Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
FIFTH SEMESTER
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
TELECOMMUNICATION LAB
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Prepared By:
Checked By:
Approved By:
Engr. Yousaf Hameed
Engr. M.Nasim Khan
Dr.Noman Jafri
Lecturer (Lab) Electrical,
FUUAST-Islamabad
Senior Lab Engineer Electrical,
FUUAST-Islamabad
Dean,
FUUAST-Islamabad
____________________________________________________________________________ 1
Communication System
Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
Name: ____________________________________________
Registration No: ____________________________________
Roll No: ___________________________________________
Semester: _________________________________________
Batch: ____________________________________________
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Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
C
CO
ON
NT
TE
EN
NT
TSS
Exp No
List of Experiments
Page
1
Study Of Colpitts Oscillator
4
2
Study of Hartley Oscillator
6
3
Design an Amplitude Modulator Using Mc1496
8
4
Implementing an Amplitude Demodulator with Diode
16
5
Study of Double-Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulator
20
6
Study of Single-Sideband (SSB) Balanced Modulator
29
7
Demodulating DSB-SC Signals Using Product Detector
35
8
Demodulating SSB Signals using Product Detector
9
Implementing a Frequency Modulator with Voltage-Controlled Oscillator by using LM566
10
Demodulating FM Signal by using FM to AM Conversion Discriminator
41
47
50
11
Implementing a Pulse Width Modulator with LM555
52
12
Implementing a Pulse- Width Demodulator by using a Product Detector
55
13
Implementing an FSK Modulator with LM566
59
14
Performing a Frequency-Shift Keying Detector using Phase Locked Loop
(FSK Demodulator)
61
15
16
17
18
19
To Implement an Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Modulator
To Implement Non-coherent ASK Demodulator
To Implement Coherent ASK Demodulator
To Implement PSK/QPSK Modulator
To Implement PSK/QPSK Demodulator
63
65
67
70
77
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment -1
Title: Study Of Colpitts Oscillator
Equipment Required
1. Module KL-92001
2. Module KL-93001
3. Oscilloscope
4. LCR Meter
Procedure
Colpitts Oscillator Circuit
1. Locate Colpitts Oscillator circuit on Module KL-93001.lnsert connect plugs in J1
and J3 to set C3= 0.001µF, C4 = 0.015 µF and L1 = 27 µH.
2. Set the vertical input of oscilloscope to AC position and connect to output
terminals (O/P). Observe and record the waveform and frequency in Table. If the
circuit operates improperly, recheck the dc bias of transistor.
3. Remove the connect plugs from J1 and J3. Using the LCR meter, measure the
values of C3, C4 and L1 and record the results in Table, and then calculate the
output frequency
4. Insert connect plugs in J2 and J4 to change C3 to C5 (100 pF), C4 to C6 (1000
pF), and L1 to L2 (2.7 µH). Repeat steps 2 and 3.
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Electrical Engineering
Table:
Nominal
Value
C3
C4
L1
0.001µF
0.015µF
27µH
Measured
Value
Output waveform
Calculated f =
0
Measured f =
0
Nominal
Value
Measured
Value
100pF
1000pF
2.7µH
Calculated f =
0
Measured f =
0
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Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
Experiment-2
Title: Study of Hartley Oscillator
Equipment Required
1. Module KL-92001
2. Module KL-93001
3. Oscilloscope
4. LCR Meter
Procedure
Hartley Oscillator Circuit
1. Locate Hartley Oscillator circuit on Module KL-93001. Insert connect plugs in J1
and J3 to set L1 = 68 µH, L2 = 2.7 µH, and C3 = 100 pF.
2. Set the vertical input of oscilloscope to AC position and connect to output
terminals (OlP). Observe and record the waveform and frequency in Table. If the
circuit operates improperly, recheck the dc bias of transistor.
3. Remove the connect plugs from J 1 and J3. Using the LCR meter, measure the
values of C3, C4 and L1 and record the results in Table 1-2, and then calculate the
output frequency.
4. Insert connect plugs in J2 and J4 to change C3 to C4(150 pF), L1 to L3(47µH),
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Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
and L2 to L4(470 µH). Repeat steps 2 and 3.
Table:
Nominal
Value
L1
L2
C3
68µH
2.7µH
100pF
Measured
Value
Output waveform
Calculated f =
0
Measured f =
0
Nominal
Value
Measured
Value
470µH
47µH
150pF
Calculated f =
0
Measured f =
0
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Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
Experiment-3
Title: Design an Amplitude Modulator Using Mc1496
Equipment Required
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-93002
3 - Oscilloscope
4 - Spectrum Analyzer
5 - RF Generator
Procedure
Amplitude Modulator Using MC1496
Amplitude Modulation Waveforms
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Electrical Engineering
Spectrum of AM Signal
1. Locate AM modulator circuit on Module KL-93002. Insert connect plugs in J1 and
J3 to set R8=1 kΩ and R9=6.8kΩ
2. Connect a 250mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the audio input (1/P2), and a 250mVpp, 100 kHz sine wave to the carrier input (1/P1).
3. Connect the vertical input of the oscilloscope to the AM output (O/P). Observe the
output waveform and adjust the VR1 for the modulation index of 50%. Record the
result in Table -1
4. Using the spectrum analyzer, observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table -1
5. Using the results above and Equation calculate and record the percentage
modulation of output signal in Table -1
6. Using the oscilloscope, observe the output signals for the audio amplitudes of 200
mVp-p and 150 mVp-p and record the results in Table -1
7. Repeat steps 4 and 5
8. Connect a 150mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the input (1/P2), and a 100mVp-p, 100
kHz sine wave to the carrier input (1/P1).
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Electrical Engineering
9. Using the oscilloscope, observe the AM signal at output terminal (O/P) and record
the result in Table -2
10. Using the spectrum analyzer, observe and record output spectrum in Table -2
11. Using the results above and Equation, calculate the percentage modulation of
output signal and record the results in Table -2
12. Repeat steps 9 to 11 for carrier amplitudes of 200mVp-p and 300mVp-p.
13. Connect a 150mVp-p, 3kHz sine wave to the audio input (1/P2), and a 250mVp-p,
100kHz sine wave to the carrier input (I/P1).
14. Using the oscilloscope, observe the modulated signal at output terminal (DIP) and
record the result in Table -3
15. Using the spectrum analyzer, observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table -3
16. Using the results above and Equation, calculate and record the percentage
modulation of output signal in Table -3
17. Repeat steps 14 to 16 for the audio frequencies of 2 kHz and 1 kHz.
18. Connect a 150mVp-p, 2 kHz sine wave to the audio input (1/P2), and a 250mVp-p,
500 kHz sine wave to the carrier input (1/P1).
19. Using the oscilloscope, observe the modulated signal at output terminal (O/P) and
record the result in Table-4
20. Using the spectrum analyzer, observe and record the output spectrum in Table -4
21. Using the results above and Equation.
calculate and record the percentage
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Electrical Engineering
modulation of output signal in Table -4
22. Repeat steps 19 to 21 for the carrier frequencies of 1 MHz and2MHz.
Equation
m=
Where
And
E
E
max
E
max
E
min
max
− E min
× 100 %
+ E min
=
A
c
=
A
c
+
A
m
−
A
m
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Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
Table-1
(Vc=250mVp-p, fc=100 kHz,fm=1 kHz)
Audio
Output Waveform
Amplitude
Output Signal Spectrum
Percentage
Modulation
250mVp-p
E
E
max
min
=
=
200mVp-p
E
E min
max
=
=
E
E
max
=
=
150mVp-p
min
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Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
Table-2
(Vc=150mVp-p, fc=100 kHz,fm=1 kHz)
Audio
Output Waveform
Amplitude
Output Signal Spectrum
Percentage
Modulation
100mVp-p
E
E
max
min
=
=
200mVp-p
E
E min
=
=
E
E min
=
=
max
300mVp-p
max
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Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
Table-3
(Vc=250mVp-p, Vm=150mVp-p,fc=100 kHz)
Audio
Output Waveform
Frequency
Output Signal Spectrum
Percentage
Modulation
3 kHz
E
E
max
min
=
=
2 kHz
E
E min
max
=
=
E
E
max
=
=
1 kHz
min
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Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
Table-4
(Vc=250mVp-p, Vm=150mVp-p,fc=2 kHz)
Audio
Output Waveform
Frequency
Output Signal Spectrum
Percentage
Modulation
500kHz
E
E
max
min
=
=
1MHz
E
E min
max
=
=
E
E
max
=
=
2MHz
min
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment - 4
Title:
Implementing an Amplitude Demodulator with Diode
Equipment Required
1. Module KL-92001
2. Module KL-93002
3. Oscilloscope
4. RF Generator
Fig-1: Block diagram of a rectified demodulator
Fig-2: Amplitude Modulator Using MC1496
Fig-3: Diode Detector Circuit
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Electrical Engineering
Procedure
1. The AM signal source in this experiment is from the AM modulator output (the
circuit of Fig-2).
2. Set the input signals of AM modulator for the carrier of 250mVp-p, 200kHz sine
wave, and the audio signal of 150mVp-p, 3kHz sine wave
3. Adjust the VR 1 of AM modulator to get maximum amplitude of AM signal output.
4. Connect the AM signal output to the input (l/P) of diode detector.
5. Switch the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output
waveforms of the amplifier and the diode detector, and record the results in Table
-1
6. Change the audio frequencies for 2 kHz and 1 kHz, and repeat step 5.
7. Adjust the carrier to a 250mVp-p, 300 kHz sine wave, and the audio to a 250mVpp, 3 kHz sine wave.
8. Adjust the VR1 of AM modulator to get maximum amplitude of AM signal output.
9. Set the vertical input of scope to DC coupling and observe the output waveforms
of the amplifier and the diode detector, and record the results in Table-2.
10. Change the audio frequencies for 2 kHz and 1 kHz, and repeat step 9.
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Electrical Engineering
Table-1
(Vc=250mVp-p, Vm=150mVp-p, fc=200 kHz)
Audio
Input Waveform
Frequency
Detector Output Waveform
3kHz
2 kHz
1kHz
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Electrical Engineering
Table-2
(Vc=250mVp-p, Vm=250mVp-p, fc=300 kHz)
Audio
Input Waveform
Frequency
Detector Output Waveform
3kHz
2 kHz
1kHz
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment-5
Title: Study of Double-Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulator
Equipment required
1. Module KL-92001
2. Module KL-93003
3. Oscilloscope
4. Spectrum Analyzer
5. RF Generator
DSB-SC Modulator Circuit
Procedure
1. Locate DSB-SC Modulator circuit on Module KL-93003. Insert connect plugs in J1
and J3 to set R11 = 270Ω and R12 = 6.8kΩ
2. Check each of source follower circuits for a proper bias. Set the vertical input of
oscilloscope to AC and observe the source output and the input signals. Ensure
that these two signals are the same but the output amplitude is slightly smaller
than the input amplitude. If done, insert connect plugs in J5 and J6.
3. Turn the VR1 to its mid-position
4. Connect the audio input (1/P2) to ground and connect a 500mVp-p, 500 kHz sine
wave to the carrier input (1/P1). Carefully adjust the VR1 to get the output signal of
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Electrical Engineering
zero or minimum.
5. Connect a 300mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the audio input and change the carrier
amplitude to 300mVp-p.
6. Using the oscilloscope, measure and record the waveforms listed in Table -1.
7. Using the spectrum analyzer, observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table -1.
8. Change the audio amplitude to 600mVp-p. Measure and record the waveforms
listed in Table -2 using the oscilloscope.
9. Using the spectrum analyzer, observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table -2.
10. Change the carrier amplitude to 600mVp-p. Measure and record the waveforms
listed in Table -3 using the oscilloscope.
11. Using the spectrum analyzer, observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table -3.
12. Change the audio amplitude to 300 mVp-p and frequency to 2kHz, and the carrier
amplitude to 300mVp-p and frequency to 1 MHz. Using the oscilloscope, measure
and record the waveforms listed in Table -4.
13. Using the spectrum analyzer, observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table -4.
14. Remove the connect plug from J1 and insert it in J2 to change R11 (270Ω) to R15
(330Ω). Change the audio amplitude to 600mVp-p and frequency to 1 kHz, and
the carrier amplitude to 600mVp-p and frequency to 500 kHz. Hold VR1 position.
Using the oscilloscope, measure and record the waveforms listed in Table -5.
15. Using the spectrum analyzer, observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table -5.
16. Remove the connect plug from J3 and then insert it in J4 to change R12 (6.8 kΩ)
to R16 (10kΩ). Using the oscilloscope, measure and record the waveforms listed
in Table -6.
17. Using the spectrum analyzer, observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table -6.
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Electrical Engineering
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Table-1
(R11=270Ω, R12=6.8kΩ, Vc=300mVp-p, Vm=300mVp-p, fc=500kHz, fm=1kHz)
Carrier
Waveform
Audio
Waveform
Output
Waveform
Output
Spectrum
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Electrical Engineering
Table-2
(R11=270Ω, R12=6.8kΩ, Vc=300mVp-p, Vm=600mVp-p, fc=500kHz, fm=1kHz)
Carrier
Waveform
Audio
Waveform
Output
Waveform
Output
Spectrum
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Electrical Engineering
Table-3
(R11=270Ω, R12=6.8kΩ, Vc=600mVp-p, Vm=600mVp-p, fc=500kHz, fm=1kHz)
Carrier
Waveform
Audio
Waveform
Output
Waveform
Output
Spectrum
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Electrical Engineering
Table-4
(R11=270Ω, R12=6.8kΩ, Vc=300mVp-p, Vm=300mVp-p, fc=1MHz, fm=2kHz)
Carrier
Waveform
Audio
Waveform
Output
Waveform
Output
Spectrum
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Electrical Engineering
Table-5
(R11=330Ω, R12=6.8kΩ, Vc=600mVp-p, Vm=600mVp-p, fc=500kHz, fm=1kHz)
Carrier
Waveform
Audio
Waveform
Output
Waveform
Output
Spectrum
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Electrical Engineering
Table-6
(R11=330Ω, R12=10kΩ, Vc=600mVp-p, Vm=600mVp-p, fc=500kHz, fm=1kHz)
Carrier
Waveform
Audio
Waveform
Output
Waveform
Output
Spectrum
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Experiment-6
Title: Study of Single-Sideband (SSB) Balanced Modulator
Equipment required
1. Module KL-92001
2. Module KL-93003
3. Oscilloscope
4. Spectrum Analyzer
5. RF Generator
SSB Modulator Circuit
Procedure
1. Locate SSB Modulator circuit on Module KL-93003. Insert the connect plug in J2
to bypass ceramic filters.
2. Check each of source follower circuits for a proper bias. Set the vertical input of
oscilloscope to AC and observe the source output signal and the input signal.
Ensure that these two signals are the same but the output amplitude is slightly
smaller than the input amplitude. If done, insert connect plugs in J3 and J4.
3. Turn the VR1 to its mid-position.
4. Connect the audio input (1/P2) to ground and connect a 500mVp-p, 457 kHz sine
wave to the carrier input (1/P1). Carefully adjust VR1 to get a minimum output or
zero. Then remove the connect plug from J2 and insert it in J1.
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5. Connect a 300mVp-p, 2 kHz sine wave to the audio input and change the carrier
amplitude to 300mVp-p.
6. Using the oscilloscope, measure and record the waveforms listed in Table -1.
7. Using the spectrum analyzer observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table-1.
8. Change the audio amplitude to 600mVp-p. Measure and record the waveforms
listed in Table -2 using the oscilloscope.
9. Using the spectrum analyzer observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table-2.
10. Change the carrier amplitude to 600mVp-p. Measure and record the waveforms
listed in Table-3 using the oscilloscope.
11. Using the spectrum analyzer observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table-3.
12. Change the audio amplitude to 300mVp-p and frequency to 1 kHz, and the carrier
amplitude to 300mVp-p. Using the oscilloscope, measure and record the
waveforms listed in Table -4.
13. Using the spectrum analyzer observe and record the output signal spectrum in
Table-4.
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Electrical Engineering
Table-1
(R11=270Ω, R12=6.8kΩ, Vc=300mVp-p, Vm=300mVp-p, fc=457kHz, fm=2kHz)
Carrier
Waveform
Audio
Waveform
Output
Waveform
Output
Spectrum
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Electrical Engineering
Table-2
(R11=270Ω, R12=6.8kΩ, Vc=300mVp-p, Vm=600mVp-p, fc=457kHz, fm=2kHz)
Carrier
Waveform
Audio
Waveform
Output
Waveform
Output
Spectrum
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Electrical Engineering
Table-3
(R11=270Ω, R12=6.8kΩ, Vc=600mVp-p, Vm=600mVp-p, fc=457kHz, fm=2kHz)
Carrier
Waveform
Audio
Waveform
Output
Waveform
Output
Spectrum
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Electrical Engineering
Table-4
(R11=270Ω, R12=6.8kΩ, Vc=300mVp-p, Vm=300mVp-p, fc=457kHz, fm=1kHz)
Carrier
Waveform
Audio
Waveform
Output
Waveform
Output
Spectrum
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment -7
Title: Demodulating DSB-SC Signals Using Product Detector
Equipment Required:
1. Module KL-92001
2. Module KL-93003
3. Oscilloscope
4. RF Generator
Procedure:
DSB-SC modulator circuit
Product Detector DSB-SC & SSB signal
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1. This experiment uses the modulated DSB-SC output of DSB-SC Modulator circuit
as the DSB-SC input of product detector circuit. First, complete the DSB-SC
modulator circuit.
2. Connect a 500mVp-p, 500 kHz sine wave to the carrier input and a 500mVp-p, 1
kHz sine wave to the audio input of DSB-SC modulator. (Carry and audio signals
should be adjusted alone before connecting to circuits, because if you adjust them
during circuit testing, there'll be loading errors)
3. Turn the VR1 of DSB-SC modulator to get a DSB-SC modulated signal output.
4. Locate the DSB-SC and SSB Product Detector circuit on Module KL-93003. Insert
connect plugs in J1 and J3 to set R5=270Ω and R6=10kΩ
5. Connect the carrier signal used in step 2 to the carrier input of product detector.
Connect the modulated output of DSB-SC modulator to the DSB-SC input of
product detector.
6. Using the oscilloscope, observe the output signal and turn the VR1 of product
detector circuit to get minimum distortion, and record the result in Table -1.
7. Change the carrier to a 500mVp-p, 500 kHz sine wave and the audio to a
500mVp-p, 3 kHz sine wave. Carefully turn the VR1 to get a DSB-SC modulated
output signal.
8. Repeat step 6 and record the result in Table -2.
9. Remove the connect plug from J1 and then insert it in J2 to change R5 (270Ω) to
R10 (330Ω). Repeat step 6 and record the result in Table -3.
10. Remove the connect plug from J3 and then insert it in J4 to change R6 (10kΩ) to
R11 (30kΩ). Repeat step 6 and record the result in Table -4.
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Table-1
(R5=270Ω, R6=10kΩ, Vc=500mVp-p, Vm=500mVp-p, fc=500kHz,fm=1kHz)
Input
Waveform
Output
Waveform
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Electrical Engineering
Table-2
(R5=270Ω, R6=10kΩ, Vc=500mVp-p, Vm=500mVp-p, fc=500kHz, fm=3kHz)
Input
Waveform
Output
Waveform
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Electrical Engineering
Table-3
(R5=330Ω, R6=10kΩ, Vc=500mVp-p, Vm=500mVp-p, fc=500kHz,fm=1kHz)
Input
Waveform
Output
Waveform
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Electrical Engineering
Table-4
(R5=330Ω, R6=30kΩ, Vc=500mVp-p, Vm=500mVp-p, fc=500kHz,fm=1kHz)
Input
Waveform
Output
Waveform
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment-8
Title: Demodulating SSB Signals using Product Detector
Equipment Required
1. Module KL-92001
2. Module KL-93003
3. Oscilloscope
4. RF Generator
Procedure
SSB Product Detector
Product Detector DSB-SC & SSB signal
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1. This experiment uses the modulated SSB output of SSB Modulator circuit as the
SSB input of product detector circuit. First, complete the SSB modulator circuit.
2. Insert connect plug in J2 to bypass ceramic filters. Connect a 500mVp-p, 457 kHz
sine wave to the carrier input (I/P1) and a 500mVp-p, 2 kHz sine wave to the audio
input (I/P2). (Carry and audio signals should be adjusted alone before connecting
to circuits, because if you adjust them during circuit testing, there'll be loading
errors)
3. Turn the VR1 to get a DSB-SC modulated output (O/P). Remove the connect plug
from J2 and then insert it in J1 to recover the ceramic filters. The output signal will
be the SSB modulated signal.
4. Insert connect plugs in J1 and J2 of product detector circuit to set R5 =270Ω and
R6 = 10 kΩ
5. Connect the carrier signal used in step 2 to the carrier input (I/P1) of product
detector, and connect the SSB modulated output to the SSB input (I/P2).
6. Using the oscilloscope, observe the demodulated output waveform (O/P) and
carefully turn the VR1 to get minimum distortion. Record the result in Table-1.
7. Remove the connect plug from J 1 and insert it in J2 to bypass the ceramic filters
of SSB modulator. Change the carrier to a 700mVp-p, 457 kHz sine wave and the
audio to a 700mVp-p, 2 kHz sine wave. Turn the VR1 to get a DSB-SC modulated
signal, and then remove the connect plug from J2 and inset it in J 1 to recover the
ceramic filters. Then the output signal will be the SSB modulated signal.
8. Repeat step 6 and record the result in Table-2.
9. Remove the connect plug from J1 and then insert it in J2 to change R5 (270 Ω) to
R10 (330 Ω). Repeat step 6 and record the result in Table -3.
10. Remove the connect plug from J3 and then insert it in J4 to change R6 (10 kΩ) to
R11 (30 kΩ). Repeat step 6 and record the result in Table -4.
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Electrical Engineering
Table-1
(R5=270Ω, R6=10kΩ, Vc=500mVp-p, Vm=500mVp-p, fc=457kHz,fm=2kHz)
Input
Waveform
Output
Waveform
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Electrical Engineering
Table-2
(R5=270Ω, R6=10kΩ, Vc=700mVp-p, Vm=700mVp-p, fc=457kHz,fm=2kHz)
Input
Waveform
Output
Waveform
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Electrical Engineering
Table-3
(R5=330Ω, R6=10kΩ, Vc=500mVp-p, Vm=500mVp-p, fc=457kHz,fm=2kHz)
Input
Waveform
Output
Waveform
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Electrical Engineering
Table-4
(R5=330Ω, R6=30kΩ, Vc=500mVp-p, Vm=500mVp-p, fc=457kHz,fm=2kHz)
Input
Waveform
Output
Waveform
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Federal Urdu University of Arts Science & Technology Islamabad
Electrical Engineering
Experiment - 9
Title: Implementing a Frequency Modulator with Voltage-Controlled Oscillator by using LM566
Equipment Required:
1. Module KL-92001
2. Module KL-93004
3. Oscilloscope
4. Spectrum Analyzer
Procedure:
LM566 Frequency Modulator Circuit
1. Locate the LM566 FM Modulator circuit on Module KL-93004. Insert connect plugs
in J1 and J3 to set the capacitor to C4 (0.01 µF). Turn the VR1 to get the output
frequency of 20kHz.
2. Connect a 500mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the audio input (I/P1). Using the
oscilloscope, observe the output waveform (O/P) and record the result in Table -1.
3. Change the audio frequencies to 3kHz and 5kHz sequentially. Observe the output
waveforms corresponding to the audio inputs and record the results in Table -1.
4. Change the audio input to a 1Vp-p, 1kHz sine wave. Observe the output waveform
and record the result in Table -2.
5. Change the audio frequencies to 3kHz and 5kHz sequentially. Observe the output
waveforms corresponding to the audio inputs and record the results in Table -2.
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Table-1
(Vm=50mVp-p,C3=0.01µF, f = 20kHz )
0
Input
Input Waveform
Frequency
Output Waveform
1 kHz
3 kHz
5 kHz
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Electrical Engineering
Table-2
(Vm=1Vp-p,C3=0.01µF, f = 20kHz )
0
Input
Input Waveform
Frequency
Output Waveform
1 kHz
3 kHz
5 kHz
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment-10
Title: Demodulating FM Signal by using FM to AM Conversion Discriminator
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-93004
3 - Oscilloscope
Procedure:
FM to AM Frequency Discriminator Circuit
1. Locate MC1648 FM Modulator circuit on Module KL-93004. Insert connect plugs in
J1 and J3 to set the inductor to L1 (220µH) and the 1SV55 varactor operating at
5V.
2. Connect a 2Vp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the input (I/P1). Turn the VR1 to get the
output amplitude of 600mVp-p.
3. Connect the output of MC1648 FM Modulator to the input of FM to AM
Discriminator Circuit on the lower of Module KL-93004.
4. Using the oscilloscope, observe and record the input and output waveforms of
frequency demodulator in Table-1.
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for audio frequencies of 2 KHz and 3 KHz, respectively.
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Electrical Engineering
Table-1
(Vm=2Vp-p)
Audio
Frequency
Input Waveform
output Waveform
1 kHz
2 kHz
3 kHz
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment - 11
Title: Implementing a Pulse Width Modulator with LM555
~
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94002
3 - Oscilloscope
Procedure:
~
Pulse Width Modulator using LM555
1. Locate the PWM Modulator circuit on Module KL-94002.
2. Connect a 5Vp-p, 1 kHz square wave to the audio signal input.
3. Using the oscilloscope, observe the n test point and the output waveforms and
adjust the VR1 to get a rectangular wave (duty cycle is not equal to 50%) at n.
4. Switch the coupling mode of oscilloscope to DC position. Observe and record the
output waveform in Table -3.
5. Change the input signal to triangle wave and repeat step 4.
6. Change the input signal to sine wave and repeat step 4. Record the results in
Table -4.
7. Change the input amplitude to 3Vp-p and repeat steps 4 to 6 and record the
results in Table -4.
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Table-3
(Vm=5Vp-p, fm= 1 kHz)
Input
Signal
Input Waveform
output Waveform
Square
Wave
Triangle
Wave
Sine
Wave
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Table-4
(Vm=3Vp-p, fm= 1 kHz)
Input
Signal
Input Waveform
output Waveform
Square
Wave
Triangle
Wave
Sine
Wave
~
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment 12
Title: Implementing a Pulse- Width Demodulator by using a Product Detector
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94002
3 - Oscilloscope
Procedure:
Fig-1 PWM Modulator Circuit
Pulse Width Demodulator Circuit
1. Locate the PWM Demodulator circuit on Module KL-94002.
2. Complete the PWM Modulator circuit in Fig-1. Connect a 3Vp-p, 700Hz sine wave
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to the audio input.
3. Connect the test point T1 of the PWM Modulator circuit to the carrier input (1/P1)
of the PWM Demodulator circuit.
4. Connect the PWM modulated output of the PWM Modulator circuit to the PWM
input (l/P2) of the PWM Demodulator circuit.
5. Vary the VR1 to get an output signal with minimum distortion at U1 µA 7 41 output.
6. Carefully adjust VR2 and VR3 until getting a proper demodulated signal.
7. Using the oscilloscope, observe the signals of PWM input signal, carrier signal, U1
output signal, U2 output signal, MC1496 output signal (pin 12), and PWM
demodulated signal. Record the results in Table -1.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 and record the results in Table -2.
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Table-1
(Vm=3Vp-p,fm=700Hz)
Test point
Output Waveform
Carrier Input
Terminal
PWM Input
Terminal
U1 Output
Terminal
U2 Output
Terminal
MC1496
(pin 12)
Output
Terminal
PWM
Demodulated
Signal
Output
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Table-2
(Vm=3Vp-p,fm=500Hz)
Test point
Output Waveform
Carrier Input
Terminal
PWM Input
Terminal
U1 Output
Terminal
U2 Output
Terminal
MC1496
(pin 12)
Output
Terminal
PWM
Demodulated
Signal
Output
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment -13
Title: Implementing an FSK Modulator with LM566
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94003
3 - Oscilloscope
Procedure:
FSK Modulator Circuit
1. Locate the FSK modulator circuit on Module KL-94003.
2. Connect 5Vdc to digital signal input (l/P). Using the oscilloscope, observe the
LM566 output frequency (pin 3) and adjust VR2 to obtain the frequency of 1070Hz,
and then record the result in Table -1.
3. Using the oscilloscope, observe and record the FSK output signal in Table -1.
4. Connect digital signal input (l/P) to ground (0V). Using the oscilloscope, observe
the LM566 output frequency (pin 3) and adjust VR1 to obtain the frequency of
1270Hz, and record the result in Table -1.
5. Using the oscilloscope, observe and record the FSK output signal in Table -1.
6. Set the output of signal generator to TTL level and the frequency of 200 Hz and
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then connect the output to the digital signal input (l/P). Using the oscilloscope,
observe and record the input, LM566 output (pin 3), and FSK output signals in
Table -2.
7. Change the output frequency of signal generator to 5 kHz and repeat step 6.
Table-1
Input
LM566(pin 3) Output Waveform
FSK Output Waveform
Signal
0V
5V
Table-2
Input
Ferquency
200Hz
5kHz
0V
5V
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment -14
Title: Performing a Frequency-Shift Keying Detector using Phase Locked Loop
(FSK Demodulator)
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94003
3 - Oscilloscope
Procedure:
FSK Demodulator Circuit
1. Locate the FSK Demodulator circuit on Module KL-94003. Connect the vertical
input of oscilloscope to VCO output (T1). Observe the free-running frequency of
LM 565 and Adjust VR1 to obtain a frequency of 1170 Hz.
2. Connect a 1070Hz, 2Vp-p sine wave to the input terminal (l/P). Set oscilloscope
vertical input to DC range and observe the output waveform and record the result
in Table-1.
3. Change the input frequency to 1270Hz and repeat step 2.
4. Complete the FSK Modulator circuit on Module KL-94003. Apply a 150Hz TTL
square wave to the input of FSK modulator.
5. Connect the output of FSK modulator to the input of FSK demodulator. Using the
oscilloscope, observe and record the demodulated output waveform in Table-2. If
the demodulated signal is not obtained, check the input FSK frequencies 1070 Hz
and 1270Hz.
6. Change the input frequency of FSK modulator to 200Hz. Set oscilloscope vertical
input to DC range and observe the output waveform and record the result in Table-2.
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Table -1
(Vm =2Vp-p)
Input
Input Waveform
Output Waveform
FSK Modulator
FSK Demodulator
FSK Demodulator
Input Frequency
Input Waveform
Output Waveform
Frequency
1070 Hz
1270 Hz
Table -2
150 Hz
200 Hz
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment-15
Title: To Implement an Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Modulator
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94005
3 - Oscilloscope
Procedure:
Fig-1 ASK Modulator
1. Locate the ASK modulator circuit shown in Fig-1 on the KL-94005 module.
2. Connect a 500 KHz, 4Vp-p sine wave to the VC Carrier in terminal.
3. Connect a 20 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to the VD Signal in terminal.
4. Turn the VR1 fully CW to obtain a maximum amplitude of ASK modulated signal
on VT out. Measure and record the ASK signal waveform in Table-1.
5. Turn the VR1 fully CCW to obtain a minimum amplitude of ASK modulated signal
on the VT out. Measure and record the ASK signal waveform in Table-1.
6. Connect a 1 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to the VD Signal in terminal.
7. Repeat steps 4 and 5.
8. Connect a 10 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to the VD Signal in terminal
9. Repeat steps 4 and 5.
10. Connect a 50 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to the VD Signal in terminal.
11. Repeat steps 4 and 5.
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Table-1
ASK modulator (VC Carrier in = 500 kHz, 4V p-p)
VD Signal
(TTL level)
VT out Waveform
(VR1 fully CW)
VT out Waveform
(VR1 fully CCW)
20kHz
1kHz
10kHz
50Khz
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment 16
Title: To Implement Non-coherent ASK Demodulator
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94005
3 - Oscilloscope
Procedure:
Fig-1 Noncoherent ASK Demodulator Circuit
1. Complete the noncoherent ASK demodulator shown in Figure-1 by placing the
jumpers in positions 2, 6, and 8.
2. Connect a 500 KHz, 4Vpp sine wave to VC Carrier in terminal.
3. Connect a 20 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to VD Signal in terminal.
4. Turn VR1 fully CW to set maximum amplitude on VT out terminal. Measure and
record the waveforms on terminals VT out, VE out, VLP out, and Vo out in Table1.
5. Connect a 1 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to VD Signal in terminal.
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6. Repeat step 4.
7. Connect a 10 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to VD Signal in terminal.
8. Repeat step 4.
9. Connect a 50 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to VD Signal in terminal.
10. Repeat step 4.
11. Compare the waveforms on VD Signal in and Vo out terminals and write down
your comment.
Table-1
Non-coherent ASK demodulator (VC Carrier in = 500 kHz, 4V p-p)
VD Signal in
VT out
VE out
VLP out
(TTL level)
Waveform
Waveform
Waveform
Vo out
Waveform
20kHz
1kHz
10kHz
50Khz
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment -17
Title: To Implement Coherent ASK Demodulator
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94004
3 - Module KL-94005
4 - Oscilloscope
Procedure:
Fig-1 Coherent ASK Demodulator Circuit
1. Complete the coherent ASK demodulator shown in Figure -1 by placing the
jumpers in positions 1, 3, 4,7,8,9, 10, and 11.
2. Connect a 500 KHz, 4Vpp sine wave to VC Carrier in terminal.
3. Connect a 20 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to VD Signal in terminal.
4. Turn VR 1 fully CW to obtain the maximum amplitude on VT out terminal. The VT
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out waveform is an ASK modulated wave.
5. Turn VR4 to make the VCO OUT signal frequency equal to the carrier frequency
500 KHz.
6. Turn VR5 to make the signals on VLO out and VT out in phase.
7. Turn VR2 to obtain maximum signal amplitude on Vx out.
8. Turn VR3 to obtain a 5Vpp signal on VLP out.
9. Measure and record the signal waveforms on terminals VT out, Vx out, VSO in,
VLP out, and Vo out in Table 18-4.
10. Connect a 1 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to VD Signal in terminal.
11. Repeat steps 6 through 9.
12. Connect a 10 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to VD Signal in terminal.
13. Repeat steps 6 through 9.
14. Connect a 50 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to VD Signal in terminal.
15. Repeat steps 6 through 9.
16. Compare the waveforms on Vo out and VD Signal in terminals and write down
your comment.
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Electrical Engineering
Table-1
Coherent ASK Modulator
(VC Carrier in = 500 kHz, 4V p-p)
VD Signal
in
(TTL Level)
VT out
Waveform
Vx out
Waveform
VSO out
Waveform
VLP out
Waveform
Vo out
Waveform
20kHz
1kHz
10KHz
50Khz
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment -18
Title: To Implement PSK/QPSK Modulator
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94006
3 – Oscilloscope
Procedure:
A. 2fc Measurement (KL-94006)
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Fig-6 KL-94006 Module
1. Connect a 500Hz, TTL-Level digital signal to Digital DATA IN.
2. Connect scope CH1 IN to TP12 and CH2 IN to TP13. Measure and record the
waveforms and frequencies in Table-1.
Compare the phase difference between these two waveforms.
3. Connect scope CH1 IN to TP15. Measure and record the waveform and frequency
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Electrical Engineering
in Table-1. The frequency should be twice the carrier frequency, 2fc.
B. Sync Cycle Measurement
4. Measure and record the waveforms and frequencies on the test points listed in
Table-2.
C. Control Shift Register Measurement
5. Connect scope CH1 IN to TP10 and CH2 IN to TP11. Measure and record the
waveforms and frequencies in Table-3.
6. Repeat step 5 for digital signal frequencies 100Hz and 1 KHz to Digital DATA IN.
7. Recover the digital signal frequency to 500Hz.
D. PSKlQPSK modulated Signal Measurement
8. Connect scope CH1 IN to PSK/QPSK OUT. Measure and record the waveform
with the various TIME/DIV settings in Table -4.
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Table-1
2fc Measurement (KL-94006)
Test Point
Waveform & Frequency
TP12
(CH1)
TP13
(CH2)
TP15
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Table-2
Sync cycle Measurement
Test Point
Waveform & Frequency
TP15
TP16
TP8
TP17
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Table-3
Shift Register Measurement
Digital DATA
IN
Frequency
CH1 = TP10
Electrical Engineering
Test Point
CH2 = TP11
500Hz
100Hz
1kHz
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Electrical Engineering
Table-4 PSK/QPSK modulated signal measurement
Test Point
PSK/QPSK OUT
2.5ms
1ms
500µs
250µs
100µs
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Electrical Engineering
Experiment -19
Title: To Implement PSK/QPSK Demodulator
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94007
3 – Oscilloscope
Procedure:
A. Sync Cycle Detector Measurement (KL-94007 module)
1. Connect a 500Hz, TTL-Level square wave to the Digital DATA IN terminal.
2. Set DC voltage on TP4 to the values listed in Table -1. Using the scope, measure
and record the waveforms and frequencies on TP5, TP6, TP7, and TP13 for each
de setting value in Table -1.
3. Set DC voltage on TP4 to -5V.
B. Full-wave Rectifier Measurement
4. Connect TTL-level square wave with the frequencies, listed in Table -2, to Digital
DATA IN terminal. Using the scope, measure and record the waveforms and
frequencies on TP2, TP3, and TP9 for each input frequency in Table -2.
5. Connect a 500Hz, TTL-level square wave to the Digital DATA IN terminal.
C. 32fc, 4fc and 2fc Measurement
6. Measure the frequency on TP11 to obtain a frequency equal to 32fc by adjusting
the VR3. Measure and record the waveforms and frequencies on TP11, TP8, and
TP12 in Table -3.
D. Shift Register Measurement
7. Measure and record the waveforms and frequencies on TP7, TP12, TP14, U7 Q2,
and U7 Q3 in Table-4.
E. Demodulator Output Measurement
8. Measure and record the waveforms and frequencies on DATA OUT and RX ClK
OUT in Table -5.
9. Repeat step 8 for the Digital DATA IN frequencies of 100Hz and 1KHz.
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Fig- KL-94007 Module
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Table-1
Sync cycle detector measurement (KL-94007)
TP4 DC
Voltage
Test Point
TP5
TP6
TP7
TP13
-5Vdc
-3Vdc
-1Vdc
0Vdc
+3Vdc
Table-2
Full Wave rectifier measurement
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DC DATA IN
Frequency
(KL-94006)
Electrical Engineering
Test Point
TP2
TP3
TP9
500Hz
100Hz
1Khz
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Table-3
3fc, 4fc and 2fc measurement
Test
Point
Waveform & Frequency
TP11
(32fc)
TP8
(2fc)
TP12
(4fc)
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Table-4
Shift register measurement
Test
Point
Waveform & Frequency
TP12
TP7
TP14
U7 Q2
U7 Q3
Table-5
Demodulator Output Measurement
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Digital DATA IN
Frequency
(KL-94006)
Electrical Engineering
Test Point
DATA OUT
RX CLK OUT
500Hz
100Hz
1kHZ
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