B
1030
W
2009
T
S
L
M
•
The following is a list of topics or concepts that you should know for the lecture portion of the midterm exam. These statements/questions are not meant to be answered in a few words, but rather they are meant to get you thinking about all of the aspects of the topic in question.
•
You should know and be able to define and use all important terms in the attached list.
•
This list may seem like a lot, but that is only because it IS a lot. Try to link common terms or themes; there is often considerable overlap between the groups. This is where the table should help or you can make your own.
•
This guide is not intended to scare you. Many of the terms are easily defined and some concepts are simpler than others. If you can clearly and concisely discuss these points, you are sure to do well. Feel free to come by and see me for help if you need it!
A NIMAL D IVERSITY
1.
What are the animal-like protists?
2.
What is the basic definition of an animal?
3.
Which animals (taxa) have the following: a.
True tissues? b.
Diploblastic versus triploblastic? c.
Protostome vs. deuterostome? i.
Cleavage pattern? ii.
Coelom formation? d.
Continuous vs. step-wise growth? i.
Special structures? e.
Asymmetrical vs. radial vs. bilateral symmetry? f.
Acoelomate vs. pseudocoelomate vs, eucoelomate? g.
Segmentation?
4.
What is the basic body plan for each of the major taxa discussed in class? a.
Are there any specialized cells/structures for each taxa?
5.
Using the molluscan body plan as an example, describe adaptive radiation. a.
Try to apply the idea of adaptive radiation to modifications of a common body plan in other classes we’ve discussed.
6.
What are the basic characters for: a.
The radiate vs. Bilateria? b.
The protostomes vs. Deuterostomes? c.
The Lophotrochozoa and the Edysozoa?
7.
How do we organize the phylogeny of animals?
8.
What are the proposed evolutionary patterns regarding the above traits?
R EPRODUCTION , D EVELOPMENT , F ORM & F UNCTION
1.
Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. a.
If an animal could choose between them, when would it choose each type?
2.
What are the varieties of parthenogenesis?
3.
What is a hermaphrodite? What types of hermaphrodites are there?
4.
What are the stages of animal development?

5.
Describe the process of gametogenesis. Where does this occur? a.
What are the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
6.
What events occur during fertilization? a.
Where can fertilization occur?
7.
Compare and contrast oviparity, ovoviviparity and viviparity. a.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
8.
What are the stages seen in embryo development? a.
What major events occur at each stage?
9.
How does yolk affect cleavage?
10.
What are the three types of gastrulation? a.
Why is there a difference?
11.
What are the embryonic tissues and what organs develop from each?
12.
Describe the relationship between form and function.
13.
What are the types of adult tissues? a.
What are the defining characteristics of each?
14.
Discuss the organization of tissues, organs and organ systems.
15.
Discuss the relationship between form and function of epithelia. a.
Try to think about form versus function in the other tissues as well.
M EETING T ISSUE N EEDS
1.
What do cells/tissues need?
2.
What systems do animals use to meet the needs of their tissues?
3.
Compare and contrast the three types of circulatory systems. a.
What are the advantages of each? b.
What are the circulatory fluids in each? Why the difference?
4.
Describe the evolution of the vertebrate circulatory system from fishes to mammals.
5.
What are the basic dietary requirements of all animals? a.
What is an essential nutrient?
6.
What feeding strategies do animals use to obtain food ()? a.
Can you provide examples of each? b.
What is a potential complication with blood feeding?
7.
What is the advantage of ingesting food in pieces rather than whole? a.
How is dentition (teeth) changed to reflect an animal’s diet? b.
How is the intestinal tract modified to reflect an animal’s diet?
8.
What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an alimentary canal?
9.
What enzymes do animals use to digest the food it ingests?
10.
What are some methods animals use to help breakdown cellulose?
11.
How is respiration different from cellular respiration?
12.
How do gases move from place to place? How efficient is this movement? a.
What are the requirements for gases to move across a surface?
13.
What types of respiratory surfaces do animal’s use? a.
When are these strategies employed?
14.
What are the complications of internal respiratory systems and how are they dealt with?
15.
What is meant by a countercurrent exchange mechanism?
16.
Compare the strategies employed by insects and other air breathing animals.
17.
What types of blood vessels are used to move the circulatory fluid? a.
How does their structure reflect their function?
18.
Discuss how the gradients of O
2
and CO
2
promote exchange at the tissues.
19.
In what forms do animals eliminate their nitrogenous wastes? Impact of habitat?

C OORDINATED M OTION
1.
What tissues are required for coordinated motion?
2.
What is the anatomy of a neuron? a.
What are the types of neurons in the body?
3.
Discuss the organization of the nervous system in radially symmetrical organisms versus those with bilateral symmetry.
4.
What is cephalization? What advantages does it have? a.
Why are ganglia and brain advantageous?
5.
Compare and contrast the three muscle types.
6.
What produces a cell’s resting membrane potential?
7.
How do neurons generate action potentials? What is meant by threshold voltage? a.
What channels/pumps are involved? b.
What happens at each stage of the action potential? c.
How do action potentials propagate along the axon? i.
How is conduction velocity increased? ii.
What is saltatory conduction?
8.
What happens at the chemical synapse? a.
How does the target cell membrane potential respond to EPSPs or IPSPs?
9.
How are muscle cells excited?
10.
Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. a.
What is the role of calcium?
11.
What are the requirements for locomotion?
12.
What types of skeletons are found among animals? a.
What types of joints are there? b.
How do muscles move these joints?
13.
Describe the withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflexes.
14.
What are the basic mechanisms of different modes of locomotion seen in the Animal Kingdom?
L ABORATORY C OMPONENT

L
I
T
A NIMAL D IVERSITY
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
Protists
Medusa
Autozooid
Gastrozooid
Dactylozooid Diplontic life cycle
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
True tissues
Gonozooid
Nematocyst/Cnidocyte
Protostome
Deuterostome Parazoa
Eumetazoa
Pinacoderm
Mesohyl
Cleavage pattern
Determinant development
Indeterminant development
Water vascular system Choanoderm
Totipotent
Pincaocytes
Choanocytes
Secondary body symmetry
Lophotrochozoa
Continuous growth
Trochophore Spongocytes
Diploblastic
Triploblastic
Endoderm
Ecdysozoa
Ecdysis
Step-wise growth
Cuticle Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Gastrovascular cavity
1-way gut vs. 2-way gut
Mesoglea
Polyp
Segmentation
Homonomous
Heteronomous
Chelicera
Tagmatization
R EPRODUCTION , D EVELOPMENT , F ORM & F UNCTION
Sexual vs. Asexual
Budding
Gemmules
Fission
Parthenogenesis
Dioecious
Monoecious
Hermaphrodite
Protandry
Protogyny
Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Isolecithal
Mesolecithal
Telolecithal
Fertilization
Spermatophore
Intromittent Organ
Acrosome
Polyspermy
Fertilization envelop
Oviparity
Ovoviviparity
Viviparity
Cleavage
Spiral cleavage
Radial cleavage
Gastrulation
Invagination
Involution
Immigration
Neurulation
Organogenesis
Head
Trunk
Cephalothorax
Abdomen
Pedicle
Lophophore
Palps
Setae/Chaetae
Parapodia
Adaptive radiation
Muscular foot
Visceral mass
Mantle
Radula
Cephalization
Oral vs. Aboral
Anterior vs. Posterior
Dorsal vs. Ventral
Coelom
Acoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Eucoelomate
Molecular Phylogenies
Anatomy
Physiology
Epithelium
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Simple
Stratified
Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Extracellular matrix

M EETING T ISSUE N EEDS
Cellular respiration
Diffusion
Gastrovascular Cavities
Open Circulatory System
Sinuses
Ostia
Hemolymph
Closed Circulatory System
Blood
Lymph/Interstitial fluid
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Portal Viens
Double Circulation
Pulmocutaneous Circuit
C OORDINATED M OTION
Neuron vs. Nerve
Sensory Neuron
Interneuron
Motor Neuron
Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Ganglion/Brain
Nerve net
Cephalization
Muscle Types
Pumps vs. Channels
Gated-Channels
Resting membrane potential
Threshold
Action potential
Rapid depolarization
Repolarization
Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit
Essential Nutrient
Vitamins
Minerals
Electrolytes
Osteophagia
Filter feeding
Substrate feeding
Fluid feeding
Bulk feeding
Ingestion
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Elimination
Hyperpolarization
Refractory
AP Propagation
Schwann cells
Myelin
Saltatory conduction
Chemical synapse
Neurotransmitter
EPSP
IPSP
T-Tubule
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Actin
Myosin
Sliding filament
Sarcomere
Teeth
Amylase
Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
Endopeptidase
Exopeptidase
Lipase
Cellulase
Coprophagy
Respirtatory surface
Cutaneous respiration
Ventilation
Countercurrent exchange
Tracheal system
Endoskeleton
Exoskeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton
Antagonistic Muscle Pair
Flexor
Extensor
Monaxial Joint
Biaxial Joint
Triaxial Joint
Pivot Joint
Jet propulsion
Undulatory motion
Crawling
Longitudinal muscle
Circular muscle
Direct flight
Indirect flight

T
C
N
Y
A
R
F
*
P
HYLUM
C
LASS OR
S
UBPHYLUM
C
OMMON
N
AMES
Porifera
Cnidaria
Lophotrochozoa
Platyhelminthes
Brachiopoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Ecdysozoa
Nematoda
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Turbellaria
Cestoda
Trematoda
Articulata
Inarticulata
Polyplacophora
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Cephalopoda
Polychaeta
Hirudinea
Oligocaeta
Myriapoda
Cheliceriformes
Hexapoda **
Crustacea
Sponges
Corals, anemones, jellyfish
Free-living flatworms
Parasitic tapeworms
Parasitic flukes
Lamp shells
Chitons
Slugs and snails
Clams, scallops, mussels
Squid & octopi
Tube worms
Leeches
Earthworms
Round worms
Centipedes & millipedes
Spiders, scorpions, …
Flies, bees, beetles, …
Shrimp, crabs, lobsters
Asteroidea
Echinoidea
Holothuroidea
Sea stars
Sea urchins
Sea cucumbers
Chordata Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Vertebrata
Lancelets
Tunicates
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, …
* The level of details you will be expected to know will reflect those discussed in class.
This list includes only those names covered in the lectures and may not include all names required from the laboratory component of the course.
** You do not need to know the orders of the insects.