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Course: CHDV 100
Instructor: R. Barrett
Week 8 Chapter 9: The Play Years: Cognitive Development
I
Piaget’s Preoperational Stage•
Preschooler’s thinking—___________
•
Capable of_________ thought; usually not capable of __________
operations, so called preoperational.
II
Obstacles to Logical Operations
1. Centration- tendancy to _________on ________aspect and _________all
others. (ex: father is a daddy, not a brother)
Egocentrism- __________________________________________
______________________________________.
“Everyone else thinks, perceives and feels the same as I do”
2. Focus on Appearance-________ ______ __________ except for
appearance
ex: boy refusing to wear a pink shirt because he is not a girl)
3. Static Reasoning- ___________that world is__________; if there is a
change, it is a complete change and sudden)
ex. Child wakes up on 5th birthday, Asks am I five yet? When learning she
is 5, stretches out her hands and says, “look at my 5 year old
hands.”
4. Irreversability-failure to recognize a process can be changed or restored
to whatever existed before transformation.
III
Conservation and Logic
Inability to Conserve is due to:
§
Understanding is _________;
§
Thinking is ________ __________;
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Course: CHDV 100
§
States rather than ____________
§
Irreversibility
§
Lack of ________________ _____________
Conservation is the idea that the total quantity, number, or amount of
something is the ________no matter what ______ ___ ___________
IV
Criticism of Piaget’s Preoperational Stage Theory
•
Many Piagetian problems contain _______ ______ ___________or too
_______________________for young children to ___________ at once.
•
Preschoolers’ ___________do not reflect their _______ _________but
reveal more of their confusion, state of development.
V
Piaget: Implications for Working With Young Children
VI
§
Emphasis o n ___________ Learning
§
_____________to Children’s Readiness to Learn
§
Acceptance of Individual _______________
Lev ______________- A Russian educational psychologist noted for his
research and theories dealing with the development of children's cognition as it
relates to_________ __________ ___ ________. Noted for development of
Sociocultural Theory
a)
Sociocultural Principles of Cognitive Development
§
Cognitive __________ ___________through social interactions between
child and other people
§
Cognitive development ________ __________of cultural tools
§
Children are social beings shaped by their_____________ ___________.
Instructor
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Course: CHDV 100
b) Zone of Proximal Development
B) Zone of Proximal Development(ZPD) is a __________________that a child
can demonstrate ____ _________but is not quite able to perform ____________.
C) Scaffolding
•
Builds on a child’s _______ _______________
•
_______ __ __________by breaking it into smaller steps
Instructor
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Course: CHDV 100
•
Identifies ________ or ordering of ______, tasks, or experiences
•
Ensures there is ample time for __________and _____________for
mastery of skills, or knowledge
•
Reinforces progress through ___________________,_____________
•
Provides specific _____________that can assist with learning and
improve outcome
“Children As Little Apprentices”
D) __________ _____________-The process by which young children learn
with the help of mentors to think through social experiences and exploration.
VII
Number Competence…
•
Readiness is dependent on _______+ _______ _________+ _________
•
Culture-language spoken can _____________understanding of numbers
•
________ ______ _______Provided by Others is important to creating
interest and competence
VIII Young Children’s Mathematical Reasoning
–
Start to attach verbal _________to different amounts and states.
–
_______________is displayed by toddlers.
–
By age 4, most children have established accurate ________ _ _____
_____________
–
Between 4 and 5 years learn ____________ ______________
–
Basic arithmetic knowledge emerges ________________
XI Memory
•
Can ___________what they _____________
•
Can follow __________on______________________________.
•
_________________memory is remarkably good
•
Much _________ ______ ___________than recognition.
•
Less effective at using memory______________
Instructor
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•
Course: CHDV 100
Show the ________ ______ ____________but do not yet__________ or
__________items into ____________when asked to_________ a set of
items.
X
Memory for One-Time Events
•
Preschooler’s ___________________________become _____organized,
more_________, and related to the larger context of their lives.
•
XI
Adults use two styles for eliciting children’s autobiographical narratives.
–
_________________style
–
__________________style
Long-Term Memory
•
_______ ___________storage and retrieval skills; leads to ____________
____________ past experiences
•
Parents can assist with recall of events through _____________________
•
Use ___________to facilitate the storage and retrieval of memories
related to specific events.
•
XII
Do better on ______________________________________
Theory of Mind
•
Preschoolers begin to develop a theory of mind—___________of
human__________ ____________; their own and
_____________________________
•
By age 3 or 4,____________ ____________ ________ ____________—
understand that mental processes subjective, realize beliefs and desires
form basis for action, emotions, etc.
•
Increasingly use their understanding for things like_______ ___________,
and ________________
XIII
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
•
Between ____kids make awesome and momentous advances in language
•
Language is intimately related to_______ __________, experiences, and
mechanisms such as _________ _______________
Instructor
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•
XV
Course: CHDV 100
Kids master their language in an active, _____ __________way
Grammar
Between 2-3, kids adopt the _________ _______(grammar) of the
_________speech they hear
2 and 3 year old children use______________________________.
___________make changes, like “s” for plurals
Overregularization – 3 ½ year-olds kids do know the_______, but
______ __________them (my car “breaked”)
By the ________of early childhood, children use most of the
______________constructions of their language quite__________.
XVI
Learning Conversation Skills
Ø __________is the practical, social side of language that is concerned with
how to engage in effective and appropriate communication with others.
Ø The presence of __________ ________provides a language environment
conducive to acquiring language pragmatics.
Ø By age 4, kids can ________ _____ __________to fit the age, sex, and
social status of their ________________
Bilingualism
•
Complex task involves _______ _______of rules, vocabulary, special
usage, and different pronunciations
•
_______________are important models
XVI Supporting Language Learning in Early Childhood
•
Opportunities for _____________ ________ ______ ________with adults
is consistently related to _____________________
Sensitive, caring adults give helpful, _________ __________and do not
____________________a child’s language mistakes.
Instructor
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Course: CHDV 100
2 strategies:
1. ___________– elaborate on what child said
2. ______________– restructure kid’s incorrect speech
A)
Speech-Language Disorder… “A _______ ____ _________or
language generally means that _______ ______ ______are
______understood or made correctly at the expected age.”
Causes:
§
Physical ______________i.e. cleft lip or palate
§
___________Damage-neurological disorders, mental retardation
§
Hearing __________
§
Emotional and Social _____________
Language Delay: Milestones &__________ Signs
•
Sixteen to Thirty-six Months
þ At 24 months uses less than ________ words
þ By 36 months, the child….
þ ____________vocabulary
þ uses _________ _________sentences
þ makes a lot of grammatical _____________
þ has difficulty talking about the future
þ _________________questions
þ misunderstood by others
þ difficulty carrying on a conversation
XVIII Early Childhood Education
1. Early ____________ ____________have powerful effects on the
__________of children's physical and emotional abilities and influence their
______________in math, logic, language and music.
2. Early care helps children have greater school _________________
Instructor
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Course: CHDV 100
3. Good early child care can reduce later_______________, _____________and
__________________
4. Early care increases high school graduation rates and likelihood of
__________ _____________
Instructor
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Course: CHDV 100
Instructor
Guided Participation
Zone of
Proximal
Development
Scaffolding
Number Competence…
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Course: CHDV 100
Instructor