Chapter 7 vocabulary
1. Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from existing cells
2. Nucleus - controls the cells activities. It is a large membrane enclosed structure that contains
the cells genetic material, DNA.
3. Eukaryotes - cells that contain nucleus
4. Prokaryotes - cells that do not contain nucleus (bacteria)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Section 7-1
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles
5. Organelles - specialized
organs in a cell
Vennlittle
Diagrams
Section 7-2
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Animal Cells
Centrioles
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
6. cytoplasm - portion of cell outside the nucleus
7. chromatin - DNA bound to protein in the nucleus
8. Chromosomes - when a cell divides chromatin condenses into chromosomes
9. Nucleolus - area in the nucleus where assembly of ribosomes begins
10.Ribosomes - small particles of RNA and protein found in cytoplasm and rough ER.
Ribosomes assemble proteins.
11. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - involved in the synthesis of proteins - the ribosomes make
the proteins then they are inserted into the rough ER where they are chemical modified and
exported from the cell.
12. Smooth ER - contains enzymes that make lipids and detoxification of drugs. (Liver has large
amounts of smooth ER.
13. Golgi apparatus - modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for
storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell.
14. Lysosomes - filled with enzymes - digest lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller
molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. Also break down dead organelles.
15. Vacuoles - storage for water , salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
16. Mitochondria - organelles that convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that
the cell can use.
17. Chloroplasts - capture energy from sun and convert it into chemical energy through
photosynthesis
Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton
Section 7-2
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
18. Cytoskeleton - network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape and
movement.
19. Microfilaments - threadlike structures made of protein, provide support and movement
20. Microtubules (tubulins) - hollow structures made of proteins, important in cell division
21. Centrioles - located near the nucleus and help organize animal cell division
22. Cell membrane - thin flexible barrier around the cell that provides protection and support. It
also regulates what enters and leaves the cell
23. Cell wall - strong supporting layer in plant cells that surrounds the cell membrane
24. Lipid bilayer - makes up the cell membrane and provides a flexible structure that forms a
strong barrier
Structure of a cell membrane
Outside
of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
25. Concentration - mass of solute in a given
volume of solution
26. Diffusion - when particles move from an
area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration. The random particle
movement involved in diffusion does not
require cell energy
27. Equilibrium - when the concentration of
the solute is the same throughout a system
28. Permeable membrane - membranes that
allow a substance to move across it.
29. Selectively permeable - some substances can pass while others cannot
30. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Figure 7-15 Osmosis
Osmosis
Section 7-3
31. Isotonic – the concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell.
32. hypertonic - above strength - the solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell
33. hypotonic - below strength - the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell
34. Facilitated Diffusion – movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through
protein channels.
35. Active transport – energy requiring process that moves
material across a cell membrane against a concentration
difference.
36. Endocytosis – the process of taking material into the
cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell
membrane. The pocket then breaks loose from the cell
membrane and forms a vacuole in the cytoplasm.
37. Phagocytosis (cell eating) – extensions of cytoplasm
surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole.
(Amoebas eat this way.)
38. Pinocytosis- Process by which a cell takes in liquid
from the surrounding environment
39. Exocytosis – the membrane of the vacuole surrounding
the material fuses with the cell membrane forcing the
contents out of the cell.
40. Unicellular organisms – a single-celled organism – see photos on page 190
41. Mulitcellular organisms
organisms
made of many cells that have specialized tasks
Levels–of
Organization
Section 7-4
42. Levels of Organization in multicellular organisms. Cell  tissue  organ  organ system
Muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Stomach
Digestive system