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BIOLOGY 2290
Pathophysiology I (Health Sciences III )
May 2010
Instructor : Dr. Paul S. Sunga, Rm A359a, 323-5251, psunga@langara.bc.ca
Introduction
This course is designed to provide students with insights into the processes of human disease. The
prerequisites are Human Anatomy and Physiology I and II (Biology 1190 and 1191). Pathophysiology I is
devoted to general pathophysiology and focuses on cellular themes beginning with the concepts of
tolerance, stress and compensation. This is followed by forms of cellular adaptations, cellular injuries,
then principles of pharmacology, neoplasia, inflammation and immunity, inherited conditions. The
systems approach commences with diseases of the cardiovascular system and blood. The remaining
systems are covered in the sequel course, Biology 2291. Infectious Diseases is introduced in a tutorial
and seminar. In total the course is six hours per week, four of which are devoted to lecture and two of
which are tutorials and seminars.
Objectives
The overall objectives of the course are for students to be able to
- analyze the principle means that have led to biological theories of disease, including
laboratory, epidemiological and clinical observations
- communicate the principle concepts that constitute the biological understanding of disease
cause and manifestations
- distinguish physiological adaptations and homeostatic processes from the alterations
associated with disease processes
- understand and participate in scientific approaches to understanding disease and therapy
- acquire an attitude of inquiry concerning the scientific bases of disease and treatments
- communicate the links between concepts of disease causation, prevention and treatment
- identify most major human disorders and their causes
- communicate the major principles of infectious disease principles, treatment and prevention
Textbook
Porth C., Matfin G., Pathophysiology: Concepts of the Altered Health States, 8th Ed., 2008
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Inf. Disease Tutorial/Seminar
25
25
25
25
Marking and Grading Scheme
end of May
end of June
August
Seminar (15%) + Test 4 (10% )
COURSE OUTLINE Biology 2290
1
Lecture Topics
Hrs
Seminar/tutorial
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-
Week
1.May 10-14
Introduction, Concepts and Definitions
Basic concepts and definitions
Intro to epidemiological concepts
Understanding rational therapy
Basic Principles of Drug Therapy: Intro
2
2.May 17-21
Basic Principles of Drug Therapy:
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
4
Intro to Infectious
Diseases
Cellular Pathophysiology : Basic cellular
mechanisms
4
Bacteria
Cellular Adaptation, Cell Injury and Cell Death
TEST 1
4
Survey of bacterial
infections
Student seminars
4
Survey of bacterial
infections
Student seminars
3.May 25-28
May 24
Vict. Day
4. May 31 –
June 4
5. June 7-11
Abnormalities of Growth and Differentiation
Neoplasia
6. June 14 -18
Neoplasis Con’t’d
7. June 21-25
Viruses
Student seminars
4
Survey of viral
diseases
Student seminars
Genetic and Inherited Disorders
8. June 28
- July 2
July 1Can. Day
Genetic and Inherited Disorders
TEST 2
9. July 5-9
Systems of Defence:
Inflammation and repair
Immune response review
10. July 12- 16
3
4
Student seminars
Student seminars
Abnormalities of the Immune Response
2
4
Student seminars
Lecture Topics
Cardiovascular Abnormalities:
The Heart
Hrs
4
Seminar/tutorial
Student seminars
TEST 4
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Week
11. July 19-23
12. July 26 -30
Disorders of Systemic Circulation
Blood Disorders
4
13. Aug 3-6
Review
TEST 3
4
3
Student seminars
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BIOLOGY 2290 – General Pathophysiology
Course Outline in Detail
PART I INTRODUCTION
Brief history of the study of health and disease.
Scientific medicine in perspective
Definitions in Pathology and epidemiology
Pathology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, prevalence, incidence and more
Stress, Tolerance and Disease
Homeostasis and Adaptation
Physiological Tolerance
Understanding therapeutics
The Era of Pharmaceuticals
PART II PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY
Phases of Drug Action
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Pharmacodynamics
Concentration - Response Relationship
Cellular Signalling and Receptors
Factors influencing Drug Responses
PART III CELLULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
a) Cellular Physiology
Cells Functions and Disease Processes ( Pathophysiologist’s tour through the cell)
Cell Cycle
Cellular Differentiation
b) Cellular Adaptations
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Hyperplasia
c) Cellular Injury
Mechanisms of Cellular Injury
Accumulations
Intoxication
Role of Free Radicals
Hypoxia
Ischemia
Thrombosis
Embolism
Infarction
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Classes of Injury
Cellular Swelling
Fatty accumulations
Non-fatty accumulations
Glycogen Deposition
Pigments
Calcification
Hyaline
Necrosis
Coagulative Necrosis
Colliquative Necrosis
Other Types of Necrosis
Wet gangrene
Dry gangrene
Gas gangrene
d) Abnormalities of Cell Growth and Differentiation
Dysplasia
Neoplasia
Classes of Neoplasms
Benign Neoplasms
Malignant Neoplasms
Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
Genetic Factors
Genetic Instability
Oncogenes
Environmental Carcinogens
Tumour Growth
Staging of Neoplasms
Metastasis
Approaches to Cancer Therapy
e) Developmental and Inherited Disorders
Developmental Anomalies
Teratology
Morphogenetic Errors
Genetic Disorders
Single gene disorders
Autosomal Dominant patterns of transmission
AutosomalRrecessive patterns
X-linked Inheritance
Biochemical Significance of Single Gene Disorders
Metabolic
Cell membrane components
Circulating proteins
Collagen disorders
Polygenic disorders
Chromosomal Anomalies
Classes
Numerical
5
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Structural
Sex Chromosome
PART IV - SYSTEMS OF DEFENCE
Inflammation and Repair
Inflammatory Response
Acute Inflammation
Vascular Phase
Cellular Phase
Mediators of Inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
Local and Systemic Effects
Resolution and Repair
Simple Resolution
Regeneration
Repair by Scar
Healing by First Intention
Healing by Second Intention
Abnormal Healing
Immune System
Review of the Immune System
Components of the Immune System
Lymph Nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Other Lymphoid Tissue
Immune Cells
B cells
T cells
MHC
Killer Cells
Helper Cells
Suppressor Cells
Granulocytes
The Immune Response
Cell-mediated
Humoral
Primary and Secondary Response
Complement Activation
Active and Passive Immunity
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Hypersensitivy and Autoimmune Reactions
Hypersensitivity
Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Eczema
Type II: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
Hemolytic Reactions
Other Cell Destruction
Type III: Immune Complex Disease
Serum Sickness
Arthus Reaction
Type IV: Cell Mediated Hypersensitivity
Delayed Hypersensitivity
Granulomatous Hypersensitivity Response
Contact Dermatitis
Immune Deficiency
Primary (Congenital) Immune Deficiency
Stem Cell Deficiency
Antibody Deficiency
Cell-mediated Immune Deficiency
Secondary (Acquired) Immune Deficiency
Multifactorial Secondary Immune Deficiency
HIV/AIDS
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Current Interventions
PART V CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
a) Cardiac Disorders
Abnormalities of Conduction
Electrocardiogram
Normal Conduction
Dysrhythmias
Impaired Pumping Ability
Congestive Heart Failure
Pathophysiology
Classification
Left Heart Failure
Right Heart Failure
Cardiogenic Shock
Cardiomyopathy
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Myocarditis
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Cardiac Ischemia and Myocardial Infarction
Risk Factors
Pathogenesis of CAD
Myocardial Ischemia and Angina Pectoris
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Myocardial Infarction
Pathophysiology
Manifestations
Complications
Valvular Disease
Rheumatic Fever
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Regurgitation
Infective Endocarditis
Pericarditis
Acute Pericarditis
Chronic Pericarditis
Congenital Heart Disease
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Atrial Septal Defects
Ventricular Septal Defects
Tetralogy of Fallot
b) Disorders of the Systemic Circulation
Alteration in Arterial Flow
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Aneurysms
Alteration in Venous Flow
Obstructive Disease of Veins
Thrombophlebitis
Venous Insufficiency and Stasis
Varicose Veins
c) Blood Pressure Abnormalities
Hypertension
Etiology and Classifications
Essential Hhypertension
Hypertension in Pregnancy
Secondary Hypertension
Malignant Hypertension
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PART VI HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM
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a) Erythrocyte Disorders
Red Blood Cell Cycle
Anemias
Thalassemias
Polycythemia
b) Leukocyte and Lymphoid Tissue Disorders
Leukocyte Generation and Differentiation
Leukocyte Classes and Characteristics
Non-malignant Disorders
Alterations of Quantities of Leukocytes
Monocyte Abnormalities
Lymphocyte Abnormalities
Malignancies
Malignant Lymphomas
Classes
Leukemia
Classes
Manifestations
Progression
c) Disorders of Coagulation
Hemostasis
Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
Clot Lysis
Deficiencies in Blood Coagulation
Hemophilia
Vitamin K Deficiency
Liver Disease
Platelet Disorders
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytosis
Hypercoagulation
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- SEMINARS / TUTORIALS INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Host/Parasite Relationships
Epidemiology of infectious diseases
Bacteria
Prokaryote biology
Infectious cocci
Infectious gram positive bacilli
Infectious gram negative bacilli
Other medically important bacteria
Viruses
Virus biology
DNA viruses
RNA viruses
Infectious Disease Control and Therapeutics
Infection control
Antibacterial drugs
Antiviral drugs
10