Response Group Activity: Will the Tariff Split the Union?
Teacher Background Material
Source: An Outline of American History (1994)
(http://odur.let.rug.nl/usanew/H/1994/ch5_p5.htm)
Nullification Crisis
Toward the end of his first term in office, Jackson was forced to confront the state of
South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff. Business and farming interests in the
state had hoped that Jackson would use his presidential power to modify tariff laws they
had long opposed. In their view, all the benefits of protection were going to Northern
manufacturers, and while the country as a whole grew richer, South Carolina grew
poorer, with its planters bearing the burden of higher prices.
The protective tariff passed by Congress and signed into law by Jackson in 1832 was
milder than that of 1828, but it further embittered many in the state. In response, a
number of South Carolina citizens endorsed the states' rights principle of "nullification,"
which was enunciated by John C. Calhoun, Jackson's vice president until 1832, in his
South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828). South Carolina dealt with the tariff by
adopting the Ordinance of Nullification, which declared both the tariffs of 1828 and 1832
null and void within state borders. The legislature also passed laws to enforce the
ordinance, including authorization for raising a military force and appropriations for
arms.
Nullification was only the most recent in a series of state challenges to the authority of
the federal government. There had been a continuing contest between the states and
the national government over the power of the latter, and over the loyalty of the
citizenry, almost since the founding of the republic. The Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions of 1798, for example, had defied the Alien and Sedition Acts, and in the
Hartford Convention, New England voiced its opposition to President Madison and the
war against the British.
In response to South Carolina's threat, Jackson sent seven small naval vessels and a
man-of-war to Charleston in November 1832. On December 10, he issued a resounding
proclamation against the nullifiers. South Carolina, the president declared, stood on "the
brink of insurrection and treason," and he appealed to the people of the state to reassert
their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors had fought.
When the question of tariff duties again came before Congress, it soon became clear
that only one man, Senator Henry Clay, the great advocate of protection (and a political
rival of Jackson), could pilot a compromise measure through Congress. Clay's tariff bill - quickly passed in 1833 -- specified that all duties in excess of 20 percent of the value
of the goods imported were to be reduced by easy stages, so that by 1842, the duties
on all articles would reach the level of the moderate tariff of 1816.
Nullification leaders in South Carolina had expected the support of other Southern
states, but without exception, the rest of the South declared South Carolina's course
unwise and unconstitutional. Eventually, South Carolina rescinded its action. Both sides,
nevertheless, claimed victory. Jackson had committed the federal government to the
principle of Union supremacy. But South Carolina, by its show of resistance, had
obtained many of the demands it sought, and had demonstrated that a single state
could force its will on Congress.