Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
When is the best time for clients to
measure their resting heart rate?
Upon waking in the morning
Name two common tests for assessing
cardiorespiratory efficiency.
YMCA 3-Minute Step Test and
Rockport Walk Test
What are three methods of assessing
body fat percentage?
Underwater weighing, bioelectrical
impedance, and skin-fold
measurements
What do you call measurable data
regarding a client's physical state, such
as body composition, movement
assessments, and cardiorespiratory
ability?
Objective information
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
What is the BMI range for a person
who has a very high risk of disease?
35.0-39.99
What are the two main calf muscles
that are responsible for concentrically
accelerating plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Name the muscle that is responsible
for concentrically accelerating hip
extension and external rotation.
Gluteus maximus
What do you call information gathered
from a client that includes their
occupation, lifestyle, and medical
background
Subjective information
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable overactive
muscles when the feet turn out?"
Soleus, lateral gastrocnemius, and
biceps femoris (short head)
During an Overhead Squat assessment,
Adductor complex, biceps femoris
what are the probable overactive
(short head), tensor fascia latae, vastus
muscles when the knees move inward?
lateralis
During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable overactive
muscles when there is an excessive
forward lean?
Soleus, gastrocnemius, hip flexor
complex, abdominal complex
Name the class of medication that
decreases heart rate and blood
pressure
Beta-blockers
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
What is an indicator that a female
client’s ankle complex will be in a
plantar flexed position for extended
periods of time based on occupation?"
Wearing dress shoes (high heels)
Name three postural distortion
patterns that might be seen during a
static postural assessment."
Pronation distortion syndrome, lower
crossed syndrome, upper crossed
syndrome
During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable overactive
muscles when the low back arches?"
Hip flexor complex, erector spinae,
latissimus dorsi
During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable overactive
muscles when the client's arms fall
forward?"
Latissimus dorsi, teres major,
pectoralis major/minor
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
During a Pushing assessment, what are
the probable overactive muscles when
a client's shoulders elevate and/or the
head moves forward?"
Upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid,
and levator scapulae
During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable underactive
muscles if a client's feet turn out?"
Medial gastrocnemius, medial
hamstring complex, gracilis, sartorius,
popliteus
What are the probable underactive
muscles when a client's arms fall
forward during an Overhead Squat
Assessment?"
Middle/lower trapezius, rhomboids,
rotator cuff
What are the probable underactive
muscles when a client's knees move
inward during an Overhead Squat
Assessment?"
Gluteus medius/maximus, vastus
medialis oblique
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable underactive
muscles when a client shows an
excessive forward lean?"
Anterior tibialis, gluteus maximus,
erector spinae
During an Overhead Squat assessment,
what are the probable underactive
muscles when a client’s low back
arches?
Gluteus maximus, hamstring complex,
intrinsic core stabilizers
During a Pushing assessment, what are
the probable underactive muscles
when a client’s shoulders elevate?"
Middle/ lower trapezius
During a Pushing assessment, what are
the probable underactive muscles
when a client’s head protrudes
forward?
Deep cervical flexors
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
After assessing a client’s Overhead
Squat, which muscles should you have
them foam roll and stretch?
Overactive muscles
After assessing a client’s Overhead
Squat, which muscles should you have
them strengthen?
Underactive muscles
Name the assessment that measures
lower extremity agility and
neuromuscular control.
Shark Skill Test
Name 2 conditions in which Betablockers might be prescribed.
High blood pressure and arrhythmias
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
What muscle action develops tension
while lengthening and prevents
resistance from accelerating in an
uncontrolled manner?
Eccentric
Name the imaginary bisector that
divides the body into right and left
halves.
Sagittal plane
This movement primarily occurs from
side to side, as if there were a wall in
front of and behind the body."
Frontal plane movements
Name the energy storage and transfer
unit within the cells of the body.
Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
What is the starting zone of
cardiorespiratory training when a
client scores poor during the YMCA 3Minute Step Test?
Zone one
What is the starting zone of
cardiorespiratory training when a
client scores average on the YMCA 3Minute Step Test?
Zone two
What information can be provided to
the health and fitness professional by
knowing the client's occupation?
Common movement patterns
What relevant information can you
learn about a client based on their
occupation and movement capacity?
Extended periods of sitting, repetitive
movements, dress shoes, mental stress
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
Which muscles have decreased neural
control once a client has had an ankle
sprain?
Gluteus maximus and gluteus medius
What muscle action develops when a
muscle exerts more force than is
placed on it, resulting in the shortening
of the muscle?
Concentric
This chamber of the heart gathers
oxygenated blood coming to the heart
from the lungs.
Left atrium
Give the straight percentage method
equation for calculating a client’s
target heart rate.
(220-client’s age) x desired intensity
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
Name the muscles involved in
respiratory inspiration.
Diaphragm, external intercostals,
scalenes, sternocleidomastoid,
pectoralis minor
What are three guidelines for the
health and fitness professional when
taking the radial pulse of a client?
Touch should be gentle, take the pulse
when the client is calm, take the pulse
over the course of 3 days (at the same
time each day) and average the results
to ensure accuracy
Name the functional unit of the muscle
that lies in the space between two Z
lines. It produces muscular contraction
and is formed by repeating sections of
actin and myosin.
Sarcomere
The science concerned with the
internal and external forces acting on
the human body and the effects
produced by these forces.
Biomechanics
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
The heart rate training zone between
65 to 75% that builds an aerobic base
and aids in recovery.
Zone 1
The heart rate training zone between
76 to 85% that increases both aerobic
and anaerobic endurance.
Zone 2
The heart rate training zone between
86 to 95% that builds high-end work
capacity.
Zone 3
Represents the pressure within the
arterial system after the heart
contracts.
Systolic blood pressure
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
Represents the pressure within the
arterial system when the heart is
resting and filling with blood.
Diastolic blood pressure
The method of measuring body fat
percentages that conducts an electrical
current through the body to measure
fat.
Bioelectrical impedance
What are the four skin-fold sites tested
when using the Durnin-Womersley
formula for body fat assessment?
Biceps, triceps, subscapular, iliac crest
What is the waist-to-hip ratio for males
A ratio greater than 0.95 for males and
and females that puts them at a
greater than 0.80 for females
greater risk for disease?
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
Muscles that assist the prime movers.
Synergists
Risk for disease increases when an
overweight person's BMI level is____.
25 or greater
Sensory receptors responsible for
sensing distortion in body tissues.
Mechanoreceptors
What is the amount of time recovery
pulse is taken after completing the
YMCA 3- Minute Step Test?
Within 5 seconds of completing the
exercise, take the client’s pulse for 60
seconds
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
What is the level that a client is
instructed to squat to when
performing the Overhead Squat
assessment?
Height of a chair
Receptors sensitive to change in
tension of the muscle and the rate of
that change.
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors sensitive to change in length
of the muscle and the rate of that
change
Muscle Spindles
On which clients should health and
fitness professionals avoid the use of
skin-fold calipers to measure body fat?
Very overweight clients
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
The resting length of a muscle and the
tension the muscle can produce at this
resting length.
Length-tension relationship
What is the functional unit of the
nervous system?
Neuron
The neuromuscular phenomenon that
occurs when inappropriate muscles
take over the function of a weak or
inhibited prime mover.
Synergistic dominance
The process in which neural impulses
that sense tension are greater than the
impulses that cause muscles to
contract, providing an inhibitory effect
to the muscle spindles.
Autogenic inhibition
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
Compensations observed during the
Overhead Squat assessment from the
lateral view.
Low back arches, excessive forward
lean, arms fall forward
Compensations observed during the
Overhead Squat assessment from the
anterior view.
Feet turn out and knees move inward
Name some of the benefits of
circumference measurements.
Can be used on obese clients, good for
comparisons and progressions, good
for assessing fat patterns and
distribution, inexpensive, easy to
record
Name the systems of the human
movement system (kinetic chain).
Nervous system, muscular system,
skeletal system
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
Name the agonist, synergist, stabilizer,
and antagonist muscles activated
during a squat exercise.
Agonists: Gluteus maximus,
quadriceps; Synergists: Hamstring
complex; Stabilizer: Transversus
abdominis; Antagonist: Psoas
The involved structures and
mechanisms that the nervous system
uses to gather sensory information and
integrate it with previous experiences
to produce a motor response.
Motor control
What are some primary causes of
muscle imbalance?
Postural stress, emotional duress,
repetitive movement, cumulative
trauma, poor training technique
Feedback used after the completion of
a movement to help inform clients
about the outcome of their
performance.
Knowledge of results
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
The energy pathway used in moderate
to high intensity activities that can only
be sustained for 30 to 50 seconds.
Glycolysis
Repeated practice of motor control
processes, which leads to a change in
the ability to produce skilled
movements.
Motor learning
What are possible injuries associated
with lower crossed syndrome?
Hamstring complex strain, anterior
knee pain, low back pain
Name movement compensations
observed during a Pushing assessment.
Low back arches, shoulder elevates,
head migrates forward
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
When assessing a client during a
Single-leg Squat, from which vantage
point should you view the client?
Anterior
Which muscle synergies (muscle
groups) are primarily used in a
Shoulder Press?
Deltoid, rotator cuff, trapezius
The name of the receptors surrounding
a joint that respond to pressure,
acceleration, and deceleration in the
joint.
Joint receptors
Altered reciprocal inhibition,
synergistic dominance, and
arthrokinetic dysfunction all lead to
this.
Muscle imbalance
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
The ability of the neuromuscular
system to properly recruit muscles to
produce force concentrically, reduce
force eccentrically, and isometrically
stabilize the entire kinetic chain in all
three planes of motion.
Neuromuscular efficiency
A layer of connective tissue that is
underneath the fascia, and surrounds
the muscle.
Epimysium
What are the three support
mechanisms of blood?
Transportation, regulation and
protection
The Davies test is contraindicated for
which group of people?
Individuals lacking shoulder stability
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
What muscle is responsible for
concentrically accelerating shoulder
extension, adduction, and internal
rotation?
Latissimus dorsi
Name possible injuries associated with
pronation distortion syndrome.
Plantar fasciitis, shin splints, patellar
tendonitis, low back pain
Name the altered joint mechanics
associated with lower crossed
syndrome.
Increased lumbar extension and
decreased hip extension
Deep cervical flexors, serratus anterior,
Which muscles would be lengthened in
rhomboids, mid-trapezius, lower
a client with upper crossed syndrome?
trapezius, teres minor, and
infraspinatus
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
What are the altered joint mechanics
associated with pronation distortion
syndrome?
Increased: Knee adduction and internal
rotation, foot pronation and external
rotation; Decreased: Ankle
dorsiflexion and inversion
Name the lengthened muscles
associated with lower crossed
syndrome.
Anterior tibialis, posterior tibialis,
gluteus maximus, gluteus medius,
transversus abdominis, and internal
oblique
Average stroke volume of an adult.
70 mL
Name two abdominal muscles used for
trunk rotation.
Internal and external obliques
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
Name five performance assessment
tests.
Davies Test, Shark Skill Test, Push-up
Test, Upper Extremity Strength
Assessment, Lower Extremity Strength
Assessment
Feet shoulder-width apart and pointed
What positional guidelines do you give
straight ahead; foot and ankle complex
a client who is setting up for an
in a neutral position; arms raised
Overhead Squat assessment?
overhead, with elbows fully extended
What regressions could you make for
clients who are unable to perform a
Single-leg Squat assessment?
Use outside support for squatting
assistance or perform a Single-leg
Balance without squat
A force that produces rotation.
Torque
Question
BASIC & APPLIED SCIENCES / ASSESSMENT FLASHCARDS
Answer
Movement of the bones around the
joints.
Rotary motion
Name possible injuries associated with
upper crossed syndrome.
Headaches, bicep tendonitis, rotator
cuff impingement, and thoracic outlet
syndrome
Name the short muscles associated
with lower crossed syndrome.
Gastrocnemius, soleus, hip flexor
complex, adductors, latissimus dorsi,
and erector spinae
Compensations observed during the
Overhead Squat assessment from the
lateral view.
Low back arches, excessive forward
lean, arms fall forward