Artemis, Apollo Objectives: 1. Study Ritual Sacrifice. 2. Study Temple Architecture.
3. Study the character and appearance of Artemis.
4. Study the character and appearance of Apollo.
Outline: The architecture of classical temples: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian. Temple terms: temenos, mud-­‐brick, wattle and daub, plinth, pronaos, naos/cella, adydon/opisthodomos, fluting, echinus, abacus, pediment, scroll/volute capital. The details associated w ith ritual sacrifice. Artemis Apollo Important Terms/Names: Artemis (Diana): Artemis is the twin sister of Apollo, d aughter of Zeus and Leto; she represents young women on the verge of becoming adults. She is a virgin goddess, whose natural home is the pristine w ilderness. She is the goddess of the hunt, as well as a protectress of animals; she also becomes a goddess of childbirth, sharing the role of Eileithyia. Leto: The mother of Apollo and Artemis. Callisto and Arcas: A nymph in Artemis’ entourage who succumbs to the sexual advances of Zeus in the guise of Artemis herself; she w ill be driven from Artemis’ company and bear a son named Arcas; Juno, in a rage, transforms Callisto into a bear. Arcas w ill grow up to be a hunter and u nknowingly almost kill his own mother; to prevent this matricide, Zeus transfers them to the sky and transforms them into constellations. Actaeon: A hunter who stumbles on Artemis naked and is transformed into a stag; he is torn apart by his own dogs. Apollo: Son of Zeus and Leto, twin brother of Artemis; most characteristically Greek god of the pantheon; a god of restraint and violence, balance, rationality, harmony and music, sickness and healing; he carries the bow and the lyre. Phoebus: Epithet o f Apollo that means “bright” or “shining.” Daphne: Daughter of the river-­‐god Peneus, loved by Apollo; she w ished to remain a virgin and is transformed into a laurel, which is the meaning of her Greek name; this story is meant to give the etiology of the close connection between the laurel and the rituals of Apollo. Delphi: The most important Panhellenic sanctuary of Apollo and home of the Pythia, the Delphic oracle, and site o f the Pythian Games, second in importance to Olympia. Delphinius: An epithet of Apollo, associating him w ith Delphi, through the etiological story of his transformation into a dolphin (from a Greek word) after having recruited Cretans to serve as his first priests. Hyacinthus: Spartan youth loved by Apollo; accidentally killed by a discus; the hyacinth springs from his blood, and the Hyacinthia is established to commemorate his death. “Know thyself”: The hallmark of Delphi and its god, Apollo; ultimately this underscores the importance of knowing that one is a mortal and not a god. 1