Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Pennsylvania State University
CE 337
Maryam Hojati
Fall 2014
1/69
Introduce your self
• Say your name
Hello!
My Name is….
• What is your year of study in Penn
state!!?
• Name if you have taken prerequisite
courses for this lab
• What do you like to learn in this
course?
• What is your favorite campus activity?
2/69
Break into 6 groups
3/69
CE 337: Civil Engineering Materials Lab
Lectures/Labs: TH 2:30pm- 5:30pm
Instructor: Maryam Hojati
• mzh206@psu.edu
Office Hours:
• M/TH 1:30 – 2:30pm
4/63
4/69
CE 337: Civil Engineering Materials Lab
Office Hours: M/TH 1:30 – 2:30pm
Instructor: Maryam Hojati
• mzh206@psu.edu
Office Hours:
• M/TH 1:30 – 2:30pm
5/63
5/69
Lab manual, and other helpful sources
6/69
Course Syllabus
 Regular Monday schedule
 Office hour: Monday/Thursday1:30-2:30 (the room above the lab)
 Lab Manual: Engineering Copy Center, Room 101 Engineering Unit A
 Attendance is absolutely mandatory.
 You must notify me within 24 hours of your scheduled lab that you will be
absent, and the absence must have a valid excuse
 Do not bring food and beverages into the laboratory.
 Dress is to be appropriate for a laboratory.
 Wear long pants and closed-toed shoes.
7/69
Course Syllabus
Before you leave lab
 Ensure that all waste is disposed properly
 Return every thing to its original location
 Team leaders must check out with TA at the end of each session by having their
data sheets signed
 Failure to check out will result in a 10% reduction in the lab grade
8/69
Course Syllabus
Weekly quizzes
 Student should prepare for a 10 min quiz each week
 Each week quizzes will be handed out at the beginning of lab.
 Students late to class would not make up the quiz.
 It is a 10 minutes closed book/note quiz
 The quiz will cover all of the material related to the experiment you are going to
do for each class
 Make sure take a look at the formulations and graphs in lab manual
9/69
Course Syllabus
Lab Report
 Each group should prepare a professional documents
 Refer to sample lab report in Angel and check those points
 Follow the lab report template in Angle
 ALL reports for this class should be regarded as “formal” one
 The word version of your lab report must be submitted online at the beginning of
the following week
 In order to make your report more closely resemble an actual formal report and
research paper, a lab report template is uploaded in Angel.
 There will be a 10% deduction for each day a lab report is late.
10/69
Course Syllabus
Full-Length Lab Report
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
METHODS AND MATERIALS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A: RAW DATA
11/69
Course Syllabus
Mini Lab Report
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A: RAW DATA
12/69
Grading:
13/69
• https://cms.psu.edu/default.asp
• Login  select CE 337 from “My Courses” tab
• We will mostly use “Lessons” tab
• Syllabus, lecture handouts, will be posted
14/69
First three exercises will be conducted on a
rotating basis :
15/69
Review of Some Topics
• Measurement Devices
• Material Variability
•
Excel Skills
16/69
Measurement Devices
• Dial Gage
• Vernier Caliper
• LVDTs
• Strain Gauge
• Proving Rings
17/69
Dial Gauges
Small pointer
Purpose: To measure deformation
One rotation = 1mm
Sensitivity = 0.01 mm
Rotates counter clockwise
13 × 0.01 = 0.13 𝑚𝑚
Large pointer
Sensitivity
18/69
The Vernier Calipers
19/69
Imperial Scale
Open the jaws of the caliper and position them on both sides of the piece you are
measuring.
Ref: http://www.wikihow.com/Use-a-Vernier-Caliper
20/69
Imperial Scale
Lock the clamp screw so that the jaws don't move
Ref: http://www.wikihow.com/Use-a-Vernier-Caliper
21/69
Imperial Scale
On the vernier scale is a small number 0. Look at how many inch divisions it is past
on the bar scale
Ref: http://www.wikihow.com/Use-a-Vernier-Caliper
22/69
Imperial Scale
See how many smaller (numbered) divisions the small 0 has gone past. This
represents how many tenths of an inch the workpiece is measuring in addition to the
number of whole inches.
Ref: http://www.wikihow.com/Use-a-Vernier-Caliper
23/69
Imperial Scale
How many smaller divisions has the small 0 gone past the last numbered
division, this number multiplied by 25 is how many hundredths of an inch.
Ref: http://www.wikihow.com/Use-a-Vernier-Caliper
24/69
Imperial Scale
Determine which division line on the vernier scale best lines up with a division on
the bar scale. This is how many thousandths of an inch
Ref: http://www.wikihow.com/Use-a-Vernier-Caliper
25/69
Imperial Scale
26/69
Examples:
27/69
Examples:
28/69
Metric Scale:
A = 18mm
Diameter = 18 + 0.44 = 18.44mm
29/69
Examples
30/69
Examples
31/69
Examples
32/69
LVDTs
LVDTs: Linear Variable Differential
Transformers/Transducers
-
An electronic device
Used to measure small deformation
There are different forms
Parts:
- Core (attached to a rod)
- One Primary Coil
- Two Secondary Coils
- The relationship between the core
position and the output voltage is linear.
- the displacement can be determined by
measuring the output voltage
33/69
LVDTs Application:
An example for the application of
LVDTs to measure the vertical
deformation of Asphalt Concrete
Samples under uniaxial loading
in the laboratory.
Two LVDTs attached in
vertical direction
34/69
Strain Gauges
Purpose: To measure Small Deformations
within a certain gauge length
There are different types of strain gauges but
those of the most frequent uses are electrical
gauges.
Device parts: A foil or wire bonded to a thin
base plastic or paper.
Measurement basis: When the gauge
undergoes strain its electrical resistance changes
proportionally.
Ranges: A gauge length of 5 mm to 15 mm, but
larger gauges may be made for specific
applications.
35/69
Proving Rings
Purpose: To measure force
Device parts: A steel ring with a dial gauge attached to the ring
Measurement basis:
Apply force
to ring
Ring
Deforms
The applied force
would be determined
Dial gauge
measures the
deformation
Force-Deformation
Relationship is known
for the Proving ring
36/69
Proving Rings
An example for the application of proving rings to
measure the stability of Asphalt Concrete Samples
in Marshall test
Proving Ring
37/69
Material Variability
• Engineering materials are inherently variable:
• Steel properties (chemical composition and method of manufacturing)
• Concrete properties (type and amount of cement, type of aggregate, air
content, slump, method of curing, etc.)
• Asphalt properties (the type and the amount of binder, aggregate
properties and its gradation, amount of compaction, and age.)
•
Wood properties (the tree species, method of cut, and moisture content)
38/69
Material Variability
• The observed variability is the cumulative effect of 3 types of variance:
• Inherent variability of the material,
• Variance caused by the sampling method,
• Variance associated with test method,
• The goal is to minimize sampling and testing variance so the true
statistical features of the material can be identified.
39/69
Material Variability
• Fundamental concepts to the understanding of variability
• Precision refers to the variability of repeated measurements
under carefully controlled conditions.
• Accuracy is the conformity of results to the true value or the
absence of bias.
•
Bias is a tendency of an estimate to deviate in one direction
from the true value.
40/69
Material Variability
41/69
Sampling
Samples are selected randomly,
• All elements of the population have an equal chance for selection.
• The sample must be representative of the entire lot.
• Statistical parameters describe the material properties:
• Mean
• Standard deviation
• The standard deviation is an inverse measure of precision
42/69
Normal Distribution
• A symmetrical function around the mean.
• The area under the curve between any two values represents
the probability of occurrence of an event of interest.
43/69
Excel Skills
44/69
Plotting a graph
45/69
Insert, scatter, scatter with smooth lines
46/69
Right click, select data
47/69
Write the curve name (for legend), Select x and y
values
48/69
49/69
Chart tools, Design (select the graph)
50/69
Showing Data Points: click on the figure, chart
tools, change chart type
51/69
Select scatter with smooth lines and markers
52/69
Edit the format of data series:
right click on curve, format data series
53/69
Marker options, built-in, change the size and
type
54/69
In marker fill , you can changed the color
55/69
Write titles for x and y axes
56/69
Edit the axes: click on the axis, right click,
format axis
57/69
Change the maximum, minimum, major unit,
minor unit
58/69
59/69
Change the decimals for axes: click on axis,
right click, format axis, numbers, change the
decimals
60/69
Changing the legend: right click on the curve,
select data,
61/69
Select the curve name, edit
62/69
Change the name
63/69
64/69
Change to log scale: right click, format axis
65/69
Select the log scale
66/69
Edit the figure: change the vertical axis crosses
position
67/69
Again right click on axis, insert the desirable value
68/69
Deflection versus logarithmic time graph
69/69