Campbell’s
Pathophysiology Notes
Campbell’s
Pathophysiology Notes
John Campbell
RN (Adult) RN (Mental Health) Dip.N BSc MSc Cert Ed. CNT NT
Senior Lecturer in Nursing Studies, St. Martin’s College, Carlisle Campus.
CARLISLE
© 2006 Lorimer Publications
First published in 2006 by Lorimer Publications
St. Martin’s College,
Fusehill Street,
Carlisle,
Cumbria,
England,
CA1 2HH
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the
UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the
publisher.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-9553797-0-3
Further copies of this publication can be ordered from:
orders@campbellteaching.co.uk
Further lesson notes may be downloaded from:
www.campbellteaching.co.uk
Contents
Acknowledgements
vii
Introduction to Campbell’s Pathophysiology Notes
ix
CHAPTER
1
Nature and Aetiology of Disease
CHAPTER
2
Neoplasia
17
CHAPTER
3
Infectious Disease
41
CHAPTER
4
Disorders of Immunity
55
CHAPTER
5
Disorders of Arteries
73
CHAPTER
6
Disorders of Veins
93
CHAPTER
7
Shock
107
CHAPTER
8
Haemorrhage
127
CHAPTER
9
Cardiac Disorders
137
CHAPTER 10
Hypertension
161
CHAPTER 11
Respiratory Disorders
173
CHAPTER 12
Hypoxia
201
v
1
CHAPTER 13
Nervous System Disorders
221
CHAPTER 14
Endocrine Disorders
255
CHAPTER 15
Diabetes Mellitus
263
CHAPTER 16
Disorders of Blood
281
CHAPTER 17
Gastrointestinal Disorders
305
CHAPTER 18
Disorders of the Liver
329
CHAPTER 19
Disorders of the Gall Bladder
and Bile Ducts
345
CHAPTER 20
Disorders of the Pancreas
351
CHAPTER 21
Genitourinary Disorders
359
CHAPTER 22
Renal Disorders
379
CHAPTER 23
Alterations of Body Temperature
403
CHAPTER 24
Wounds and Healing
419
CHAPTER 25
Fractures
437
CHAPTER 26
Burns
447
CHAPTER 27
Pain
457
Final Thoughts
479
Index
481
vi
Acknowledgements
This book would not have been possible without the technical support I have
generously received from Jonathan Forsyth and Ed Knapper. They have been
responsible for the organisation of the diagrams and text.
I am also very grateful to my proof readers, they have read the text several
times to iron out my many errors in the original writing. These people include
Caroline Dixon, Lindsay Eplett, Anita Beattie, Erica Dunne, Christine
Campbell, Ed Knapper, Barbara Bishop, Jane Bowe.
I have also enjoyed ongoing support and encouragement from my long term
friends and colleagues Cath Boyes, Jean Longrigg, John Houghton and Stephanie
Tobin.
My family, Christine, James and Timothy have been central to all of my
writing and I realise it has meant there were often times when I was not there.
vii
viii
Introduction
Physiology is vital to give us an understanding of the normal functioning of the
body. This knowledge can help us to maintain health in the people we live and
work with. Sometimes however, as a result of trauma, disease or degeneration,
the body fails to function normally. This means that, by definition, the function
has become abnormal. Abnormal body function is termed pathophysiology.
An understanding of normal and abnormal body function is necessary if we are
to understand what treatments are indicated in a particular situation. This
means physiology, pathophysiology and patient management all interlink.
Theory will then inform, and provide rationales for interventions. The focus of
this text is abnormal function, but this must be considered in the context of
physiology and clinical practice. If we understand this linking and
interdependence, we can use our knowledge of theory and practice to directly
benefit patient care.
This book is intended to be a teaching aid for people who want to understand
the causes, pathophysiological changes and clinical features seen in disease
processes. Treatment principles are also discussed and should naturally follow
on from an understanding of the abnormal processes involved. The topics I
have chosen for inclusion in the text are generally those which are most common,
or illustrate general principles of pathophysiology. My hope is that this book
will allow you to understand what is happening to your patients more fully,
and that this knowledge will inform practise. Also I hope it will give you the
necessary basic understanding required to comprehend the more detailed texts
you will need to gain knowledge about the specific disorders you encounter.
ix
x