AP Biology- Cell Communication
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Adenylyl
cyclase
converts ATP to cAMP in response to an
extracellular signal
Apoptosis
programmed cell death; cell suicide; cellular
agents chop up GNA and fragment
organelles and other cytoplasmic
components; cell shrinks and becomes
lobed; cell parts are packaged up in vesicles
that are engulfed and digested by specialized
scavenger cells
Cell junctions
in animal and plant cells; allow molecules to
pass readily between adjacent cells without
crossing the plasma membrane
Cell-cell
recognition
two cells in an animal may communicate by
interactions between molecule protruding
from their surfaces
Cyclic AMP
(cAMP)
made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase;
inactivated by phosphodiesterase
Endocrine
signaling
specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones
into body fluids, often blood; hormones
reach virtually all body cells, but are bound
only by some
G protein
a protein that binds the energy-rich molecule
GTP
G proteincoupled
receptor
cell-surface transmembrane receptor that
works with the help of G protein
Hormones
long distance signaling
Inositol
trisphosphate
(IP3) and
Diacylgylceral
(DAG)
second messengers involved in release of
Ca2+
Kinase
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of
phosphate groups
Ligan-gated
ion channel
membrane receptor containing a region that
can act as a gate when the receptor changes
shape; the opening and closing allows or
blocks the flow os specific ions through a
channel in the receptor
Ligand
molecule that specifically binds to another
molecule, often a large one
Local
regulators
messenger molecules secreted by the
signaling cell that travel short distances
Paracrine
signaling
secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by
discharging molecules of a local regulator
into the extracellular fluid
Phosphorylation
cascade
a series of different molecules in a
pathway are phosphorylated in turn, each
molecule adding a phosphate group to the
next one in line
Protein kinase
enzyme that transfers phosphate groups
from ATP to a protein; phosphorylation
Protein
phosphatases
enzymes that rapidly remove phosphate
groups from proteins; dephosphorylation
Reception
target cell's detection of a signaling
molecule coming from outside the cell;
signal molecule binds to a receptor
protein located at the cell's surface or
inside the cell
Receptor
tyrosine kinases
membrane receptors that attach
phosphates to tyrosines
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Relay molecules
molecules involved in the signal
transduction pathway
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Response
transduced signal finally triggers a
specific cellular response
Scaffolding
protein
large relay proteins to which several other
relay proteins are simultaneously
attached; facilitates signal transduction
by these molecules and may directly
activate relay molecules in some cases
Second
messenger
small, non-protein, water-soluble
molecule or ion; readily spreads
throughout the cell by diffusion
Signal
Transduction
Pathway
series of steps converting the received
signal into its cellular response
Synaptic
signaling
a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter
molecules into a synapse, stimulating the
target cell
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Transduction
binding of the signaling molecule
changes the receptor protein, initiating
the process of transduction; converts the
signal to a form that can bring about a
specific cellular response; sometimes
occurs in a single step but more often
requires a sequence of changes in a series
of different molecules
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Tyrosine kinase
enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of
phosphate groups from ATP to the amino
acid tyrosine on a substrate protein
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