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!="
"
!
!
!
!
This is a very charged subject
We need to be respectful during this discussion
while voicing our thoughts
Many people disagree about this issue, and
differing viewpoints are healthy
If, at any point, you are uncomfortable, please
put your head down on your desk, and one of
your street law teachers will talk to you about
what you are feeling individually outside the
classroom
!
!
For the past half century, one of the primary
tools for addressing racial, ethnic and gender
inequality has been “affirmative action”
policies. First used in the early 1960s, the term
affirmative action now refers to a complex set
of policies created by different branches of state
and local government intended to improve
opportunities for minorities and women giving
them preference in admissions to higher
education, government and private sector
employment, and government contracts.
Count off into groups, 1-6.
!
!
!
1940s—President Franklin Roosevelt created the President’s
Committee on Fair Employment Practice (FEPC) to investigate
allegations of discrimination in federal employment and
contracting. This was the first federal agency since the post-Civil
War Reconstruction that was created solely to address problems of
minorities. Without funding and little authority, the agency was
more symbolic than effective.
1960s—President John Kennedy becomes the first president to sign
an executive order requiring federal agencies and their private
contractors take “affirmative action” to ensure that employment
and contracting were not racial discriminatory. However, the
intent was not to explicitly consider race in employment decisions.
The point was to make sure minorities were not being excluded
for reasons unrelated to job performance.
Question: Given the remarkable and widespread racial
discrimination of the 1960s, did these policies go far enough?
!
!
!
1960s—President Lyndon Johnson pushes for the Civil Rights Act
of 1964, creating the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC), which was the first agency authorized by Congress to
promote equal opportunity and continues its work today. More
significant was the program’s incentive plan in which contractors
and employers could include in their bid the number of minority
employees it would hire if given the contract. Though not
intended to be a quota system, it was used by employers to get an
advantage on the competition.
1980s—President Ronald Reagan was opposed to programs such
as affirmative action which favored minorities in jobs, education,
and awarding government contracts. Conservative politicians like
Reagan felt it amounted to reverse discrimination by granting
minority groups special advantages that were denied the majority
of citizens. The administration stopped requiring contactors doing
business with the federal government to comply with affirmative
action programs. Reagan’s justice department supported a number
of legal challenges to affirmative action.
Questions: Does a quota system go far enough, or too far? Is a
quota system that favors racial minorities reverse
discrimination, or does it simply level the playing field?
!
!
!
The Present–many states (including Washington)
have banned affirmative action as examples of
reverse discrimination. Affirmative action policies
are increasingly under attack on the grounds that
the racial discrimination that affirmative action
was designed to addressed is no longer as
common, or might even be eliminated. Critics of
affirmative action have instead argue for “equality
of opportunity.”
Question: Is affirmative action, as a policy,
something that should continue? What about the
idea of “equality of opportunity”?
Question: Should affirmative action exist for
categories other than race, such as low-income
individuals?
!  Groups
1 & 2: Attorneys
representing the plaintiff in the
Fisher case
!  Groups 3 & 4: Attorneys
representing the University (the
defendant) in the Fisher case
!  Groups 5 & 6: Supreme Court
Justices
“No State shall . . . deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws.”
Fisher v. University of Texas:
!  Admissions system automatically admits top
10% of each high school’s graduating class in
Texas
!  Students who fall outside of top 10% are
admitted based on academics, talents,
leadership, family circumstances & race
!  White student with 3.59 GPA (top 12%), extracurricular activities, 1180 on SAT was denied
admission & sued
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
(1978):
!  Bakke (white) applied to UC Davis Medical
School & was denied
!  2 admissions programs in place at the time:
"
"
!
White applicants with certain GPA, test scores &
activities
Special program for minority applicants where 16
seats set aside & lower GPA requirement
Court:
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Race can be one, but not only one, of numerous
factors used in admissions (+ factor)
Quotas unconstitutional
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003):
!  Grutter (white) rejected from University of
Michigan law school with 3.8 GPA & 161 LSAT
!  Race used as “predominant” factor, giving
applicants from underrepresented minority
groups a significantly greater chance of
admission
!  Grutter argued that University did not have
compelling interest to justify race factor
!  Court: Law school had interest in obtaining
“critical mass” of minority students, which is
an allowable “tailored use” of race
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Groups 1 & 2: You represent Noel Fisher. Make
your best arguments for why the admissions
system violates the 14th Amendment by
improperly considering race.
Groups 3 & 4: You represent the University.
Argue that admissions system does not violate
the 14th Amendment.
Groups 5 & 6: As Supreme Court Justices,
consider arguments from both sides and decide
whether or not admissions process is proper.
!
!
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!
How did it feel to make arguments on the
side you were assigned?
What do you personally think should
happen in this case?
How did it feel to serve as a Justice?
What do you think the Court will decide?
!
!
Recent articles & books show that
affirmative action and its future are still
extremely controversial
Again, please show respect for your
fellow classmates & be open to differing
perspectives
!
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!
Michelle Alexander’s “The New Jim
Crow”
The Economist’s “Time to Scrap
Affirmative Action”
Above the Law’s “Columbia Scholarship
Scandal Shows How White People Are
Still Helped by Institutional Racism”
!
!
“Racial justice advocates should
consider…whether affirmative action…
has been functioned more like a racial
bribe than a tool of racial justice.” p. 244
“Affirmative action, particularly when it
is justified on the grounds of diversity
rather than equity (or remedy), masks the
severity of racial inequality in America,
leading to greatly exaggerated claims of
racial progress and overly optimistic
assessments of the future of African
Americans.” p. 246
!
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“As recent data shows, however, much of
black progress is a myth.”
“The child poverty rate is actually higher
today than it was in 1968.
Unemployment rates in black
communities rival those in Third World
Countries.”
“One recent study indicates that the
elimination of race-based admissions
policies would lead to 63% decline in
black graduates at all law schools & a
90% decline at elite law schools.”
!
“In their book “Mismatch”, Richard
Sander & Stuart Taylor produce evidence
that suggests affirmative action reduces
the number of blacks who qualify as
lawyers by placing black students in law
schools for which they are ill-prepared,
causing many to drop out. Had they
attended less demanding schools, they
might have graduated.”
!
!
“Selection on the basis of race is neither
fair nor an efficient way of doing so.
Affirmative action replaced old injustices
with new ones: it divides society rather
than unites it.”
“Governments should tackle
disadvantage directly. If a school is bad,
fix it. If there are barriers to opportunity,
remove them.”
!
!
White woman from Iowa created
fellowship at Columbia University for
students from Iowa and of “Caucasian
race”
“There are white people running around
here who have been helped out in their
lives just because they are white, and they
don’t even know it. That’s the luxury of
being white in America: good stuff
happens to you and you don’t even have
to question why.”
!
!
“I can’t get a job without some toothless
yokel somewhere INCORRECTLY telling
me that I only got my job “because I’m
black.” Then there’s the one Supreme Court
justice who tries to tell me that the only way
to stop idiot white people from making
stupid assumptions is to discontinue
helping black people to level the playing
field.”
“Institutional racism isn’t some guy in a
hood burning crap on your lawn. It’s guys
like this who will look at you straight in the
face and say “I’ve worked for every penny
I’ve gotten,” oblivious to the fact that all the
levers are pulled in their direction.”
!
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Take 10 minutes to read through excerpts
individually & answer questions posed
on the handout.
Take 5 minutes and discuss your answers
with your neighbor:
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First student explains answers for 2 minutes without
interruption
Second student then explains their answers for 2
minutes without interruption
Teachers will then poll students on answers &
lead a group discussion.
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Consider what we discussed in class today –
Supreme Court precedent and the current debate
before the Court, the excerpt from “The New Jim
Crow”, and the excerpts from the Economist and
Above the Law.
Answer the following questions:
!  Should affirmative action policies remain in place
for school admission and job placement?
!  How could affirmative action policies be
improved?
!  Do affirmative action policies help or harm
underrepresented communities?