Citation Guide for Business
(Required for COMM 1E03 and COMM 2MA3)
December 2006
Innis Library
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
Contents
ii
Part One: Introduction
Citation Style ...................................................................................................................................1
Order of Elements in Paper..............................................................................................................1
Page Numbers ..................................................................................................................................1
Title Page ........................................................................................................................................2
Contents ...........................................................................................................................................2
Text / Body ......................................................................................................................................2
Appendixes ......................................................................................................................................3
Tables and Graphs in the Body........................................................................................................3
Endnotes...........................................................................................................................................4
Formatting of Endnotes .......................................................................................................5
Subsequent Endnotes ...........................................................................................................5
Ibid. ......................................................................................................................................6
Citation to Several Sources in One Endnote........................................................................6
Multiple Pages from the Same Work...................................................................................7
Annotations: Adding Explanations, Clarifications to Notes................................................7
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................7
Differences Between Endnotes and Bibliographies.............................................................8
Authors - Anonymous......................................................................................................................8
Punctuation and Spacing Within Citations and Text .......................................................................9
Missing Information ........................................................................................................................9
Part Two: Citation Examples for Selected Secondary Sources
Books [Paper Versions] .................................................................................................................10
Books - Single Author .......................................................................................................10
Books - Two or Three Authors ..........................................................................................10
Books - Four or More Authors ..........................................................................................10
Books - Editor or Compiler as Author...............................................................................11
Books - Edition Other Than First ......................................................................................11
Books - Four or More Authors, Edition Other Than First .................................................11
Books - No Author.............................................................................................................12
Articles [Paper Versions]...............................................................................................................12
Article in a Book................................................................................................................12
Article in a Journal.............................................................................................................12
Article in a Magazine.........................................................................................................13
Article in a Newspaper ......................................................................................................13
Government Publications [Paper Versions] ..................................................................................14
Special Reference Materials ..........................................................................................................14
Market Share Reporters .....................................................................................................14
Annual Reports (Paper Version)........................................................................................14
iii
Standard & Poor’s Industry Surveys .................................................................................15
Course Materials ............................................................................................................................15
Custom Courseware Package.............................................................................................15
Single Reading Reproduced in Courseware Package ........................................................16
Lecture Notes .....................................................................................................................16
Brochures, Pamphlets, Handouts, Catalogues, etc. .......................................................................17
Advertisements .............................................................................................................................17
Newspaper, Magazine, etc. Advertisements ......................................................................17
Television or Radio Advertisement ...................................................................................18
Electronic Sources .........................................................................................................................18
Web Page / Document .......................................................................................................18
Electronic Book ................................................................................................................19
Full Text Article from an Electronic Journal, Magazine or Newspaper............................20
Full Text Journal Article from a Database (e.g., ABI, CPI.Q, etc.) ..................................20
Full Text Newspaper Article from a Database (e.g., Factiva, LexisNexis, etc.) ...............21
Full Text Article from Economist Intelligence Unit (Database) .......................................21
Annual Report (from Mergent Online) ..............................................................................21
Company Information (from Mergent Online) (Database)................................................22
Industry Reports (from Mergent Online)...........................................................................22
CD-ROM............................................................................................................................22
Allen H. Gould Trading Floor Data...................................................................................23
Reuters Kobra ........................................................................................................23
Bloomberg..............................................................................................................23
Part Three: Frequently Cited Secondary Sources
Human Development Report .........................................................................................................23
Exporters’ Encyclopaedia ..............................................................................................................24
Scott’s Directories..........................................................................................................................24
FP Markets: Canadian Demographics ...........................................................................................24
Craighead’s International Business, Travel, and Relocation Guide to 84 Countries ....................25
SIC Code Manual...........................................................................................................................25
NAICS Code Manual.....................................................................................................................25
Associations Canada ......................................................................................................................26
Canadian Business Database .........................................................................................................26
CICA Handbook ...........................................................................................................................26
E-STAT..........................................................................................................................................27
World FactBook.............................................................................................................................27
Dominion Bond Rating Service .....................................................................................................27
Business Monitor Online ...............................................................................................................28
Global Market Information Database ............................................................................................28
FPinformart.ca ...............................................................................................................................28
iv
Part Four: Citation Examples for Sources of Primary Data
Interview ........................................................................................................................................29
In-Person Interview............................................................................................................29
Phone Interview .................................................................................................................30
E-Mail Interview................................................................................................................30
Faxed Response to Questions ............................................................................................30
Survey / Questionnaire...................................................................................................................31
Observation ...................................................................................................................................32
Focus Group ..................................................................................................................................32
1
Part One: Introduction
Virtually all academic, government or business reports require some form of referencing to
acknowledge the source(s) of the ideas, facts and quotations being presented. McMaster business
students are expected to produce two sets of references in their papers: a list of endnotes and a
formal bibliography (which appears at the end of the paper).
Your professor expects you to be both precise (in terms of format, punctuation and presentation) as
well as consistent. Proper endnotes and bibliographies take time to construct and should not be left
until the night before the paper is due.
Citation Style
This citation guide is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. We have followed it as closely
as possible; however, due to the unique nature of some of the material used by some of the courses
in the DeGroote School of Business program, some entries have been adapted to best suit the
material and the needs of our students and professors.
Order of Elements in Paper
The following is the correct order of elements for your paper. Not all elements (e.g., Appendixes)
will be present in every paper. Each element will begin on a separate page.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Title Page
Contents
Text (also known as Body)
Appendix(es)
Notes
Bibliography
The following elements should have the title centred at the top of the page: Contents, Appendix
(see this section for title details), Notes, and Bibliography. Double-space (as a minimum) after the
start of the element’s title before you begin with the page information.
Page Numbers
The Title Page is the first page of the paper and it is not numbered. This is followed by the Contents,
which is paged using roman numerals, starting with ii (i.e., ii, iii...). The Text, Appendixes, Notes,
and Bibliography are all numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers, starting with 1 (i.e., 1, 2,
3...).
For the page number placement, select one position (e.g., top right) and then be consistent for the
rest of the paper.
The page number should reflect all formatting requirements (such as font
type).
2
Title Page
For the purpose of your paper, refer to the Course Outline for the Title Page content requirements.
Contents
The Contents at the beginning of this Guide will give you an example of the correct format to use for
this element. Include the title and beginning page number of each section or subheading and the list
should appear in the order that it appears in the text. Titles for each section or subheading should be
placed on the left hand side of the page while page numbers are placed on the far right. Continuous
dotting (use a software program to create this page to ensure consistency) should separate titles and
page numbers. When listing appendixes in their numerical or alphabetical order, do not forget to
include their titles (e.g., Appendix A – Y2005 Market Shares).
Text / Body
The text is where you will communicate the required information indicated in your Course Outline
and discussed in class. For the purposes of this paper, you should review all of the formatting
requirements (e.g., page limitation, etc.) listed in your Course Outline, including any required
subheadings. Subheadings can be left-justified or centred on your page. Just be consistent.
Other Points:
·
When books, journals, magazine and newspaper titles are mentioned in the body of your
paper, italicize them (e.g., In the Economist, Smith outlined his marketing plan ...).
·
Write out whole numbers from one through one hundred (e.g., ninety-nine plant locations),
round numbers (e.g., three hundred employees), and any number beginning a sentence. For
other numbers, numerals are used (e.g., 543 or 6,893).
·
Very large numbers or monetary amounts can be expressed by a mixture of numerals and
spelled out numbers (e.g., $3.4 million CAD, 2 billion dogs, etc.).
·
In most numerals of one thousand or more, commas are used between three groups of digits,
counting from the right (e.g., 32,876). No commas are used in page numbers (e.g., on page
2567), addresses (located at 1280 Main Street W.), and years (though years of five digits or
more do include the comma) (e.g., 35,000 BP and 5000 BP).
·
Percentages are always given in numerals. The number should either be followed by the
word percent (e.g., 45 percent) or by the symbol % (e.g., 20%).
·
Leave one space after all punctuation including periods, colons, commas, semi colons, and
question marks.
·
If a sentence ends with an abbreviation use only one period (i.e., Inc. not Inc..).
3
Appendixes
The appendix and its sourcing information must comply with all formatting requirements laid out in
your Course Outline (e.g., one inch margin all around) and this Citation Guide. Items are placed in
an appendix if they disrupt the flow of the paper. Appendixes may contain:
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9
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long lists of information
survey, observation, and focus group data
graphs, charts, tables, calculations, etc. that you have formulated
explanations that are not essential parts of the text, but are helpful for further clarification
(e.g., brochures, regulations, etc.) illustrating the text
You will lose marks if you use appendixes incorrectly. Do not put any information into an
appendix if it does not meet the above-noted criteria. If you are unsure whether your research should
be in an appendix or if an endnote is sufficient, refer to the Chicago Manual of Style (Innis
Reference Z 253.C53), ask the reference librarians, or ask your Instructor.
After the text, the appendixes should be arranged (numerically or alphabetically) in the order that
they are referred to in the text. All appendixes need to be referred to and briefly summarized in the
body of the paper. For example,
The observation results summarized in Appendix A support the group’s hypothesis that
health benefits were the most critical factor when purchasing vegetables.²
Note that when referring to any appendix in the body, a superscripted (placed slightly above the text)
endnote number must always be placed at the end of the sentence as this is the citation reference for
your work. The absence of this endnote number is considered plagiarism (i.e., academic
dishonesty).
Each appendix starts with its own page; do not put two appendixes on the same page. Each appendix
should be identified by number or by letter (e.g., Appendix 1 or Appendix A) and by its title at the
top of the page. For example, Appendix A - Head Office Locations. Remember to centre this title.
IN ADDITION, a source note - that states the complete endnote citation - must be placed near the
bottom of the appendix page. The source note heading is in bolded uppercase letters, followed by a
colon, and then a double-space before you state the complete citation. Do not indicate the endnote
number anywhere. Include the full citation on the one page. For example,
SOURCE:
(or SOURCES: if you are using Citation to Several Sources in One Endnote)
Linda Holbeche, Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy (Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann, 1999), 10.
Tables and Graphs in the Body
In the place of an appendix, tables and graphs can be placed in the body of your paper. Be aware
that the source(s) note must also be present at the bottom of the tables and graphs. The sourcing
citation is to follow the same format as for an appendix (e.g., source note heading is bolded, etc.).
4
Endnotes
Endnotes serve two main purposes. Most often, they cite the precise source(s) (i.e., the actual page
number) of the facts, opinions or quotations appearing in the body of a paper. In other cases, they
provide additional detail or commentary on the ideas presented within the main text. Use arabic
numbers for your endnotes. Endnotes are numbered continuously (e.g., 1, 2, 3...). Consequently,
there is only one endnote 1, 2, 3, etc. in a paper.
The number is usually placed at the end of the sentence being cited - after the period, question mark,
or exclamation mark. For example,
Chocolate bar sales are expected to increase by 35 percent in the next six months.³
Keep in Mind:
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9
9
The number is not placed in brackets.
No punctuation follows the number as it is placed immediately after the punctuation
mark.
The reader will assume that only the single sentence preceding the endnote is being
cited, not the entire paragraph or the last two or three sentences.
EXCEPTIONS:
1. If you are quoting a long piece of text verbatim (100 words or
more or at least 8 lines or a whole paragraph), indent the WHOLE
(new) paragraph to indicate that multiple sentences are being cited,
then put a single endnote number at the end of the paragraph. No
quotation marks are used.
2. When quoting a short piece of text verbatim, quotation marks
are necessary. Punctuation is placed before the quotation marks
and the endnote number immediately follows the quotation marks.
For example,
Berkowitz notes that “close to 70 percent of all immigrants
to Canada today are classified as visible minorities,
primarily people from China, Southeast Asia, Africa, and
India.”1
3. If you wish to cite a complex multi-sentence thought from the
same source, introduce your topic with a statement such as the
following:
Jones notes five key factors affecting candy sales: First,
brand recognition plays a role. Second, economic factors
such as ... Finally, packaging has a significant impact.2
5
4. If the work is paraphrased (your words but someone else’s
ideas), no quotations are necessary. However, an endnote must be
supplied or else it is considered plagiarism.
The actual list of endnotes (titled Notes at the end of your paper) are single-spaced within entries
and double-spaced between entries. Your paper will be reviewed to ensure that this is done
correctly. (Be aware that internationally-purchased programs [e.g., a computer purchased in China]
do not always correspond with North American spacing standards. You will need to ensure this
consistency.)
Formatting of Endnotes
Endnotes are typically formatted in one of two ways. Choose one of the following methods and be
consistent.
(1)
Indent the first line of each endnote the same number of spaces as the paragraph indentation
in the text (e.g., five spaces). The note number rests on the same line (not slightly above as in the
text), and is followed by a period. Leave one space between the period following the number and the
actual citation. Second and subsequent lines of the citation appear flush up against the left hand
margin. For example:
1. Linda Holbeche, Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy (Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann, 1999), 10.
(2)
The endnote number is indented the same number of spaces as the paragraph indentation in
the text (e.g., five spaces). The note number is superscripted (slightly above the text), without a
period. The citation begins immediately after the number. Second and subsequent lines of the
citation appear flush against the left hand margin. For example:
1
Linda Holbeche, Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy (Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann, 1999), 10.
Subsequent Endnotes
The first citing of a work should be in complete form, incorporating publication information.
Subsequent references are made in shortened form. Generally, only the last name of the author and
key words from the main part of the title are included. See “Subsequent Endnote Form” for each
document type.
Keep in Mind:
9
9
9
Titles with less than five words should not be shortened.
The order of words should not be altered.
You must use this shortened form, when applicable.
6
Ibid.
Ibid. (which means “in the same place”) is used when references to the same work immediately
follow each other, and may differ only in terms of page number. If the work refers to the same page,
the citation simply reads Ibid. Note that the word Ibid. is followed by a period. If the citation refers
to a different page of the same work, the citation reads, for example, Ibid., 8. If the item you are
referencing is in a web page that is not numbered, simply use Ibid. (NOT Ibid., World Wide Web).
Citation to Several Sources in One Endnote
Avoid using more than one note reference in a single location (such as 5,6 ). If two or more facts are
used in a sentence and come from different sources, a single endnote is used. For example:
Despite lower interest rates and property taxes, there was a decrease in the number of home
purchases over the past five years.1
Position a single endnote number at the end of the sentence and separate the full citation for each
source by a semi-colon. The citations should be in alphabetical order by author (or title if no
author). For clarity, include an annotation at the end of your citation indicating the relationship
between or reason for the multiple references. Two examples are:
Economist Intelligence Unit, “Country Report Canada, 12 May 2006,”
http://portal.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=AllTitles (accessed June 12, 2006); Statistics Canada,
Market Research Handbook 2005 Edition (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2005), 78. Both sources
needed to support a five-year trend.
2004 Canadian Key Business Directory (Mississauga: Dun & Bradstreet, 2003), 10-11;
Scott’s Directories: Ontario Manufacturers Directory 2004 (Don Mills: Business Information
Group, 2003), 2-350; Scott’s Directories: Western Industrial Directory 2003 (Don Mills: Business
Information Group, 2003), 2-497. List compiled from entries in several directories.
Be aware that each Scott’s Directories volume should be cited separately
Keep in Mind:
9 When a citation involves multiple sources, repeat the full citation in subsequent endnotes as
there is no shortened form for a multiple sources endnote. For example, do NOT cite:
2004 Canadian Key Business Directory; Scott’s Directories: Ontario Manufacturers
Directory 2004; Scott’s Directories: Western Industrial Directory 2003, [multiples pages].
9 If you subsequently use only one of the sources contained in the “citation to several sources
in one endnote”, you can use the shortened form for that individual source.
9 If the citation following the “citation to several sources in one endnote” is the same, use Ibid.
9 Be sure to individually cite these several sources in the Bibliography.
7
Multiple Pages from the Same Work
When a very large number [over 10] of individual pages are being cited in the same work, it’s
permissible to just say [multiple pages] instead of a long list of page numbers. We recommend you
put the word in square brackets. For example,
2006 Canadian Key Business Directory (Mississauga: Dun &Bradstreet Canada, 2006),
[multiple pages].
NOTE: Dun & Bradstreet’s Guide to Canadian Manufacturers is a three-volume set so you can cite
these items as a single entity. For example,
2006 Guide to Canadian Manufacturers, 3 vols. (Mississauga: Dun & Bradstreet Canada,
2006), [multiple pages].
Annotations: Adding Explanations, Clarifications to Endnotes
Sometimes additional information is required to explain or clarify the use of a particular resource(s)
in a paper without cluttering up the text itself. These clarifications are called Annotations.
You need to include an Annotation if you include several sources in one endnote.
Annotations typically follow the formal citation. A period usually separates the citation from the
commentary.
Statistics Canada, Market Research Handbook 2003 Edition (Ottawa: Statistics Canada,
2003), 174. Extracted the total number of cars sold and the average price per car from this table to
calculate a rough estimate of the total value of all cars sold.
Bibliography
A bibliography appears at the end of a research paper and lists all the sources consulted to write the
paper, regardless if you have quoted this research in the Endnotes. This can include your textbook
and this Citation Guide.
A bibliography is arranged alphabetically by the author’s surname or by the title, if no author exists.
If a title begins with an article (A or The) use the first significant word in the title for
alphabetization. Titles beginning with numbers (e.g., 2006 Scott’s Directories) fall at the beginning
of the bibliography, sorted first by the number and then by the rest of the title.
Bibliographies are single-spaced within entries and double-spaced between entries. The first line of
a bibliographical entry is placed at the far left margin with all subsequent lines of an entry indented,
based on your tab key setting (e.g., five spaces). Note that this is the opposite of Endnotes.
You must incorporate Primary Sources and Secondary Sources subheadings in your paper. Be
sure to include these subheadings in your Contents page as well. List your Primary Sources before
your Secondary Sources.
8
If a bibliography includes more than one work by the same author - regardless of the research type the name is given for the first entry, and an eight-space line (the underscore key struck eight times)
ending with a period takes its place in subsequent entries. For example:
Pride, William M. et al. Business. Canadian ed. Scarborough: ITP Nelson, 1998.
________. Marketing: Concepts and Strategies. Canadian ed. Scarborough: ITP Nelson, 1998.
If the name is followed by a title (e.g., ed., job title) the underscore is followed by a comma.
________, ed.
These entries are arranged in alphabetical order by title.
Differences Between Endnotes and Bibliographies
1.
Bibliographies include a single entry for each work, no matter how many times it’s been
cited in the paper. Endnotes may cite a single work many times, but each reference would
reflect a new endnote number.
2.
Bibliographies do not refer to specific pages of a work, while Endnotes do.
3.
Bibliographies are arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s surname. Endnotes are
arranged in the numerical order that they are referred to in the paper.
4.
The first line of each bibliographic entry is flush to the left hand margin, with subsequent
lines indented. The first line of each Endnote is indented, with subsequent lines flush to the
left margin.
5.
Initial authors’ names appear “last name first” (i.e., surname) in a Bibliography, but “first
name first” (i.e., given name) in Endnotes.
6.
Elements of a bibliographic entry are separated by periods. Elements of an Endnote are
separated by commas.
Authors - Anonymous
If the work’s author is specifically cited as “Anonymous”, the word Anonymous is included in the
citation in the place of a name. If the work does not indicate an author and/or the word
Anonymous does not appear, begin the citation with the work’s title.
9
Punctuation and Spacing Within Citations and Text
Leave a single space after a period, colon or semi colon within endnotes or bibliographic citations.
Note that within the text of your paper, standard practice applies. Leave one space after all
punctuation including periods, colons, commas, semi colons, and question marks. One space is also
left following the endnote number. For example,
Statistics indicate that there has been a recent decline in the number of fast food chains being
created.1 This may be a result of the recent trend toward healthier eating.
If a sentence ends with an abbreviation use only one period (i.e., Inc. not Inc..). The same principle
also applies to citations.
If the article title ends in a question mark, then do not include the comma, which is typically
followed by the ending quotation marks. For example,
Victor Zarnowitz and Dana Lee, “Can Business Cycles Still Be Dated by Monthly
Coincident Indicators Alone?” Business Cycle Indicator, March 2005, 3-4.
Missing Information
In many cases, not all of the recommended data elements are evident on the work being cited. Some
journals don’t have volume numbers, while some web pages don’t include dates of creation,
personal authors or even obvious titles. If the author is noted as anonymous, see above. Otherwise,
use square brackets to indicate missing information as illustrated below. General rules are:
No Author
No Date
No Place
No Title
start the citation with the work’s title
[n.d.]
[n.p.]
[Untitled]
If the information is not obvious, but can be implied, include it in the citation, but with a question
mark and within square brackets. For example, [2004?]. If other elements are missing (e.g., no
publisher, no pagination) and cannot be implied, do not include the information.
10
Part Two: Citation Examples For Selected Secondary Sources
Books [Paper Versions]
Include author (if multiple authors/editors, place names in order that they appear) or editor(s) (if
given), title, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication.
NOTE: All titles for books are italicized.
Books - Single Author
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Linda Holbeche, Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy (Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999), 10.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Holbeche, Aligning Human Resources, 9.
Bibliographic Form:
Holbeche, Linda. Aligning Human Resources and Business Strategy. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.
Books - Two or Three Authors
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Jagdish N. Sheth and Atul Parvatiyar, Handbook of Relationship Marketing
(New York: Sage Publications, 2000), 21.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Sheth and Parvatiyar, Relationship Marketing, 20.
Bibliographic Form:
Sheth, Jagdish N. and Atul Parvatiyar. Handbook of Relationship Marketing. New York:
Sage Publications, 2000.
Books - Four or More Authors
Endnote Form (First Citing):
William G. Nickels et al., Understanding Canadian Business, 5th Canadian ed.
(Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2005), 192.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Nickels et al., Understanding Canadian Business, 193.
11
Bibliographic Form:
Nickels, William G. et al. Understanding Canadian Business. 5th Canadian ed. Toronto:
McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2005.
Books - Editor or Compiler as Author
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Wil Van der Aalst, ed., Business Process Management: Models, Techniques and
Empirical Studies (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2000), 34.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Van der Aalst, Business Process Management, 37.
Bibliographic Form:
Van der Aalst, Wil, ed. Business Process Management: Models, Techniques and
Empirical Studies. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2000.
Books - Edition Other Than First
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Robert Newton Anthony, Essentials of Accounting, 7th ed. (Upper Saddle River:
Prentice Hall, 2000), 35.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Anthony, Essentials of Accounting, 37.
Bibliographic Form:
Anthony, Robert Newton. Essentials of Accounting. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice
Hall, 2000.
Books - Four or More Authors, Edition Other Than First
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Frederick G. Crane et al., Marketing, 6th Canadian ed. (Toronto: McGraw-Hill
Ryerson, 2006), 68.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Crane et al., Marketing, 37.
Bibliographic Form:
12
Crane, Frederick et al. Marketing. 6th Canadian ed. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson,
2006.
Books - No Author
[Note: Start with the title of the work.]
Endnote Form (First Citing):
2006 Canadian Key Business Directory (Mississauga: Dun & Bradstreet Canada,
2006), 10.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
2006 Canadian Key Business Directory, 15.
Bibliographic Form:
2006 Canadian Key Business Directory. Mississauga: Dun & Bradstreet Canada, 2006.
Articles [Paper Versions]
Article in a Book
Include author(s), article title, book title, editor(s), place of publication, publisher, date of
publication and page number(s) of article.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Renne Heller, “The Tale of the Universe for Others,” in Between Monsters,
Goddesses and Cyborgs, ed. Nina Lykke and Rosi Braidotti (New Jersey: Zed Books,
1996), 75.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Heller, “Tale of the Universe,” 79.
Bibliographic Form:
Heller, Renne. “The Tale of the Universe for Others.” In Between Monsters,
Goddesses and Cyborgs, ed. Nina Lykke and Rosi Braidotti, 72-87. New Jersey:
Zed Books, 1996.
Article in a Journal
Include author, article title, journal title, volume and/or issue, date of publication, and page
number(s) of article.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
John Small, “Boomers in the Marketplace: Grey and Loving It,” Canadian
Journal of Marketing 20, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 36.
13
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Small, “Boomers,” 37.
Bibliographic Form:
Small, John. “Boomers in the Marketplace: Grey and Loving It.” Canadian Journal of
Marketing 20, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 35-42.
Article in a Magazine
Include author, article title, magazine title, date of publication, and page number(s) of article.
NOTE: Even if a magazine is numbered by volume and issue, include date of publication only.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Brenda Dalglish, “Jolts of Asian Energy: Immigrants Bring Money, Jobs and
Spirit,” Maclean’s, 24 August 1992, 41.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Dalglish, “Jolts of Asian Energy,” 48.
Bibliographic Form:
Dalglish, Brenda. “Jolts of Asian Energy: Immigrants Bring Money, Jobs and Spirit.”
Maclean’s, 24 August 1992, 41-52.
Article in a Newspaper
Include author, article title, newspaper title, date of publication, section of article, and page
number.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Jane Armstrong, “Seniority Barrier for Women to be Tested,” The Toronto Star,
21 August 1992, sec. A, p.7.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Armstrong, “Seniority Barrier,” sec. A, p.7.
Bibliographic Form:
Armstrong, Jane. “Seniority Barrier for Women to be Tested.” The Toronto Star, 21
August 1992, sec. A, p.7.
Government Publications [Paper Versions]
14
Include issuing agency (corporate author), title, place, publisher and year.
NOTE: Government Web sites should be cited using instructions under “ELECTRONIC SOURCES”.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Statistics Canada, Market Research Handbook 2004 Edition (Ottawa: Statistics
Canada, 2004), 21.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Statistics Canada, Market Research Handbook, 22.
Bibliographic Form:
Statistics Canada. Market Research Handbook 2004 Edition. Ottawa: Statistics Canada,
2004.
Special Reference Materials
Market Share Reporters
Include the chart title, title, place, publisher, page and original publication. Since the pagination
between Volume 1 and Volume 2 is continuous, you do not need to indicate the volume number in
your citation as the page number will direct the reader to the appropriate volume.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
“Top Sports Drink Brands, 2004,” Market Share Reporter 2006 (Detroit: Thomson
Gale, 2006), 162. First published in Beverage Industry, July 2004, 20.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
“Top Sports Drink Brands,” Market Share Reporter 2006, 162.
Bibliographic Form:
Market Share Reporter 2006. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2006.
Annual Reports (Paper Version)
Take information as it appears on the front cover and inside page. Use a question mark and put
square brackets around information that is inferred from the document, but isn’t evident on the
cover or inside page. For example, the year of publication is often inferred from the letter to the
shareholders.
Annual Reports often include a catchy title on the cover in addition to the words “Annual Report”
and a date. Include both and separate by a colon.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Stelco Inc., Proud People Creating Value: Annual Report 2002 (Hamilton:
15
Stelco Inc., 2003), 10-12.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Stelco Inc., Proud People Creating Value, 22.
Bibliographic Form:
Stelco Inc. Proud People Creating Value: Annual Report 2002. Hamilton: Stelco Inc.,
2003.
Standard and Poor’s Industry Surveys
Include survey title, publication title, date of publication, page(s).
Endnote Form (First Citing):
“Autos & Auto Parts,” Standard & Poor’s Industry Surveys (December 22,
2005), 12.
Subsequent Endnote Form: [Note that you do not include the source for this
form.]
“Autos & Auto Parts,” 26.
Bibliographic Form:
“Autos & Auto Parts.” Standard & Poor’s Industry Surveys. December 22, 2005.
Course Materials
Custom Courseware Package
Endnote Form (First Citing)
Rita Cossa, ed., Custom Courseware: Commerce 2MA3 (Hamilton: McMaster
University Bookstore, September 2006), 6.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Cossa, Custom Courseware: Commerce 2MA3, 6.
Bibliographic Form:
Cossa, Rita, ed. Custom Courseware: Commerce 2MA3. Hamilton: McMaster
University Bookstore, September 2006.
Single Reading Reproduced in Courseware Package
16
Endnote Form (First Citing):
L. Himelstein, “Yahoo - The Company, the Strategy, the Stock,” Business
Week, 7 September 1998, in Custom Courseware: Commerce 4QE3, ed. Prof. Yuan
(Hamilton: McMaster University Bookstore, January 1999), 57.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Himelstein, “Yahoo,” 58.
Bibliographic Form:
Himelstein, L. “Yahoo - The Company, the Strategy, the Stock.” Business Week, 7
September 1998. In Custom Courseware: Commerce 4QE3, ed. Prof. Yuan.
Hamilton: McMaster University Bookstore, January 1999, 55-64.
Lecture Notes
Note: Lecture notes are considered secondary research.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Rita Cossa, Commerce 1E03 Lecture (Hamilton: McMaster University, January
20, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Cossa, Commerce 1E03 Lecture.
Bibliographic Form:
Cossa, Rita. Commerce 1E03 Lecture. Hamilton: McMaster University, January 20,
2006.
NOTE: If two or more lectures from the same course are cited, differentiate between
the lectures in the subsequent endnote by adding the date to the citation.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Rita Cossa, Commerce 1E03 Lecture (Hamilton: McMaster University,
February 3, 2006).
17
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Cossa, Commerce 1E03 Lecture, February 3, 2006.
Bibliographic Form:
Cossa, Rita. Commerce 1E03 Lecture. Hamilton: McMaster University, February 3,
2006.
Brochures, Pamphlets, Handouts, Catalogues, etc.
Follow general rules for books when possible. If the information can be assumed, include it, but
with a question mark and between square brackets. If the entry is very sparse, include a
descriptive statement within a square bracket.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Kellogg Canada Inc., [Untitled promotional brochure] (Etobicoke, Ontario:
Kellogg Canada Inc., [2004?]).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Kellogg Canada Inc., [Untitled promotional brochure].
Bibliographic Form:
Kellogg Canada Inc. [Untitled promotional brochure]. Etobicoke, Ontario: Kellogg
Canada Inc., [2004?].
Advertisements
Newspaper, Magazine, etc. Advertisement
Include the most prominent words from the advertisement, the source (e.g., name of newspaper,
or magazine), date and page.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
“Cleans Spots Fast,” [Advertisement] Chatelaine, 27 June 2002, 41.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
“Cleans Spots Fast,” 41.
Bibliographic Form:
“Cleans Spots Fast.” [Advertisement] Chatelaine, 27 June 2002, 41.
18
Television or Radio Advertisement
For radio advertisements, indicate the date that you Heard the ad.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Nestle Inc., [Television Commercial: Parents Stealing the Smarties from their
Children’s Halloween Candy Bags]. Viewed 21 October 2004.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Nestle Inc., [Television Commercial].
Bibliographic Form:
Nestle Inc. [Television Commercial: Parents Stealing the Smarties from their
Children’s Halloween Candy Bags]. Viewed 21 October 2004.
Electronic Sources
URLs (Web addresses) should not be underlined. When a URL has to be broken at the end of a
line, break after a single slash /. NOTE that this is NOT after the http://. URLs follow the
flow of the citation and do not automatically start on a separate line.
For endnotes, include the page number if viewing PDF documents (original document page
numbers found on the document rather than the numbering provided by the software) and use
“World Wide Web” if viewing html pages.
If you have visited an e-resource (Web page, database) more than once and the data has not
changed, you may use one date for the access date (preferably the most recent date). If the
information has changed since your last visit, a new endnote will be required.
To find the appropriate root URL for databases, check MORRIS, the library catalogue, by doing
a title search on the database name. Including http://libaccess.mcmaster.ca/login?url= in the
URL is optional.
Web Page / Document (Generic Format for Company, Government,
Personal Web Pages or Documents, SEDAR, etc.)
Include: author (corporate or individual), title of page, title or owner of site (i.e., the company
or person who posted the site or is responsible for the site), the complete URL (i.e., Web
address), and the date accessed.
NOTE: For the title of a Web page, use the wording on the page rather than the title tag (the
title given in the blue bar at the very top of the screen)
19
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Canadian Tire, “Company Profile, Vision, Purpose & Team Values: The
Canadian Tire Way,” Canadian Tire, http://www2.canadiantire.ca/CTenglish/vision.html
(accessed March 31, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Canadian Tire, “Vision, Purpose & Team Values,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Canadian Tire. “Company Profile, Vision, Purpose & Team Values: The Canadian Tire
Way.” Canadian Tire. http://www2.canadiantire.ca/CTenglish/vision.html
(accessed March 31, 2006).
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Joan Kuyek, “Asbestos Mining in Canada,” MiningWatch Canada, 6,
http://www.miningwatch.ca/updir/Asbestos_Mining_in_Canada.pdf
(accessed November 16, 2005).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Kuyek, “Asbestos Mining in Canada,” 4.
Bibliographic Form:
Kuyek, Joan. “Asbestos Mining in Canada.” MiningWatch Canada.
http://www.miningwatch.ca/updir/Asbestos_Mining_in_Canada.pdf (accessed
November 16, 2005).
Electronic Book
Include author(s), title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page(s), URL, and
access date.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Joshua Grossnickle and Oliver Raskin, Handbook of Online Marketing Research
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001): 23, http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=
summary&v=1&bookid=51910 (accessed August 10, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Grossnickle and Raskin, Handbook of Online Marketing Research, 89.
Bibliographic Form:
Grossnickle, Joshua and Oliver Raskin. Handbook of Online Marketing Research.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary
&v=1&bookid=51910 (accessed August 10, 2006).
Full Text Article from an Electronic Journal, Magazine or Newspaper
20
For journals, include author, article title, journal title, volume and/or issue, date of publication,
page(s), URL, and access date.
For magazines and newspapers, include author, article title, magazine or newspaper title, date of
publication, URL and access date.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Surendra Arjoon, “Corporate Governance: An Ethical Perspective,” Journal of
Business Ethics 61, no. 4 (November 2005): 350, http://scholarsportal.info/pdflinks/
06051610130513617.pdf (accessed November 18, 2005).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Arjoon, “Corporate Governance: An Ethical Perspective,” 345.
Bibliographic Form:
Arjoon, Surendra. “Corporate Governance: An Ethical Perspective.” Journal of Business
Ethics 61, no .4 (November 2005): 343-352. http://scholarsportal.info/pdflinks/
06051610130513617.pdf (accessed November 18, 2005).
Full Text Journal Article from a Database (e.g., ABI, CPI.Q ...)
Include: author, article title, journal title, volume and/or issue, date of publication, page(s), root
URL of database main page (i.e., NOT the long URL of the individual article page), and access
date.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Mara Olekalns and Philip L Smith, “Cognitive Representations of Negotiation,”
Australian Journal of Management 30, no. 1 (June 2005): 66,
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdauto (accessed October 27, 2005).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Olekalns and Smith, “Cognitive Representations of Negotiation,” 71.
Bibliographic Form:
Olekalns, Mara and Philip L. Smith. “Cognitive Representations of Negotiation.”
Australian Journal of Management 30, no. 1 (June 2005): 57-76.
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdauto (accessed October 27, 2005).
Full Text Newspaper Article from a Database (e.g., Factiva, LexisNexis, etc.)
21
Include author, article title, newspaper title, date of publication, root URL of database main
page, and access date.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Lawrence K. Altman, “Indonesia Is Latest Asian Country to Report a Case of
Bird Flu,” New York Times, 21 July 2005, http://www.lexis-nexis.com/universe
(accessed November 8, 2005).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Altman, “Indonesia Report Case of Bird Flu,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Altman, Lawrence K. “Indonesia Is Latest Asian Country to Report a Case of Bird Flu.”
New York Times, 21 July 2005. http://www.lexis-nexis.com/universe (accessed
November 8, 2005).
Full Text Report from a Database (e.g., Economist Intelligence Unit)
Include author, report title, root URL of database main page, and access date.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Economist Intelligence Unit, “Country Report Iceland, 15 April 2006,”
http://portal.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=AllTitles (accessed May 15, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
EIU, “Country Report Iceland, 15 April 2006,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Economist Intelligence Unit. “Country Report Iceland, 15 April 2006.”
http://portal.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=AllTitles (accessed May 15, 2006).
Annual Report (from Mergent Online) (Database)
Include company name, title, page number(s) for endnotes, root URL of database main page, and
access date. Annual Reports often include a catchy title on the cover in addition to the words
“Annual Report” and a date. Include both portions, separated by a colon.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Stelco Inc., Proud People Creating Value: Annual Report 2002, 15-23,
http://www.mergentonline.com/home.asp (accessed February 23, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Stelco Inc., Proud People Creating Value, 18.
22
Bibliographic Form:
Stelco Inc. Proud People Creating Value: Annual Report 2002.
http://www.mergentonline.com/home.asp (accessed February 23, 2006).
Company Information (from Mergent Online) (Database)
Include corporate author, company name, root URL of database main page, and access date.
Endnote Form:
Mergent, “Agricore United,” http://www.mergentonline.com/home.asp (accessed
January 27, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Mergent, “Agricore United,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Mergent. “Agricore United.” http://www.mergentonline.com /home.asp
(accessed January 27, 2006).
Industry Reports (from Mergent Online) (Database)
Include corporate author, industry report title with date, root URL of database main page, and
access date.
Endnote Form:
Mergent, “Retail: North America, December 2005,”
http://www.mergentonline.com/home.asp (accessed March 15, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Mergent, “Retail: North America, December 2005,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Mergent. “Retail: North America, December 2005.” http://www.mergentonline.com/
home.asp (accessed March 15, 2006).
CD-ROM
This includes most products accessible from the START / PROGRAMS menu in the Library.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
World Development Indicators, CD-ROM (Washington: World Bank, 2004).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
World Development Indicators, CD-ROM.
Bibliographic Form:
World Development Indicators. CD-ROM. Washington: World Bank, 2004.
23
Allen H. Gould Trading Floor Data
Reuters Kobra
Endnote Form (First Citing):
“China’s Inflation Rate,” Reuters Kobra. Allen H. Gould Trading Floor
(accessed February 28, 2005).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
“China’s Inflation Rate,” Reuters Kobra.
Bibliographic Form:
“China’s Inflation Rate.” Reuters Kobra. Allen H. Gould Trading Floor (accessed
February 28, 2005).
Bloomberg
Endnote Form: (First Citing):
“Coca-Cola Co/The,” Bloomberg. Allen H. Gould Trading Floor (accessed
March 15, 2005).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
“Coca-Cola Co/The,” Bloomberg Report.
Bibliographic Form:
“Coca-Cola Co/The.” Bloomberg. Allen H. Gould Trading Floor (accessed March 15,
2005).
Part Three: Frequently Cited Secondary Sources
Human Development Report (Book - Single Author)
Endnote Form (First Citing):
United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2005
(New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2005), 267.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
UNDP, Human Development Report 2005, 242.
Bibliographic Form:
United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2005. New
York: United Nations Development Programme, 2005.
24
Exporters’ Encyclopaedia (Book - No Author)
Endnote Form (First Citing):
2005/06 Exporters’ Encyclopaedia (New York: Dun & Bradstreet, 2005),
2-156.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
2005/06 Exporters’ Encyclopaedia, 2-156.
Bibliographic Form:
2005/06 Exporters’ Encyclopaedia. New York: Dun & Bradstreet, 2005.
Scott’s Directories (Book - No Author)
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Scott’s Directories: Ontario Manufacturers Directory 2006 (Toronto: Business
Information Group, 2005), 2-555.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Scott’s Directories: Ontario Manufacturers Directory 2006, 2-555.
Bibliographic Form:
Scott’s Directories: Ontario Manufacturers Directory 2006. Toronto: Business
Information Group, 2005.
FP Markets: Canadian Demographics (Book - No Author)
Endnote Form (First Citing):
FP Markets: Canadian Demographics 2006, 79th ed. (Don Mills: Financial Post,
2005), 329.
Subsequent Endnote:
FP Markets: Canadian Demographics 2006, 330.
Bibliographic Form:
FP Markets: Canadian Demographics 2006. 79th ed. Don Mills: Financial Post, 2005.
Craighead’s International Business, Travel, and Relocation Guide to 84
Countries (Book - No Author)
Note: Volume number is omitted as pagination between volumes is continuous.
25
Endnote Form (first Citing):
Craighead’s International Business, Travel, and Relocation Guide to 84
Countries 2002-03, 11th ed. (Detroit: Gale Group, 2002), 1330.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Craighead’s International Business, 1335.
Bibliographic Form:
Craighead’s International Business, Travel, and Relocation Guide to 84 Countries 200203. 11th ed. Detroit: Gale Group, 2002.
SIC Code Manual (Book - No Author)
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 3rd ed. (Mississauga: Dun &
Bradstreet Canada, 1986), 21.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 22.
Bibliographic Form:
Standard Industrial Classification Manual. 3rd ed. Mississauga: Dun & Bradstreet
Canada, 1986.
NAICS Code Manual (Government Publication)
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Statistics Canada, North American Industry Classification System: Canada 2002
(Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2003), 21.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Statistics Canada, NAICS, 22.
Bibliographic Form:
Statistics Canada. North American Industry Classification System: Canada 2002. Ottawa:
Statistics Canada, 2003.
Associations Canada (Book - No Author)
Endnote Form:
2006 Associations Canada (Toronto: Micromedia ProQuest, 2006), 231.
26
Subsequent Endnote Form:
2006 Associations Canada, 84.
Bibliographic Form:
2006 Associations Canada. Toronto: Micromedia ProQuest, 2006.
Canadian Business Database (Electronic Book - No Author)
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Canadian Business Database (Omaha: infoUSA, 2006), http://www.referenceusa.
com (accessed September 28, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Canadian Business Database, World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Canadian Business Database. Omaha: infoUSA, 2006. http://www.referenceusa.com/
(accessed September 28, 2006).
CICA Handbook (Section/Chapter in an Electronic Book)
Endnote Form:
Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants, "Section 1100 – General
Accounting," in CICA Handbook (Toronto: Knotia Canada Limited Partnership, 2006),
http://edu.knotia.ca/ Home.cfm??nc=417250235186 (accessed October 25, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
CICA, “Section 1100,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. "Section 1100 – General
Accounting." In CICA Handbook. Toronto: Knotia Canada Limited Partnership, 2006.
http://edu.knotia.ca/ Home.cfm??nc=417250235186 (accessed October 25, 2006).
E-STAT table (Web Page / Document - Generic Format)
Endnote Form:
Statistics Canada, "Table 080-0017 - Retail trade, sales and sales trend,
seasonally adjusted, by trade sector based on the North American Industry Classification
27
System (NAICS), monthly (Dollars)," Statistics Canada, http://estat.statcan.ca/ (accessed
September 27, 2005).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Statistics Canada, “Table 080-0017,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Statistics Canada. "Table 080-0017 - Retail trade, sales and sales trend, seasonally
adjusted, by trade sector based on the North American Industry Classification
System (NAICS), monthly (Dollars)." Statistics Canada. http://estat.statcan.ca/
(accessed September 27, 2005).
World Factbook (Web Page / Document - Generic Format)
Endnote Form (First Citing):
“2004 World Factbook: Algeria,” Washington: Central Intelligence Agency,
http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/ (accessed February 2, 2005).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
“2004 World Factbook: Algeria,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
“2004 World Factbook: Algeria.” Washington: Central Intelligence Agency.
http://www.odci/gov/cia/publications/ (accessed February 2, 2005).
Dominion Bond Rating Service (Database)
Include author (corporate or personal), title, page(s), root URL of database main page, and
access date.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Dominion Bond Rating Service Limited, “Canadian Telco Industry: The Calm
After the Storm, August 2003,”12, http://www.dbrs.com (accessed March 28, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
DBRS, “Canadian Telco Industry,” 14.
Bibliographic Form:
Dominion Bond Rating Service Limited. “Canadian Telco Industry: The Calm After the
Storm.” http://www.dbrs.com (accessed March 28, 2006).
Business Monitor Online (Database)
Include corporate author, title, root URL of database main page, and access date.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Business Monitor International, “Australia Food & Drink Report Q3 2005,”
28
http://www.businessmonitor.com/enter (accessed November 11, 2005).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
BMI, “Australia Food & Drink Report,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Business Monitor International. “Australia Food & Drink Report Q3 2005.”
http://www.businessmonitor.com/enter (accessed November 11, 2005).
Global Market Information Database
Include corporate author, product(s) and country(ies) as title, root URL of database main page,
and access date.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Euromonitor, “Footwear retail value in Canada,” http://www.euromonitor.com/ gmid
(accessed April 21, 2006).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Euromonitor, “Footwear retail value in Canada,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Euromonitor. “Footwear retail value in Canada.” http://www.euromonitor.com/gmid
(accessed April 21, 2006).
FPinfomart.ca
Include corporate author, company name, section, root URL of database main page, and access
date.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Financial Post, “Bell Canada,” FP Corporate Surveys, http://www.fpinfomart.ca/
login/login_ip.php?id=fpmcmaster (accessed October 23, 2005).
Subsequent Endnote Form:
FP, “Bell Canada,” World Wide Web.
Bibliographic Form:
Financial Post. “Bell Canada.” FP Corporate Surveys. http://www.fpinfomart.ca/login/
login_ip.php?id=fpmcmaster (accessed October 23, 2005).
Part Four: Citation Examples for Sources of Primary Data
The four main sources of primary data are interview, survey, observation, and focus
group. Interviews are considered one source of primary data and they can be in the
form of in-person, phone, E-Mail, and faxed response to questions.
29
Appendixes are required for survey, observation, and focus group results.
If a name is not given or withheld, cite the name as Anonymous and place within
square brackets the reasoning (i.e., Anonymous [name withheld upon request]).
Interview
In-Person Interview
Include: full name of person interviewed, position, company name, date of interview, city of
interview, and interviewee’s direct phone number (for verification purposes). You will not get
credit for this primary source if any of this information is missing.
Do not include supplementary material (e.g., questions) in an appendix for any of the interview
methods.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Marcus White, President, Important Company Inc., in-person interview, 18 March
2006, Hamilton, 905-525-9140, ext. 24340.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
White, in-person interview, 18 March 2006.
Bibliographic Form:
White, Marcus, President, Important Company Inc. In-person interview, 18 March 2006,
Hamilton, 905-525-9140, ext. 24340.
NOTE: If two or more interviews are conducted with the same individual, differentiate
the interviews in the subsequent endnote by adding the date to the citation.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Marcus White, President, Important Company Inc., in-person interview, 18
March 2006, Hamilton, 905-525-9140, ext. 24340.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
White, in-person interview, 27 March 2006.
Bibliographic Form:
White, Marcus, President, Important Company Inc. In-person interview, 18 and 27 March
2006, Hamilton, 905-525-9140, ext. 24340.
Phone Interview
Include: full name of person interviewed, position, company name, date of interview, and
interviewee’s direct phone number.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Jillian Woo, Marketing Director, Nestle Inc., phone interview, 18 February 2006,
30
905-522-1643.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Woo, phone interview, 18 February 2006.
Bibliographic Form:
Woo, Jillian, Marketing Director, Nestle Inc. Phone interview, 18 February 2006. 905522-1643.
E-Mail Interview
Include: full name, position, company name, date and e-mail address of the respondent.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Bill Brick, Marketing Manager, Dylex Inc., E-mail interview, 19 October 2006,
bill.brick@hotmail.com.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Brick, E-mail interview, 19 October 2006.
Bibliographic Form:
Brick, Bill, Marketing Manager, Dylex Inc. E-mail interview, 19 October 2006.
bill.brick@hotmail.com.
Faxed Response to Questions
Include full name, position, company name, date, and phone number of person sending the fax.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Brian Bates, Marketing Director, HBC Inc., faxed responses, 10 November 2006,
905-521-8675, ext. 27385.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Bates, faxed responses, 10 November 2006.
Bibliographic Form:
Bates, Brian, Marketing Director, HBC Inc. Faxed responses, 10 November 2006, 905521-8675, ext. 27385.
Survey / Questionnaire [Each survey must include at least ten questions.]
Include the name/survey topic, date(s), and place(s) where the survey was conducted (or where it
was completed if this is an online survey).
Notes:
Each survey requires an appendix that will summarize the information from this
research. The appendix will communicate to the reader the questions, answers, and
31
number of common responses for each question.
Each survey must include at least ten questions and encompass a sample set of at least
10 respondents.
Near the top of the appendix page, indicate how many respondents completed the
survey.
Include a copy of each individual question, followed immediately by a summary of each
question’s results. Each question should have this information broken down by number
of respondents (e.g., 16 / 20 respondents) and then converted into a percentage (e.g.,
80%). - all in ONE appendix. For example,
Q.15 Indicate your gender.
___Male (10 / 20 = 50%) ___ Female (10 / 20 = 50%) ___Other (0 / 20 = 0%)
If you conduct an online survey, indicate online survey after the survey topic. (For
example, Chocolate Bar Preferences, online survey) Instead of indicating the place(s)
where the survey was conducted, indicate the place(s) where the survey was completed.
If you conduct your survey in multiple locations, list these locations in alphabetical
order.
Include the completed surveys (hard copy or electronic output, if an electronic survey)
in your paper, after the Bibliography. The surveys do not need to follow course
formatting requirements. Do not add page numbers or a reference in your Contents. Be
sure to bind these pages in your Report.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Chocolate Bar Preferences, survey, 19 January 2006, Hamilton.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Chocolate Bar Preferences, survey, 19 January 2006.
Bibliographic Form:
Chocolate Bar Preferences. Survey, 19 January 2006, Hamilton. See Appendix __ for
full details.
Observation
Observation research includes the observation of participants or objects (e.g., product price). It
can involve listening, reading, smelling, and touching. For this course, your observation should
be based on a hypothesis that you formulated BEFORE this research was conducted.
Your citation needs to include the name/topic of observation research, the research process used,
date(s), location(s) and city (cities) where the research was conduced..
32
Note: In an appendix, include the hypothesis that you had before the research was conducted
(which should outline what you were looking for) and your methodology (also known as
standardized procedures) in observing the situation, which should include how you ensured that
the same rules were applied to each observer, if there was more than one. Lastly, include the
summary data of your observation, and your final analysis (based on your earlier assumption).
Ensure that you highlight the important details in the body of the paper.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Lite Beer Purchases by Females, observation research, 21-23 February 2006,
Quarters, Hamilton.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Lite Beer, observation research, 21-23 February 2006.
Bibliographic Form:
Lite Beer Purchases by Females. Observation research, 21-23 February 2006, Quarters,
Hamilton. See Appendix __ for full details.
Focus Group [Each focus group must include at least six participants, excluding the
moderator.]
In the citation, include the name or topic of focus group, date, location of the focus group, and
the names of participants, in surname alphabetical order. Indicate the direct telephone numbers
of the participants.
In an appendix, include the hypothesis that you had before the research was conducted (in short,
what you hope to find) and your methodology (the number of participants, the location, and the
time). You need to include the questions and answers. Lastly, include your analysis and how it
relates to your hypothesis. Ensure that you highlight the important details in the body of the
paper.
Endnote Form (First Citing):
Snack Food Preferences, focus group, 18 March 2006, Hamilton. Participants:
Ida Fais 905-525-9137, Julie Lau 905-521-9438, Nilesh Marshall 905-526-1749, Mina
Terrant 905-691-9191, Joseph White 905-731-5885, and Larry Wiebe 905-525-9156.
Subsequent Endnote Form:
Snack Food Preferences, focus group, 18 March 2006.
Bibliographic Form:
Snack Food Preferences. Focus group, 18 March 2006, Hamilton. Participants: Ida Fais
905-525-9137, Julie Lau 905-521-9438, Nilesh Marshall 905-526-1749, Mina
Terrant 905-691-9191, Joseph White 905-731-5885, and Larry Wiebe 905-5259156. See Appendix __ for full details.
33
For further information review the following sources:
Chicago Manual of Style
Innis and Mills Reference Z 253 .C53 (15th ed.)
Mills Library Style Guides (APA, MLA, etc.)
http://library.mcmaster.ca/research/guideindex.htm
The Citation Guide for Business is also available online at:
http://library.mcmaster.ca/guides/businesscitation.pdf
NOTE:
If your question is still not answered, speak to a reference librarian
or e-mail innisref@mcmaster.ca
Revised: January 26, 2007