PI DIETS TO THE SENATE OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC
LIFE ON EARTH
- what is living and matter made of? -
ADENINE
GLUCOSE
CHOLESTEROL
ALANINE
WATER
LIFE ON EARTH
- solar radiation is the energy that sustains life -
LIFE ON EARTH
- solar radiation is the energy that sustains life -
Source: NASA illustration by Robert Simmon. Astronaut photograph ISS013-E-8948.
LIFE ON EARTH
- solar radiation is the energy that sustains life -
Source: NASA illustration by Robert Simmon. Photograph ©2006 Cyron.
LIFE ON EARTH
- greenhouse gases maintain a stable temperature -
Source: www.learner.org
LIFE ON EARTH
- the best spot where you want to be -
Source: Calvin J. Hamilton, Views of the Solar System, www.planetscapes.com
GREENHOUSE GASES
- water cycle -
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States
Government as part of that person’s official duties under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.
GREENHOUSE GASES
- carbon cycle and CO2 as the Earth thermostat -
This image is a work of a United States Department of Energy (or predecessor organization) employee, taken or made as part of that
person's official duties. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain.
GREENHOUSE GASES
- carbon cycle, methane A.
Source: NASA GISS
A. TERMITES
B. ANIMALS
C. LANDFILLS
D. WETLANDS
E. OCEAN
GREENHOUSE GASES
- nitrogen cycle, nitrous oxide -
This image is a work of an Environmental Protection Agency employee, taken or made as part of that person's official duties. As works
of the U.S. federal government, all EPA images are in the public domain.
CLIMATE CHANGE
- chronology of awarenessANTIQUITY_________LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGES
17TH – 18TH century___NORTH AMERICA CROPLANDS
1896______________ARRHENIUS CALCULATIONS
1938______________GUY STEWART CALLENDAR FIRST EVIDENCE
1960s_____________FIRST WARNINGS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
1970s_____________WARMING IS ICREASINGLY PREDICTED
1980s_____________CONSENSUS BEGINS TO FORM
1988______________TORONTO, World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere:
Implications for Global Security
1988______________INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE
- IPCC key findings-
CLIMATE CHANGE
- unprecedented level of CO2-
CLIMATE CHANGE
- unprecedented level of CH4 and N2O-
Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
CLIMATE CHANGE
- the industrial revolution-
Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
CLIMATE CHANGE
- Earth temperature is rising-
CLIMATE CHANGE
- ocean temperature is rising-
IMPACT ON WATER
- extreme weather -
Scientific research indicates that climate change will cause
hurricanes and tropical storms to become more intense —
lasting longer, unleashing stronger winds, and causing more
damage to coastal ecosystems and communities.
Source: http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/global-warming-climate-change/threats-impacts/stronger-storms.xml
IMPACT ON WATER
- sea ice is melting -
IMPACT ON WATER
- sea ice is melting-
IMPACT ON WATER
- glaciers are melting too -
IMPACT ON WATER
- ocean absolute level is rising-
IMPACT ON WATER
- coast land submersion risk -
IMPACT ON WATER
- Bangkok submersion risk -
IMPACT ON WATER
- ocean pH is dropping -
IMPACT ON WATER
- droughts and floods risk -
Source: Adapted from IWMI, Aditya Sood and Vladimir Smakhtin
IMPACT ON FOOD
- crop yield is declining -
Historical studies demonstrate that climate change has
already had negative impacts on crop yields. Maize, wheat
and other major crops have experienced significant climateassociated yield reductions of 40 megatons per year between
1981 and 2002 at the global level (Lobell and Field 2007).
Source: World Resource Institute, 1997-2013
IMPACT ON FOOD
- livestock will face challenges-
Climate change will directly impact animals through heat
stress and a greater range of livestock diseases and disease
carriers. Droughts and extreme rainfall variability can trigger
periods of severe feed scarcity, especially in dry land
areas, with devastating effects on livestock populations.
Source: Thornton et al. 2009; CCAFS, 2012.
IMPACT ON FOOD
- food security may worsen -
Many crop yields are expected to decline due to long-term
changes in temperature and rainfall and increased climate
variability. The outcome may be higher food prices, chronic
poverty and undernutrition for farming households already
battered by climate extremes such as drought and flood.
Source: Beddington et al., 2011; Carter and Barrett, 2006
AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS
- global agricultural emissions -
food production and consumption contribute 19 to 29% of total
GHG emissions, agriculture counts for 80 to 86% of food
production system emissions.
Source: Vermeulen, et al., 2012; US-EPA, 2011; and Stern, 2006
AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS
- food system emissions -
Source: Vermeulen et al. 2012; US-EPA, 2011; and Blaser and Robledo, 2007
AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS
- direct agricultural emissions -
Source: US-EPA, 2011
AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS
- deforestation emissions -
Source: World Resource Institute, 1997-2013
AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS
- livestock emissions -
The global livestock sector emits almost 6,000 million
metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) per year
at 2008 levels and accounts for about 11 percent of global
greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions from the sector are
Source: PBL, 2009
expected to increase 70 percent by 2050.
AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS
- anthropogenic methane sources -
Global Carbon Project 2013; Figure based on Kirschke et al. 2013
AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS
- Anthropogenic nitrous oxide sources -
3%
human sewage
9%
10%
atmospheric deposition
10%
biomass burning
67%
fossil fuel combustion
and industry processes
agriculture
Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
WHAT AGRICULTURE?
- conventional agriculture -
ENERGY BALANCE
- conventional agriculture food production -
Modern agriculture is considered a model of efficiency
1 FOOD CALORIE
0.435
1
3
From 1910 to 1983
corn yields increased by 346%, energy inputs increased by 810%
Source: Richard Manning, Against the Grain, 2005; Patricia Muir, The Green Revolution, 1998
WHAT AGRICULTURE?
- organic agriculture -
MA-PI POLYCULTURE
self-reproduced seeds strengthen the plant
rotation and intercropping allows not to use fertilizers
anthropogenic N2O is non-existent
MA-PI POLYCULTURE
DIFFERENT PLANTS AND TREES GROW TOGETHER
the micro-environment allows to avoid pesticides
trees retain moisture and lower the need of irrigation
trees offset the low carbon emissions
yields increase with time and do not suffer as much as
conventional crops extreme weather events
WHAT AGRICULTURE?
- can it be agroecology? -
WHAT FOOD SYSTEM?
- systems consumption comparison -
weekly consumption of non-renewable raw materials - Kg per person
38 Kg
conventional
agriculture
and
distribution
36.67 Kg
conventional
agriculture
short chain
16.34 Kg
organic
3.76 Kg
UPM
Mancini, L. (2011). Abitudini Alimentari e Impatto Ambientale: Una Valutazione della Domanda di Risorse Naturali in Tre Sistemi Agroalimentari.
10° Convegno Dalle Antiche Teorie Cinesi allo Sviluppo Sostenibile Pianesiano (p. 80-117). Roma: Edizioni La Pica.
WHAT FOOD SYSTEM?
- systems consumption comparison -
weekly consumption of renewable raw materials - Kg per person
118 Kg
118 Kg
conventional
agriculture
and
distribution
conventional
agriculture
short chain
121 Kg
organic
15 Kg
UPM
Mancini, L. (2011). Abitudini Alimentari e Impatto Ambientale: Una Valutazione della Domanda di Risorse Naturali in Tre Sistemi Agroalimentari.
10° Convegno Dalle Antiche Teorie Cinesi allo Sviluppo Sostenibile Pianesiano (p. 80-117). Roma: Edizioni La Pica.
WHAT FOOD SYSTEM?
- systems consumption comparison -
weekly consumption of water - Kg per person
50.6 Kg
50.6 Kg
conventional
agriculture
and
distribution
conventional
agriculture
short chain
23.78Kg
organic
5.34 Kg
UPM
Mancini, L. (2011). Abitudini Alimentari e Impatto Ambientale: Una Valutazione della Domanda di Risorse Naturali in Tre Sistemi Agroalimentari.
10° Convegno Dalle Antiche Teorie Cinesi allo Sviluppo Sostenibile Pianesiano (p. 80-117). Roma: Edizioni La Pica.
WHAT FOOD SYSTEM?
- systems consumption comparison -
weekly emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) - Kg per person
50 Kg
conventional
agriculture
and
distribution
48.5 Kg
conventional
agriculture
short chain
14.4Kg
9.21 Kg
organic
UPM
Mancini, L. (2011). Abitudini Alimentari e Impatto Ambientale: Una Valutazione della Domanda di Risorse Naturali in Tre Sistemi Agroalimentari.
10° Convegno Dalle Antiche Teorie Cinesi allo Sviluppo Sostenibile Pianesiano (p. 80-117). Roma: Edizioni La Pica.
FOOD AND HEALTH
- fluid and electrolyte balance -
FOOD AND HEALTH
- acid base balance -
life
health
6
6.8
7
7.35 7.45
7.8
8
aerobic
respiration
of glucose
anaerobic
respiration
of glucose
oxidation of
sulfur containing
amino acids
incomplete
oxidation of
fatty acids
hydrolysis of
phosphoproteins
and nucleic acids
carbonic acid
H2CO3
lactic acid
C3H6O3
sulfuric acid
H2SO4
ketone bodies
C3H6O
C4H6O4
C4H8O3
phosphoric acid
H3PO4
EXTRACELLULAR and INTRACELLULAR [H+]
FOOD AND HEALTH
- acid base balance Nernst Equation, the redox potential is a function of pH
The equation predict a lower redox potential at higher pH
lower pH create a more oxidative environment
FOOD AND HEALTH
- benefit of high fiber diet -
Normalizes bowel movements
Helps maintain bowel health
Lowers cholesterol levels
Helps control blood sugar levels
FOOD AND HEALTH
- benefit of prebiotic diet -
growth of beneficial Gut Microbiota
altered Gut Microbiota
obesity
low grade inflammation
insuline resistance
diabetes
autoimmune disease
cardiovascular disease
cancer
MA-PI DIETS
- trials, Diabetic Care Center, Bauta -
lipids and cardiovascular risk
84%
21
time
days
0
56%
18%
desirable
<5.19
26%
14%
2%
borderline
5.19 – 6.19
high risk
> 6.19
total cholesterol mmol/l
Porrata C et al,Ma-Pi 2 Macrobiotic Diet Intervention in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, MEDICC Review, Fall 2009, Vol 11, No 4
MA-PI DIETS
- trials, Diabetic Care Center, Bauta -
lipids and cardiovascular risk
85%
35%
desirable
<3.38
21
time
days
0
39%
11%
26%
4%
borderline
3.38 – 4.12
high risk
> 4.12
LDL cholesterol mmol/l
Porrata C et al,Ma-Pi 2 Macrobiotic Diet Intervention in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, MEDICC Review, Fall 2009, Vol 11, No 4
MA-PI DIETS
- trials, Diabetic Care Center, Bauta -
average glycemic
profile evolution
13.2
12.2
21
time
days
0
9.7
7.3
6.4
5.6
fasting
2h after breakfast
glycemia mmol/l
2h after lunch
Porrata C et al,Ma-Pi 2 Macrobiotic Diet Intervention in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, MEDICC Review, Fall 2009, Vol 11, No 4
MA-PI DIETS
- Six Years of Clinical Assays, Finlay Institute, Havana follow up study of 3000 cases at the Ma-Pi Macrobiotic Unit
2,852 adults
82 adolescents
100%
52% remission
4
39%
9%
trend
time 0
considerable
improvement
1.4
6 months
unchanged
0.5
1 year
drugs/day
66 children
164
65
4
different
drugs
MA-PI DIETS
- scientific evidence -
MEDICC Review, Fall 2009, Vol 11, No 4 Peer Reviewed
MA-PI DIETS
- scientific evidence -
FOOD ENVIRONMENT HEALTH
- complex relationship -
FOOD CHOICES
- a better environment -
Kgs of carbon dioxide (CO2) released for 1 Kg of final product
3.5
3.25
13.3
Source: elaboration of data from FAO
FOOD CHOICES
- a better environment 2,280
3,400
Liters of water consumed
per 1 Kg of final product
3,900
4,800
15,300
1,800
1,590
175
Source: www.waterfootprint.org
FOOD CHOICES
- moral -
Worldwide, more than 1.4 billion adults, one out of every
five, in 2008 were overweight.
At least 2.8 million adults die each year as a result of being
overweight or obese. Many more suffer of related diseases.
842 million people in the world do not have enough to eat.
Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of deaths in children
under five - 3.1 million children each year.
Source: World Health Organization, 2012; World Food Program, 2013.
FOOD CHOICES
- moral -
how many people can agriculture feed?
chicken
beef cattle
lamb
To have 2700 cal. from 1 Kg of beef as much as 47450 cal. are fed to the cattle
Source: D Pimentel, M Pimentel, Am J Clin Nutr, 2003, 78-3
FOOD CHOICES
- personal health -
FOOD CHOICES
- personal health -
FOOD CHOICES
- personal health -
FOOD ENVIRONMENT HEALTH
- the double pyramid -
polluting
healthfulness