Chapter 10
Bacteria and Viruses
Table of Contents
Section 1 Bacteria and Archaea
Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World
Section 3 Viruses
Chapter 10
Section 1 Bacteria and Archaea
Objectives
• Describe the characteristics of prokaryotes.
• Explain how prokaryotes reproduce.
• Relate the characteristics of archaea.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 10
Section 1 Bacteria and Archaea
Characteristics of Bacteria and Archaea
• Two domains --Bacteria and Archaea
consist of the oldest forms of life on Earth.
•Shape of Bacteria
•Bacilli -- rod shaped.
•Cocci -- spherical.
•Spirilla -- long and spiral shaped.
Chapter 10
Section 1 Bacteria and Archaea
Chapter 10
Section 1 Bacteria and Archaea
Characteristics of Bacteria and Archaea
• prokaryote-- No Nucleus! single-celled organisms
•Reproduction by binary fission, one cell splits into
two single-cells
ƒHetero and autotrophic forms
•Endospores protective coat that forms in poor
environmental conditions.
How big are they?
Chapter 10
Section 1 Bacteria and Archaea
• Flagella—whip like structures
that aid in movement
Chapter 10
Section 1 Bacteria and Archaea
Comparing Cell Division in Prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Section 1 Bacteria and Archaea
Chapter 10
The Domain Archaea
• The three main types of archaea are heat
lovers, salt lovers, and methane makers.
• Archaebacteria live in harsh environments
Chapter 10
Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World
Objectives
• Explain how life on Earth depends on bacteria.
• List three ways bacteria are useful to people.
• Describe two ways in which bacteria can be
harmful to people.
Chapter 10 Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World
Good for the Environment
•Decomposer bacteria break down dead plant and animal
matter, which makes nutrients
•Nitrogen Fixation bacteria take in nitrogen from the air and
change it so that plants can use.
Chapter 10
Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World
Good for the Environment, continued
• Cleaning Up Using microorganisms, such as
bacteria, to change harmful chemicals into harmless
ones is called biomediation. Biomediation can be
used to clean up hazardous waste and oil spills.
Chapter 10
Section 2 Bacteria’s Role in the World
Good for People
• Bacteria in Your Food cheese, yogurt, and
sour cream, are made with the help of bacteria.
•Bacteria such as E. coli help digest food, and
supply vitamins
Chapter 10 Section 2
Harmful Bacteria
Bacteria’s Role in the World
• Pathogenic bacteria cause disease by taking
nutrients from the host’s cells and releasing toxins.
• tissues—tooth decay, food poisoning, Strep
Throat
ƒAntibiotics are widely used to kill bacterial
infections—penicillin
Chapter 10
Section 3 Viruses
Objectives
• Explain how viruses are similar to and different
from living things.
• List the four major virus shapes.
• Describe the two kinds of viral reproduction.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Virus
Virus ) - a non-cellular particle made up of genetic
material and protein that can invade living cells.
*** Viruses cannot carry out any life processes unless they
are within a living host cell.
Hidden or active ) ) ) )
vaccine - a weakened virus introduced into a body to
induce immunity to a virus.
Viral Diseases - smallpox, polio, measles, HIV (AIDS),
mumps, influenza, yellow fever, rabies, and
common colds.
Chapter 10
Section 3 Viruses
Chapter 10
Section 3 Viruses
A Destructive House Guest
• Viruses attack living cells and turn them into virus
factories. Viruses reproduce using the lytic cycle.
• A Time Bomb Some viruses put their genes into
a host cell, but new viruses are not made right away.
New cells get copies of the virus’s genes when the
host cell divides. The genes stay inactive for a long
time before they make copies of the virus.
Chapter 10
Section 3 Viruses
Chapter 10
Section 3 Viruses
Lytic Cycle
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter 10
Section 3 Viruses
A Destructive House Guest, continued
• Treating a Virus Antibiotics do not kill viruses, but
scientists have recently developed antiviral medications
that stop viruses from reproducing.
• Because many viral diseases do not have cures, it is
best to prevent a viral infection from happening in the
first place. Vaccinations give your immune system a
head start in fighting off viruses.
Chapter 10
Bacteria and Viruses
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on
the next slide.
Bacteria
Archaea
decomposers
prokaryotes
nucleus
consumers
producers
Bacteria and Viruses
Chapter 10
Bacteria and Viruses
ƒ http://wwwbiology.ucsd.edu/classes/bimm124.WI04.brown/bacteria_and_bin
ary_fission-hi_res.mov
ƒ http://webmac.rowland.org/labs/bacteria/movies/spirillum_volutans
.mov
ƒ http://www.molbio.princeton.edu/courses/mb427/1999/projects/99
10/bacteria.mov
ƒ http://leavingbio.net/VIRUSES%20WEBPAGE.htm
ƒ http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~efy1h2
a/hiv.mov
End of Chapter 10 Show
Chapter 11
Protists and Fungi
Table of Contents
Section 1 Protists
Section 2 Kinds of Protists
Section 3 Fungi
Chapter 11
Section 1 Protists
Objectives
• Describe the characteristics of protists.
• Describe four ways that protists get food.
• Describe three ways that protists reproduce.
Section 1 Protists
Chapter 11
Kingdom Protista
General Characteristics
The “Junk Drawer Kingdom
General Characteristics of a protist
• Eukaryotic
• mainly single-celled
• Heterotrophic and Autotrophic
• Can be Parasitic•Planmodium vivaxÆ causes malaria
•Giardia lamblia-• Can be Mutualistic
•Zooflagellates digest wood in the gut termites
• Reproduces
• Asexually=Binary Fission
• Sexual Reproduction=Conjugation
• Members include
– Algae
– Plankton
– Paramecium
– Euglena
Chapter 11
Section 1 Protists
Protists and Food, continued
•. A parasite invades another organism to get the
nutrients it needs. The organism that a parasite invades is
called a host.
•Phytoplankton are the microscopic algae that float near the
surface of marine or fresh water.
Chapter 11
Section 1 Protists
Chapter 11
Section 2 Kinds of Protists
Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued
• Zooflagellates
Flagellates are protists
that wave flagella back
and forth to move. Some
flagellates live in water.
Others live in the bodies
of other organisms.
)
Stentor
)
Vorticella
)
)
Chapter 11
Section 2 Kinds of Protists
Movement of an Amoeba
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
)
•
http://www.wolfbat359.com/phagocytosis2.mov
• http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Chloro
phyta/
Chapter 11
Section 2 Kinds of Protists
Heterotrophs That Can Move, continued
• Ciliates Ciliates are complex protists. They have
hundreds of tiny, hairlike structures known as
cilia. Ciliates use their cilia for movement and also for
feeding. The best-known genus of ciliates is
Paramecium.
Chapter 11
Section 2 Kinds of Protists
Chapter 11
Section 2 Kinds of Protists
Heterotrophs That Can’t Move, continued
• Water Molds live in water, moist soil, or other
organisms. Some of them are decomposers and thus eat
dead matter. But many are parasites.
• Slime Molds can move only at certain phases of their
life cycle. Live in cool, moist places in the woods. They
use pseudipodia to move around. But when
environmental conditions are stressful, they form spores
that cannot move.
Chapter 11
Section 3 Fungi
Objectives
• Describe the characteristics of fungi.
• Distinguish between the four main groups of fungi.
• Explain how lichens affect their environment.
Section 3 Fungi
Chapter 11
Characteristics of Fungi
•eukaryotic
•heterotrophs
• rigid cell walls
•no chlorophyll.
•Reproduction in fungi may be either
•asexual –fragmenting or spores
•Sexual--
•
benefits from fungi
Decomposer
Food-mushrooms, yeast, Penicillin , Help plants grow
4 Classes Fungi.
1. Threadlike Fungi—bread mold
2. Sac Fungi—Morels-spores in sacs
3. Club—Puffballs-spores produced in clubs
4. Imperfect Fungi—Penicillium-no sexual
reproduction
Section 3 Fungi
Chapter 11
Characteristics of Fungi, continued
• Hidden from View
Multicellular fungi are
made up of chains of cells
called hyphae. Most of the
hyphae grow together
form an underground mass
called the mycelium,
which makes up the major
part of the fungus.
Chapter 11
Section 3 Fungi
Characteristics of Fungi, continued
• Making More Fungi Reproduction in fungi may be either asexual or sexual.
• In one type of asexual reproduction, the hyphae break apart, and each new piece becomes a new fungus.
•Kinds of Fungi
• Fungi are classified based on their shape and the way that they reproduce.
• Threadlike Fungi Most threadlike fungi live in the soil and are decomposers. However, some
threadlike fungi are parasites. Molds are a threadlike fungi.
• Threadlike fungi can reproduce asexually or sexually.
• Sac Fungi are the largest group of fungi. Sac fungi include yeasts, powdery mildews, truffles, and
morels.
• Sac fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexually during their life cycles. Most of the time, they use
asexual reproduction.
• Club Fungi Mushrooms belong to a group of fungi called club fungi. Club fungi reproduce sexually.
During reproduction, they grow special hyphae that form clublike structures.
• Nonmushroom Club Fungi Mushrooms are not the only club fungi. Bracket fungi, puff-balls, smuts,
and rusts are also club fungi.
• Imperfect Fungi The imperfect fungi group includes all of the species of fungi that do not quite fit in
the other groups. These fungi do not reproduce sexually.
• Most imperfect fungi are parasites that cause diseases in plants and animals. But some imperfect fungi,
such as Penicillium, are useful.
Chapter 11
Section 3 Fungi
Types of Fungi
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
You may stop the video at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter 11
Section 3 Fungi
Lichens
• A lichen is a combination of a fungus and an alga that
grow together. The alga actually lives inside the protective
walls of the fungus.
• Unlike fungi, lichens are producers. The algae produce
food through photosynthesis. And unlike algae, the fungi
keeps the lichen from drying out. Lichens are found in
almost every land environment.
•
http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/Video/bread.mov
•
http://www.microbiologybytes.com/video/Scerevisiae.html
•
•
•
http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/Video/index.html
http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/Video/index.html
http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit2/fungi/images/
•
•
•
http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit2/fungi/images/
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/fungi.html
http://www.resnet.wm.edu/~mcmath/bio205/
• http://www.marietta.edu/~spilatrs/biol202/budding_y
east.mov
End of Chapter 11 Show