17. Punnett square
18. test cross
19. probability
20. pedigree
21. sex-linked trait
22. polygenic trait
23. incomplete dominance
24. codominance
25. multiple alleles
CHAPTER 9
DNA: The Genetic Material
ACROSS
2. DEOXYRIBOSE
4. POLYMERASE
5. VACCINE
6. TRANSFORMATION
8. HELIX
10. BACTERIOPHAGE
11. HELICASE
12. NUCLEOTIDE
DOWN
1. COMPLEMENTARY
3. PAIRING
S. VIRULENT
7. REPLICATION
9. FORK
CHAPTER 10
How Proteins Are Made
ACROSS
2. LAC
3. RIBONUCLEIC
4. POLYMERASE
5. MESSENGER
6. GENE
8. TRANSCRIPTION
12. CODON
14. OPERATOR
16. INTRON
DOWN
1. URACIL
3. REPRESSOR
7. EXON
8. TRANSLATION
9. ANTICODON
10. RIBOSOMAL
11. TRANSFER
13. GENETIC
15. OPERON
CHAPTER 11
Gene Technology
1. c; Human Genome Project
2. h; vector
3. g; plasmid
4. i; recombinant DNA
5. b; vaccine
6. e; restriction enzymes
7. d; gene therapy
8. j; gene cloning
9. f; electrophoresis
10. a; transgenic animal
11. k; genetic engineering
CHAPTER 12
History of Life on Earth
1. A radioisotope is an unstable element that
breaks up and gives off energy in the form
of radiation; the half-life is the time it takes
for half an amount of the element to change.
2. Spontaneous origin refers to the origin of
life from simple chemicals; microspheres
are vesicles made of short chains of amino
acids and might have been the first step
toward cellular organization.
3. Eubacteria are prokaryotes whose cell walls
contain a chemical called peptidoglycan and
have the same type of lipids in their cell
membranes as eukaryotes; archaebacteria
are prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan in
their cell walls and have unique lipids in
their cell membrane.
4. Mutualism is a partnership in which both
organisms benefit. An example is a mycorrhiza,
which is the partnership between fungi and the
roots of plants. The fungi provide minerals to
the plant, and the plant provides nutrients to
the fungi.
5. d
6. e
7. f
8. g
9. h
10. i
11. a
12. c
13. b
CHAPTER 13
The Theory of Evolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
d
a
b
c
b
Biology: Principles and Explorations
Vocabulary
Answer Key
69
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Biology: Principles and Explorations
Concept Mapping
Answer Key
49
. Date
Name_
. Class
. Class.
CONCEPT MAPPING
CONCEPT MAPPING
Gene Technology
History of Life on Earth
Using the terms and phrases provided below, complete the
concept map showing the evolution of early life forms.
chloroplasts
fossils
prokaryotes
cyanobacteria
life on land
3.5 billion years ago
endosymbiosis
mitochondria
eubacteria
ozone
Using the terms and phrases provided below, complete the
concept map showing the uses and applications of gene
technology.
agriculture
cloned animals
electrophoresis
genetic disorders
genetic engineering
medicines
probes
restriction enzymes
vaccines
Biology: Principles and Explorations
Concept Mapping
Chapter 11
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
11
12
Biology; Principles and Explorations
Concept Mapping
Chapter 12
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
COMPLETION
25. genetics
26. self-pollination
27. phenotype, genotype
28. probability
29. Punnett square
30. monohybrid
31. polygenic traits
32. genetic disorders
33. Hemophilia
34. Phenylketonuria or PKU
MATCHING
ESSAY
35. Mendel allowed each variety of garden pea
to self-pollinate for several generations,
selecting plants from each generation that
exhibited one form of a trait. He did this
until all of the offspring of a given variety
produced only one form of a particular trait.
36. Mendel calculated an approximate 3:1 ratio
of contrasting traits. He derived this ratio by
counting plants expressing each type of trait
he was comparing. Using division, he found
that the ratio of plants expressing the dominant trait to plants expressing the recessive
trait was about 3:1.
37. the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
38. In the winter, the genes of the arctic fox
that code for enzymes involved in pigment
production do not function because of the
cold temperature. Thus, the coat of the fox
is white, and the animal blends in well with
its surroundings. In warmer weather, these
genes function and the fox's coat darkens to
a reddish brown. Fur color in Siamese cats
is also influenced by temperature. The fur
on the ears, nose, paws, and tail of Siamese
cats is darker than the rest of their body.
In plants, hydrangea flowers of the same
genetic variety range in color from blue to
pink, depending on the acidity of the soil.
Hydrangea plants in acidic soil bloom blue
flowers; those in neutral to basic soil bloom
pink flowers.
39. Persons who are heterozygous for the sickle
cell trait produce a defective form of hemoglobin that causes some of their red blood
cells to bend into a sickle shape. If the parasitic protozoan that causes malaria infects
an individual who is heterozygous for the
sickle cell trait, the sickled red blood cells
cause the death of the parasite.
40. The blood clotting disorder, hemophilia A, is
a sex-linked trait. In hemophilia A, the mutation occurs on one of the genes on the X
chromosome. The gene codes for a protein
involved in blood clotting.
CHAPTER 9
DNA: The Genetic Material
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. a
2. c
3. d
182
Biology: Principles and Explorations
b
b
b
d
a
b
10. d
11. b
12. n
13. m
14. i
15. a
16. h
17. o
18. k
19. f
20. e
21. j
22. 1
23. c
24. g
COMPLETION
25. virulence
26. genetic or hereditary
27. host or bacteria
28. two
29. base-pairing
30. diffraction
31. complementary
32. replication
33. replication fork
34. S or synthesis
35. proofread
ESSAY
36. The harmless R bacteria were transformed
into virulent S bacteria, and the mice died.
37. His experiments showed that the activity of
the material responsible for transformation
was not affected by protein-destroying
enzymes, but the activity was stopped when
a DNA-destroying enzyme was present.
Therefore, the genetic material was DNA.
38. Radioactive elements were used because
they can be followed or traced. Hershey and
Chase could use the radioactive elements to
locate the genetic material of bacteriophages
after they infected bacteria.
39. DNA polymerase proceeds along the new
DNA strand only if the previous nucleotide
is correctly paired to its complementary
base. If a mismatched nucleotide occurs, the
polymerase is able to backtrack along the
new DNA strand. The mismatched nucleotide
is removed, and the correct nucleotide is
inserted.
40. DNA helicases are enzymes that unwind the
double helix of the DNA molecule. The
unwinding is accomplished by breaking the
hydrogen bonds that link the complementary
bases.
41. a piece of double-stranded DNA
42. A—hydrogen bonds; B—sugar-phosphate
backbone; C—pyrimidine (or nitrogen base)
Test Prep Pretest
Answer Key
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CHAPTER 10
How Proteins Are Made
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
d
a
b
a
c
d
b
c
TRUE/FALSE
9. F >;
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
T
F
T
T
T
F
F
T
T
\
%
.,
&-
ft
COMPLETION
19. uracil
20. RNA polymerase
21. codons
22. A
23. operator
24. represser
25. gene expression or protein synthesis
26. transcription
27. translation
28. transcription factors
29. introns
30. exons
31. point mutations
32. frameshift
ESSAY
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33. RNA consists of a single strand of nucleotides
instead of the two strands that form the DNA
double helix. RNA nucleotides have the fivecarbon sugar ribose rather than the sugar
deoxyribose found in DNA nucleotides. RNA
nucleotides have a nitrogen-containing base
called uracil instead of the base thymine
found in DNA nucleotides.
34. First mRNA binds to a ribosome. Then
tRNAs carry amino acids to the ribosome
according to the three-base codons on the
mRNA. The amino acids are joined together
to form a protein chain.
35. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is an RNA copy of a
gene used as a blueprint for a protein. During
translation, mRNA serves as a template for
the assembly of amino acids. Transfer RNA
(tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to the
ribosome and act as interpreter molecules,
translating mRNA sequences into amino acid
sequences. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) plays a
structural role in ribosomes.
36. The lac operon consists of a cluster of genes
that enables a bacterium to build the proteins needed for lactose metabolism only
when lactose is present. Some of the genes
determine whether or not other genes will be
expressed; the other genes code for enzymes
that break down lactose.
37. Eukaryotic cells contain more DNA than
prokaryotic cells. Although both prokaryotes
and eukaryotes use regulatory proteins,
eukaryotes use many more proteins than
prokaryotes do and the interactions are more
complex. Instead of using operons, eukaryotic cells have genes with related functions
scattered on different chromosomes.
38. Because of the existence of introns and
exons, cells can shuffle exons between
genes. Over time, this can result in new
genes being made. For example, the twelve
different hemoglobin genes in modern
humans arose from one, ancestral hemoglobin gene.
39. In point mutations called substitutions, one
nucleotide in a gene is replaced with a different nucleotide. An insertion is the addition of one or more nucleotides to a gene.
When a deletion occurs, one or more
nucleotides are deleted from a gene.
40. Mutations occur in all types of cells, including body cells and gametes.
CHAPTER 11
Gene Technology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
c
a
b
a
d
c
b
d
c
c
MATCHING
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
f
i
j
e
b
k
g
h
d
a
c
COMPLETION
22.
23.
24.
25.
gene
vector
complementary
insulin
Biology: Principles and Explorations
Test Prep Pretest
Answer Key
183
26. Anticoagulants
27. factor VIII
28. pathogen
29. Ti plasmid
30. glyphosate
31. DNA ligase
ESSAY
32. The Human Genome Project is a research
effort to identify, locate, and sequence the
entire collection of genes in a human cell.
33. DNA fingerprints are used in paternity
cases, forensics, and identifying genes
that cause genetic disorders.
34. Because the human body contains small
amounts of specific proteins that are required
for proper functioning, large quantities of
specific proteins needed to treat certain disorders are difficult to obtain. Genetic engineering technologies have allowed the
production of large quantities of products
containing the specific proteins required to
treat many disorders.
35. Scientists removed the tumor-causing genes
from the Ti plasmid. The vacant space in the
now-harmless plasmid was then filled with
specific DNA.
36. If crops are naturally resistant to insects,
farmers can use fewer pesticides, which are
harmful to the environment.
37. Wilmut deprived the mammary cells (the differentiated cells) of nutrients before combining them with egg cells in which the nuclei
had been removed. The nutrient deprivation
forced the differentiated cells to pause at the
beginning of the cell cycle so that both the
differentiated cells and the egg cells would
be at the same stage in their cycles at the
moment they were combined.
CHAPTER 12
History of Life on Earth
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
d
d
b
d
d
b
c
b
a
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
c
d
b
d
c
18. F
19. T
20. T
21. F
22. T
23. T
24. T
25. T
26. F
27. T
28. T
29. T
30. T
COMPLETION
31. bacteria
32. Archaebacteria
33. underwater bubbles
34. microspheres
35. animals
36. ozone
37. plants, fungi
38. mutualism
39. arthropods
40. prokaryotes or bacteria, cyanobacteria
41. genetic material, reproduction
ESSAY
42. As ancient cyanobacteria carried out photosynthesis, they began to release oxygen in
the oceans. After hundreds of millions of
years, the water of the oceans became saturated with oxygen, and the gas began to bubble into the air. Over the billions of years
that followed, more and more oxygen was
added to the air.
43. It allowed "division of labor" among cells
and cell specialization which lead to organism complexity.
44. Amphibians, specifically the ancestors of
today's frogs, toads, and salamanders, were
the first vertebrates to live on land. Their
lungs enabled them to absorb oxygen from
the air. A strong, flexible internal skeleton
made walking possible and allowed vertebrates to grow larger than insects.
45. The primordial soup model requires more
time for the formation of organic molecules
than was available. Also, there was no ozone
layer to protect Earth from the ultraviolet
(UV) radiation that would have destroyed
any of the hydrogen-containing gases needed
for the chemical reactions of the model.
46. fungi and plants, arthropods, vertebrates
47. Snakes would be more likely to survive. A
snake's watertight skin keeps it from becoming dehydrated. Because snake eggs are also
watertight, they can survive in dry conditions. Frogs lack both watertight skin and
watertight eggs.
TRUE/FALSE
15. T
16. T
17. T
184
Biology: Principles and Explorations
Test Prep Pretest
Answer Key
£