7. Rise of Europe 500-1300 A.D.
• 7.1 Early Middle Ages
• 7.2 Feudalism and the Manorial System
• 7.3 The Medieval Church
• 7.4 Economic Recovery Sparks Change
• Byzantine Empire
7.1 The Early Middle Ages
• Describe Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire
• Describe how Germanic tribes carved Europe into small kingdoms
• Explain how Charlemagne briefly reunited much of Western Europe
into small Kingdoms, and what happened to his empire after his
death
Western Europe in Decline
• King Clovis
• Warrior king of the Franks
converted to Christianity
• Established one of the Kingdoms
that took the place of the Empire
Middle Ages
• After the c0llapes of Rome Europe
entered into a period of Social,
Political and Economical decline
• Cut off from the Middle East, China
and India
• Regional Trade decreased
• Populations declined
• Medieval Civilization or Latin for
Middle ages
Checkpoint
• Cut off from the Middle East, China
and India
• Describe Western Europe After the
collapse of the Roman Empire
• Regional Trade decreased
• Populations declined
The Rise of the Germanic Kingdoms
• Tribes that conquered the Romans
• Goths
• Vandals
• Saxons
• Franks
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Different Culture than Rome
Mostly farmers and herders
No written laws
Lived in small communities
Governed by unwritten customs
The Franks Extend Power
• 486 Clovis, king of the Franks,
conquered Gaul (France)
• Ruled according to Frankish
Custom but preserved Roman
Customs
• Converted to Christianity because
it was the Religion of the people
he conquered
A Muslim Empire Threatens Europe
• Islam began to spread across the
Mediterranean
• Began in Arabia in 600 AD
• Islamic armies fought Charles
Martel at the battle of Tours and
Christians were victorious
• Victory was a sign from God
Checkpoint
• How did Germanic tribes govern
their kingdoms?
• No written laws
• Lived in small communities
• Governed by unwritten customs
The Age of Charlemagne
• Grandson of Martel became the
king of the Franks
• Named Charles later became
Charlemagne ( Charles the Great)
• Fought Muslims, Saxons, Slavs,
and Lombard's
• Would reunite much of the former
Roman Empire
A New Emperor of the Romans
• 799 Pope Leo III asked
Charlemagne for help against
rebellions nobles in Rome
• Charlemagne sent soldiers to
Rome to arrest the opponents of
Leo
• On Christmas day 800 AD Pope
Leo III crowned Charlemagne
Emperor of the Romans
• This deepened the split between
West and East
Creating a Unified Christian Empire
• Charlemagne tried to unite Europe using Christianity
• He worked with the Church and he also conquered out lying areas
on the fringe of his empire converting Saxons and Slavs
• Appointed Powerful nobles to be provincial Rulers
• To Control the Rulers he sent out officials called the
• The
were charged with administrating laws
A Revival of Learning
• Used education to unite his
kingdom
• He himself could not read or write
but recognized the importance of
record keeping
• Revived teaching of Latin
• Encouraged the creation of local
schools
• Looked to revive the glory of
Rome
Europe After Charlemagne
• Charlemagne died in 814 AD
• Upon his death his son Louis took
the throne
• After a battle for power it was
decided that the kingdom would
be split three ways at the Treaty of
Verdun between Charlemagne's
heirs
New Invaders
• Charlemagne’s heirs faced new
dangers
• Muslim forces pushed north
from Spain and would conquer
Sicily
• About 900 AD the Magyars
settled in present day Hungary
they overran eastern Europe
• Magyars plundered much of
eastern Europe but were
pushed back to Hungary about
950 AD
Raiders from the North
• A sea faring people came out of
Scandinavia to break apart
Charlemagne's empire
• Viking’s were farmers out of Sweden
and Denmark
• Invaded and would burn
communities and plunder
• They were expert sailors and
explored much of the
Mediterranean and the North
Atlantic
• Were one of the first to set up
colonies in North America
Checkpoint
• Muslim forces pushed north from
Spain and would conquer Sicily
• Describe the invasions of Europe
that took place after Charlemagne
• About 900 AD the Magyars settled
in present day Hungary they
overran eastern Europe plundered
much of eastern
• Viking’s were farmers out of
Sweden and Denmark they
invaded and would burn
communities and plunder
Feudalism and the Manor Economy
• Explain how feudalism shaped medieval society
• Describe life of knights and nobles
• Analyze how the economic system of the manor worked and how it
affected peasants and nobles
Terms, People, and Places
• Feudalism
• Tournament
• Vassal
• Chivalry
• Feudal contract
• Troubadour
• Fief
• Manor
• knight
• serf
Feudalism Develops
• People needed protection from
invaders
• Kings were to weak to maintain
the law
• A de-centralized political system
emerged called Feudalism
• Feudalism: a loosely organized
system of rule which powerful
local lords divided their holdings
among lesser lords in exchange
the lesser lords or vassals
pledged there allegiance to the
greater lord
Mutual Obligations
• Feudal Contract: based on the exchange of land and loyalty and
military service
• Lords granted vassals a Fief or estate
• With the Fief the vassal would control any villages and peasants on
the land who stayed with their land for life
• The lord promised to protect the vassal and the vassal pledged his
allegiance to his lord
A Structured Society
• Kingdom
• Dukedom
• Earldom
• Lords
• Vassals
• Peasants
Checkpoint
• Lords granted vassals a Fief or
estate
• What was the relationship
between lords and vassals?
• With the Fief the vassal would
control any villages and peasants
on the land
• The lord promised to protect the
vassal and the vassal pledged his
allegiance to his lord
Knights and Warfare
• Knights: the warrior of the middle
ages
• At the age of seven a boy slated to
become a knight was sent off to
begin training
• He would begin an apprenticeship
with a knight
• He would learn to ride and fight
• Any misbehavior or laziness was
corrected by beatings
Tournaments
• Knights would engage in
mock battles for both
entertainment and for
training
• The apprentice would help
out at these battles with
equipment
• Often crowds and royals
would gather to watch the
tournaments
Castles and Defenses
• The powerful lords
fortified their homes
• The strongholds
gradually became larger
and stronger and the
castle developed
• During attacks the
peasants under the
protection of the lord
would be brought into
the castle
Defending a castle
• Battering Ram
• Moat
• Siege tower
• Stockade
• Catapult
• Rampart
• Tunneling
• Hot oil
Battering Ram
• Used to smash the
gates or walls of a
castle
Siege Tower
• Used to climb the walls of
a castle
Catapult
• Used to hurl objects over the
castle walls
Tunneling
• Attackers would tunnel under
castle walls
Nobel women: Restrictions and Power
• Women played active roles in warrior
society
• “Lady of the Manor”
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Took over duties when Lord was away
Supervised vassals
Performed medical tasks
Sometimes coordinated defense of the
castles
• Women would marry and have a
dowry including land
• Marriage included fierce negotiations
• Few learned to read
Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Daughter of the Duke of
Aquitaine
• Inherited his land upon his
death
• At fifteen married the heir to
the French throne
• Accompanied King Louis VII
on the Crusades
• Upon her divorce from Louis
she married Henry II of
England
• She and Henry had Richard
The Lion Hearted
Chivalry and Romance
• Later Middle ages a code of
conduct emerged
• Chivalry: a code of rules that
practiced by the Knight of the
time
• Included Bravery, Loyalty, and
Truth
• Warfare they had to fight fairly
• Knights protected the week
Manors support Feudalism
• Heart of the Feudal Economy was
the Manor
• The Manor was the lords estate
• The workers for the estate were
called Serfs
• The serfs were attached to the
land they were not slaves but were
note free
Lords and Peasants: Mutual Obligations
Lords
Peasants
• Obligated to protect the peasants
on their land
• Could not force a peasant off the
land
• Guaranteed food and housing to
the peasants
• Had to work several day a week on
the lord land
• Repaired anything that needed
• Paid a fee to the Lord on
inheritance
• Paid with products they produced
Self Sufficient World
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Peasants were self sufficient
Produced as much as they needed
Never ventured far from home
Lived in cottages and huts
The Medieval Church
• Explain how the church shaped Medieval Life
• Understand the monastic life and the influence of Medieval monks
and nuns
• Analyze how the power of the church grew during the Middle Ages
and how reformers worked to change the church
• Describe the Situation of the Jews in Medieval Europe
Terms, People and Places
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Sacrament
Benedictine Rule
Secular
Papal Supremacy
Cannon law
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Excommunication
Interdict
Friar
St Francis of Assisi
The Church Dominates Medieval Life
• During the early middle ages the
church worked to convert many divers
people in Europe
• Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to
Convert Anglo-Saxons in Britain
• Later Missionaries spread among
Germanic tribes
• By the late middle ages most of
Western Europe had become Christian
Role of the Parish Priest
• Parish Priest lived in villages and
would administer the Sacraments
• Sacraments: sacred rites of the
church Christians believed they
must receive to achieve salvation.
• Baptism
• Communion
• Reconciliation
• Confirmation
• Holy orders/Marriage
• Blessing of the sick
• Priest also would teach the bible
and some ran schools and aid the
sick
Importance of the Village Church
• The Church was the center
of the village
• It gave people a place to
congregate and celebrate
holy days
• Some housed relics of
saints
Rise of the Cathedral
• Bishops who
supervised the
parish’s began to
build larger churches
• These were called
Cathedrals
• They were a source of
great pride in a
community
Church Attitudes towards Women
• Doctrine taught women were
equal before God
• But on Earth women were viewed
as weak
• Church taught the Ideal woman all
women should strive to be was
Mary the mother of Jesus
Checkpoint
• What role did the Church play?
• Parish Priest lived in villages and
would administer the Sacraments
• Sacraments: sacred rites of the
church Christians believed they
must receive to achieve salvation
• Priest also would teach the bible
and some ran schools and aid the
sick
Monasteries and Convents
• Some men and women withdrew
from life and dedicated their lives
to God
• They became Monks or Nuns and
lived in either Monasteries on
Convents
Benedictine rule
• 530 Monk named Benedict created
a set of rules detailing how to live
a monastic life
• Called Benedictine Rules
• Used in Monasteries across Europe
Service and Scholarship
• Monks and nuns would
• Look after the poor
• Give food and shelter to religious travelers
• Some became missionaries
• Created religious works of art
• Kept learning alive by educating people
Opportunities for Women
• Could not become priests
• Entered convents became nuns
• Nuns
• Composed music
• Preached the gospels
• In the late middle ages, the church limited their role
• Poor Women were not accepted but could join Beguines
Church Power Grows
• The church became the most powerful secular in the medieval
Europe
• Secular: worldly force
• Medieval popes claimed they rules under papal supremacy
• Since they were directly linked to God they were thought to be
above any kings or emperors
• High Clergy were usually also nobles
• Pope held vast central land called the papal states
Religious Authority and Political Power
• Christians believed they were all sinners and destined for Hell
• To avoid Hell they would have to do good works in name of the
lord
• Church developed its own law
• Canon Law: Law of the church
• People who disobeyed the canon law could face a range of
severe penalties
• Excommunication or the act of being kicked out of the church
was the worst
• If a powerful Nobel opposed the church the pope could pass an
interdiction that excommunicates all on the nobles land
• Truce of God: said they had to stop fighting between Friday and
Sunday each week
Corruption and Reform
• Many priest lived in luxury and some even married
• Some monks and nuns ignored their vows of poverty
• Many rich Christians left their wealth to the church after they
died
• This lead to greed in the church and eventually to reform
• 1073 Pope Gregory VII wanted to limit secular influence on the
Church
• Pushed for reform that the church alone could appoint officials
New Preaching orders
• Friars, monks who were not isolated, traveled Europe preaching
gospels to the poor
• First order of Friars was the Franciscans founded by St. Francis
of Assisi
• Assisi Gave up his rich life and dedicated his life to serving God
• Another order was the Dominicans
• Dominicans were created by St. Dominic
• Fought against Heresies
Jews in Medieval Europe
• During Medieval times Jews migrated from western to eastern
Europe
• Christian often did not understand why things happened and would
blame disasters
• Jews were not part of the Parish Structure and often times did not
interact with Christians
• Jews were forbidden to own land or hold certain jobs
Checkpoint
• Christian often did not understand
why things happened and would
blame disasters
• How were Jews treated in
Medieval Europe?
• Jews were not part of the Parish
Structure and often times did not
interact with Christians
• Jews were forbidden to own land
or hold certain jobs
Economic Recovery Sparks Change
• Summarize how new technology sparked an agricultural
revolution
• Explain how the revival of trade revolutionized commerce and
led to the growth of towns
• Analyze the rise of the middle class and the role of guilds
• Describe life in Medieval towns and cities
Terms, People and Places
• Charter
• Middle class
• Capital
• Guild
• Partnership
• Apprentice
• Tenant farmer
• Journeyman
An Agricultural Revolution
• Changes by 1000 AD set the
foundation for economic
change in Europe
• Technology Improved
Farming
• Iron Plows / wooden plow
• Harness / yoke
• Horse / oxen
• Improvements led to an
increase in production of
Crops which led to an
increase in population
The Three Field System
• Farmers developed the three field
system for rotating crops
• Field 1 plant Grain
• Field 2 plant legumes
(restored fertility to soil)
• Field 3 leave un planted
Animals would graze upon
• Rotate the next year
• This gave the soil a chance to
recover
Checkpoint
• Why did agricultural production
improve?
• Better plow and harness and the
development of the three field
system
The Revival of Trade and Travel
• As population grew feudal warfare
and invasion declined
• People felts safer
• Increase use of money led to a
decrease in serfdom
• Traders started to travel across
Europe to meet the demands of
the nobles and peasants
Trade Routes Expand
Growth in Towns and Cities
• Many traded from Spring to
Autumn
• Merchant would wait out winters
in castles
• These attracted people during the
off season to settle near
• They soon developed into cities
• To set up a town merchant needed
a charter this practice was
adopted from muslims
• Charter: Written document set out
the rights and privileges of the
town
• The merchants would then pay
taxes to the King
Checkpoint
• What caused medieval towns and
cities grow?
• Increased trade, decline of
serfdom, increased use of money
Commercial Revolution
• Trade increased the need for
money
• Europeans developed new ways of
doing business
• This increased the need for capital
• Groups of merchants joined
together in partnerships
• Capital: money for investment
• Often merchants extended credit
based on capital
• They pooled their funds for larger
scale ventures
Society begins to change
• The use of money undermined the
serf system
• Lords needed money to buy fine
things
• Peasant began to sell their crops
to towns people for cash
• Then paid rent in cash instead of
crops
• This led to the tenant farmer
• Tenant farmer: farmer who paid
cash for the right to use land
Rise of the Middle class
• Rise of merchants and use of cash led to a rise of a middle class
• This disrupted the influence of the lords over land
• People were no longer dependent on the lords
• Clergy also disapproved of the middle class because they
thought banks making profits was imoral
Role of Guilds
• Associations formed by merchant and artisans to protect
their interests
• Levied taxes and passed laws
• Each guild represented specific workers from one trade
• You could only work in that trade if you were a member of a
guild
Becoming a guild member
• At seven or eight a child would become an apprentice
• They would learn the trade and assist the experienced guild
workers or guild masters
• Seven year process and no pay but did get food and shelter
• Most then became journeyman or salieried workers in the guild
Checkpoint
• Why were guilds important?
• Played a role in town governments
• Levied taxes
• Improved towns
Town and City Life
• Were centers for Ideas and trade
• Towns were often surrounded by high walls
• As cities grew people had to settle outside the walls
• Because of overcrowding they started to build multi-story
buildings
• Often dangerous and dirty
Checkpoint
• What were medieval cites like
• Overcrowded, narrow streets,
dirty, noisy, dangerous
• Centers for trade and ideas
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire
• Understand why Constantinople became known as the “New
Rome”
• Summarize the ways in which Byzantine empire flourished under
Justantinian
• Analyze how Christianity in the Byzantine empire differed from
the Christian west
• Explain why the Byzantine empire collapsed and examine the
empire’s lasting heritage.
Terms People and Places
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Constantinople
Justinian
Justinian’s code
Autocrat
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Theodora
Patriarch
Icon
Great schism
Constantinople
• Remained strong capital of the
eastern Roman Empire after the
west fell
• Sat at the Cross roads of the
Empire
• Connected the Black Sea to the
Mediterranean
• Commanded the key trade routes
lining Europe to Asia
• Was the Center of “New Rome”
and the Byzantine Empire
Checkpoint
• Why did Constantinople become a
rich and powerful city?
• Heavily fortified by walls and
water
• Controlled trade between Europe
and Asia
Byzantium Flourishes under Justinian
• Byzantine Empire reached its peek
under Justinian 527-565
• Determined to revive ancient
Rome
• Conquered North Africa and
Iberian peninsula
• Victories temporary because they
left the treasury exhausted and
after Justinian his successors
contested the lands
The Great City is Rebuilt
• 532 Riots devastated
Constantinople
• Justinian launched a program to
rebuild the city
• Rebuilt the Church of Hagia Sophia
or “Holy Wisdom”
• Claimed he surpassed King
Soloman
Justinian Code
• Set up a commission to reorganize the law to reflect Roman
code
• Corpus Juris Civilis of “Body of Civil Law”
• Became known as Justinian Code
• Was his most important achievement because it was the
guidelines which many monarchs based their laws in western
Europe
• Produced many notable works in field of History
Justinian's Absolute Power
• Used law to unify his empire
• Was an Autocrat or ruled with
complete authority
• Had power over the Church
• Was thought of as equal to all men
in body but similar to God in spirit
• Wife Theodora was also a shrewd
Politician
Economic and Military Strength
• Strong central government was in
control of the Economy
• Built on the backs of the peasants
• Built on of the worlds strongest
armies
• Relied on “Greek Fire” as a
weapon of the Navy
Checkpoint
• Describe Justinian's
accomplishments
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Rebuilt Constantinople
Enlarged the empire
Built a strong military force
Restored roman glory
Reformed the laws of ancient
Rome
Byzantine Christianity
East
• Emperor had both political and
spiritual power
• Priest could marry
• Mass said in Greek
• Less emphasis on Christmas more
on Easter
• Rejected Pope’s claim to be over
all Christians
West
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Pope had only spiritual power
Did not Marry
Mass said in Latin
Emphasized both Christmas and
Easter
• Thought the Pope was over all
Christians
Great Schism
• Split of the East and West
• Use of Icons or images of holy
people caused a split
• Byzantine banned the use of Icons
because it was thought to be
worshiping false images
• Pope condemned the Byzantine
rulers
• 1054 the East and West split
creating the Eastern Orthodox
Church
Checkpoint
• Why did Eastern and Western
Churches differ
• Claims of Authority,
• Use of Icons
• Greek vs. Latin
End of the Byzantine
• Trade rivalry during the Crusades between Constantinople and
Venice sparked violence
• Venetians took over much of the Trade that had been controlled by
the Empire
• Led to a decline of income and the Empire
• Would later trade with Russia through North to South rivers but it
was to late
• Eventually fell to the Turks 1453