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REFERENCE
REFERENCE
&
PIPING DESIGN
Guide for the Selection, Installation
and Maintenance of Pipeline Strainers
Prepared by PIPELINE STRAINER SECTION FLUID CONTROLS INSTITUTE, INC.
FCI 89-1-1992
REFERENCE
CONTENTS
1 – Pipeline Strainers – Definition, Purposes and Types
2 – End Connections
3 – Materials of Construction
4 – Corrosion Resistance – Selection of Materials
5 – Perforations and Mesh Sizing
6 – Capacity
7 – Pressure Loss
8 – Specifications and Manufacturer Testing
9 – Shock – Hydraulic and Thermal
10 – Conclusion
PREFACE
Experience has proven the need for strainers in the
protection of pumps, compressors, turbines, meters,
automatic valves, sprinkler heads, burner nozzles,
steam traps and other pipeline equipment
This guide has been established as a technical
reference for project engineers and managers
responsible for specifying and using pipeline
strainers. While strainers remain a relatively low cost
item, when specified properly, the protection they
provide is invaluable. It is the intent of this guide to
provide the background and information necessary
to make knowledgeable and sound engineering
decisions in the specification of pipeline strainers.
The Pipeline Strainer Section of the Fluid Controls
Institute, Inc. acknowledges and appreciates the
assistance of those people who have made the
creation and updating of this technical resource
possible.
Chapter 1
Definition
A pipeline strainer is a device which provides a
means of mechanically removing solids from a
flowing fluid by utilizing a perforated, mesh or wedge
wire straining element. The most common range of
strainer particle retention is 1 inch to 40 micron
(.00156 inch).
Purpose
Strainers are employed in pipelines to protect
downstream mechanical equipment such as
condensers, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors,
meters, spray nozzles, turbines, steam traps, etc.
from the detrimental effect of sediment, rust, pipe
scale or other extraneous debris.
Types of Strainers
Two frequently specified strainers are the “Y” strainer
and the basket strainer. While there is primarily one
type of “Y” strainer (Fig. 1A), there are several
variations of basket strainers (Figs. 1B through 1E).
FIGURE 1A
FIGURE 1C
FIGURE 1B
FIGURE 1D
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
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FIGURE 1E
There seems to be a general misconception among
engineers and contractors concerning “Y” strainers
and basket strainers used in steam service. In many
instances, basket and “Y” strainers will perform
comparably in steam service. It is essential in
ordering strainers for steam service that the
manufacturer be so advised. As mentioned above,
the housings may be furnished without a bottom,
allowing the accumulated debris to be blown out by
opening the blowdown valve (Fig. 4).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 2
Tee type strainers, suction diffusers and several
variations of basket strainers can also be used in a
right angle flow application (Fig. 3).
While there are some high pressure applications for
basket strainers, (Fig. 5), due to the required
thickness and subsequent high cost, basket strainers
are not normally constructed for pressures above
1,500 psi. “Y” strainers, on the other hand, are readily
available for working pressures up to 6,000 psi and
higher. In addition to “Y” and basket types, other
strainers are available such as duplex/twin,
geometric, washdown/back-flushing, automatic self
cleaning, plate or expanded cross section type,
scraper, and magnetic screen types. Descriptions of
these as well as miscellaneous options available with
them, follow.
FIGURE 3
“Y” strainers and most variations of basket strainers
can be self-cleaning. With the addition of a
blowdown valve and some modification of the
straining element of a basket strainer, the element
can be flushed out by opening and closing the
blowdown valve. This can be done without flow shut
down or disassembling any piping.
In sizes above 4”, a single basket strainer will
generally create less pressure drop than a “Y” type.
Basket strainers are normally installed in a horizontal
pipe with the cover over the basket at the top.
Cleaning of the strainer is generally simple and no
draining is required. Cover flanges for basket
strainers are relatively easy to remove and servicing
is simplified. Replacement of covers on “Y”-type
strainers is facilitated by some manufacturers
through the use of studs, rather than bolts, which
help to align the cover during the replacement
operations. Hinged covers and screen locking
devices can also make servicing easier.
FIGURE 5
Duplex/Twin Strainers
For applications where continuous operation is
required and the line cannot be disassembled for
cleanout, duplex or twin basket strainers can be
used. Refer also to Automatic Strainers for
continuous service applications. Examples are fuel oil
strainers for industrial or marine oil burners,
lubricating lines on board ships, cooling towers,
continuously running chemical operations, and many
industrial water intake and service lines.
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
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REFERENCE
Vertical piping, frequently found at pump inlets,
necessitates the use of a “Y” strainer or a tee type
basket strainer. Most basket strainers are intended
for horizontal or slightly inclined piping. Special
attention must be given, however, to maintaining the
position of the debris collection chamber and the
drain (blowdown) connection in their lowest position
(Fig. 2). A “Y” strainer in vertical piping must be
placed with its screen in the downward position to
trap the sediment in the debris collection chamber.
REFERENCE
When one basket becomes full, the flow is switched
to the other basket. The first basket is removed,
cleaned and replaced. For smaller sizes the “plug”type duplex basket strainer (Fig. 6) is generally used
since it is less costly to make and simpler to operate
and maintain than other types. It is basically a plug
valve with two integral basket wells into which flow
can be diverted by rotating the plug. In larger sizes
the plug design becomes unwieldy, and an individual
valving arrangement is used (Fig. 7). Here, flow is
shifted from one basket to the other by integral
sliding gate valves. These strainers are frequently
furnished with an interlocking chain-drive mechanism
so the two valves work in unison (one basket
compartment opens while the other is being valved
off). This prevents accidental shutoff of the line.
FIGURE 8
Geometric (Temporary) Strainers (Fig. 9A through 9C)
Where cost is of prime importance, a geometric
strainer may be installed between flanges in a pipe
line. Variations of geometric strainers include cone
(Fig. 9A), truncated cone (Fig. 9B) and flat geometries
(Fig. 9C). The design considerations with these types
of strainers are:
1. They have a lower net open area than basket
strainers.
2. The pipe line must be disassembled to inspect,
clean or remove these strainers.
3. Structural strength can be difficult to achieve,
particularly in larger sizes, and in the case of wire
mesh.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 9A
FIGURE 9B
FIGURE 7
This type strainer can be furnished with individual
globe valves instead of gate valves. Globe valves give
more positive shutoff, but since these strainers are not
normally used for high pressures they are generally
not needed. The globe- valve-type duplex strainer is
usually more expensive than the gate-valve type.
Twin strainers, two single basket strainers connected
in parallel with individual control valves are also
available (Fig. 8). Where continuous operations is
required, however, a duplex strainer is generally
preferred. It occupies less space and is a “one-piece
unit”. However, because of the more circuitous path
the liquid must take through a duplex strainer,
pressure drop is higher than through the equivalent
size single basket strainer.
FIGURE 9C
While these strainers were once called temporary or
startup strainers, more frequently than not, they are
now left in the line during operation. As with all types
of strainers, periodic maintenance must be carried
out to ensure efficient operation.
Washdown, Manual, Fixed or Rotary Spray, BackFlushing Strainers (Figure 10)
These strainers are fitted with side inlets or other
devices for the introduction of high velocity liquid (the
same as being strained – usually water). The
turbulence created back-flushes the strainer basket
and opening a drain valve evacuates the debris.
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
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FIGURE 10
Automatic Self-Cleaning Strainers
An automatic self-cleaning strainer is a unit which
goes through a complete cleaning cycle, using some
of the fluid flowing through the strainer to flush out
the collected debris, with little or no attention by the
plant personnel. There are numerous styles of
automatic strainers produced and each has its
desirable features; however, only a limited discussion
is presented in this particular article to discuss these
differences.
Figures 11 and 12 are examples of basic types of
automatic self-cleaning strainers. Automatic strainers
are normally more expensive than the manually
cleaned units but their extra cost can often be
justified for one or more of the following reasons:
1. The frequency of cleaning of a manual unit and the
cost of labor for doing this.
2. If there is any danger that the strainer or the
equipment that it is protecting may be damaged by
the strainer not being cleaned when required.
3. The strainer is necessarily located in a place where
it is not readily accessible for cleaning.
4. Plugging of the strainer is unpredictable due to a
variable loading rate such that manual cleaning
cannot be properly scheduled.
5. Insufficient available personnel to perform the
manual cleaning.
FIGURE 11
There are many types of automatic and semiautomatic controls for the strainer and among these
are:
1. Differential pressure switch which senses the
pressure drop through the strainer and initiates a
cleaning cycle at a preset pressure differential.
2. Timer which initiates cleaning cycle of strainer are
preset intervals of time.
3. Pushbutton start for which an operator pushes a
button to initiate a cleaning cycle (semi-automatic).
4. Differential pressure switch alarms which signal the
operator that the strainer needs cleaning (semiautomatic).
5. Any combination of the above controls.
All of the above control systems are normally used
with strainers that clean intermittently. Some
automatic strainers also clean continuously so that a
control to initiate the cleaning cycle is not required.
For intermittent cleaning strainers, the differential
pressure switch control is normally preferred,
because it will initiate a cleaning cycle when required
regardless of strainer plugging rate. If a fairly
constant strainer plugging rate occurs, the timer
control can be utilized. Also, if the strainer may go
through long periods of slow plugging during which it
may not clean, a timer control may be desired to
make certain the strainer operates periodically to
keep it from binding. Normally, because of its
automatic cleaning characteristic, an automatic
strainer is cleaner for longer periods of time, than a
manually cleaned strainer.
When used in process or inplant service water
systems, it is not normally necessary to prescreen the
liquids handled by self-cleaning strainers. It is
essential, however, that any self-cleaning strainer be
protected from logs, long sticks, and heavy
concentrations of large fish when the strainer is
installed in intake systems where water is being taken
from a river, lake or other surface water source. When
very fine process straining is desired, two selfcleaning strainers in series – one coarse and one fine
– should be considered.
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
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REFERENCE
FIGURE 12
REFERENCE
Automatic strainers are most commonly used on
water service, the primary reason being the difficulty
of disposing of the fluid which flushes the debris from
the strainer. However, most automatic strainers can
work on other fluids if the fluid can be disposed of
satisfactorily. Many successful applications have
been made with such fluids as black liquor, white
water, starch, fuel oils (including Bunker C),
lubricating oils, machine coolants, gasoline,
ammonia flushing liquor, caustic solutions and
cooking oils.
Magnetic Strainers (Fig. 15)
An effective solution to the problem of excessive and
premature wear of plump seals and wear rings has
been the magnetic screen assembly. A standard
strainer is fitted with magnets which are removable
for cleaning. These magnets are so spaced and
arranged as to create a magnetic field around the
interior of the screen and attract fine ferrous particle
which could damage downstream equipment.
Plate or Expanded Cross Section Strainers (Fig. 13)
Where short face-to-face dimensions are essential,
the plate strainer may be used (a flat geometric
strainer is also an option). Only low net open areas
are available with this type of strainer. In addition,
operating pressure drops are normally higher and
maximum allowable pressure drops lower than with
other types of strainers.
FIGURE 15
Engineers have specified this type of strainer in pilot
jobs and, after evaluation, have standardized this
specification for all pump strainers. Magnets can be
incorporated in almost any of the “Y”, basket or
geometric type strainers.
FIGURE 13
Scraper Strainers (Fig. 14)
For applications where continuous operation is
required. A scraper strainer provides removal of
solids without interrupting flow and disassembly is
not required for cleaning. Examples are straining of
industrial cooling water (chemical, petroleum, power,
and steel), cooling towers, water intake, and marine.
Industrial and marine fuel filtration and deluge fire
protection systems. Screens are of the peripheral
inflow design. Rotation of hand wheel rotates the
screen against a scraper bar or brush removing
collected debris from the screen’s outer surface.
Debris moves to the sump area where it is removed
by periodic flushing. Scraper strainers can normally
be converted from manual to automatic self-cleaning
operation.
Special Application Strainers
A. High Differential Strainers
There is an increasing demand for strainers with
screens which can withstand full line pressure when
clogged. While the types of strainers already
discussed can be structurally enhanced to withstand
fairly high pressures (Fig. 16A and 16B), cases where
extremely high differentials exist may call for special
design. These screens are frequently constructed of
very heavy wire mesh or welded to ensure complete
structural integrity. A few manufacturers can supply
these strainers over a wide range of pressure
requirements.
FIGURE 16A
FIGURE 16B
FIGURE 14
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
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C. High Capacity (Volume) Basket Strainers
These strainers are designed for viscous fluids,
gasoline and fuel oil service where fine straining has
to be combined with a large basket which will not
clog after extended periods. A gasketed seat or close
tolerance metal-to-metal fit for the baskets insures
that no bypassing of fine particles will occur.
FIGURE 18
Quite frequently line sizes are reduced following a
strainer prior to temperature control valves or heating
and cooling coils (Fig. 19). A reducing strainer can
eliminate joints, reduce pressure loss, and still
provide the same offset produced by the reducer. Of
course, the reducer is also eliminated.
Miscellaneous Strainer Options
Strainers can be incorporated into a piping system in
a variety of ways. Mechanical equipment can
incorporate a strainer in the body. This can be
economical and can reduce pipe connections and
labor (Fig. 17).
FIGURE 19
Special processes may warrant special strainer
housings. Steel or stainless steel strainers may be
fitted with a fabricated or cast outer jacket with
connections for the introduction of steam or other
heating or cooling medium (Fig. 20). These types of
strainers are used in applications mainly in process
piping where the liquid handled must be maintained
at other than ambient temperatures.
FIGURE 17
In some cases a strainer is required at the inlet of a
pump or meter which is extremely close to the
ground. An offset strainer (Fig. 18) with a high inlet
and low outlet will satisfy this need. Other designs
may use a tee type basket strainer (Fig. 3) in an angle
flow application.
FIGURE 20
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
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REFERENCE
B. Micronic Strainers
Strainers are available with extremely fine wire mesh
which will remove particles as fine as 5 microns.
These strainers, though expensive, are more
economical than the disposable cartridge-type filters
in that the straining elements can be cleaned and
reused. Corrosion resistance is also better in most
cases. Baskets must be supplied with a gasket, “O”
ring, or close tolerance metal-to-metal seal to
eliminate bypassing. Oil separation can be
accomplished with cotton or fiber-filled screens.
Water can be separated from gasoline using a fine
mesh. Bronze or stainless steel wool-packed
straining elements also serve certain filter
requirements.
REFERENCE
In addition to special process needs, there may be
special maintenance needs. Simplifying the handling
of strainers during cleanings or inspections reduces
maintenance costs. Strainers are available with many
types of quick-opening covers to reduce the length of
time and labor involved in cleaning operations (Fig.
21). Among these are swing eye bolts, yoke covers,
pinwheel covers and “C” washers. The variety of
closures are too numerous to mention, but
consideration should be given to them where
reduction of downtime is important. Additionally,
many of these closures can be operated without the
use of tools, which enables operators to service the
strainer where Union contracts require only
maintenance personnel to use tools.
Weld Ends
Butt weld end strainers are generally available in all
sizes, and although many forms of end preparations
can be used, the standard 37-1/2" beveled end is
most common. ANSI B16.25 illustrates the various
types of weld joint preparations available.
It is very important that the purchaser specify the
bore of pipe being used so that the manufacturer can
provide a matching bore in the strainer.
Socket weld end strainers are usually available in
sizes through 3”, and again, it is important to specify
the bore of the pipe used. In ordering weld end
strainers of any type, consider whether you desire a
welded blowdown connection.
Special Ends
Grooved ends are available on many strainers, and a
detail of this end should be supplied to the
manufacturer. Other special ends such as “O” ring
and union ends are also available on special order,
and complete details should be furnished.
FIGURE 21
CHAPTER 2
End Connections
Strainers are available in a variety of end
connections. Iron strainers are most commonly
furnished in either threaded or flanged ends. Steel,
stainless steel and bronze are supplied in any of the
types discussed below. The four most common
groups of end connections are listed and described
below.
Threaded
Usually a tapered female pipe thread, although male
connections are also available.
Flanged
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and
MSS (Manufacturer’s Standardization Society)
standard flange ratings 25, 125, 150, 250, 300, 400,
600, 900, 1500 and2500 pounds can be supplied.
Ring-type joints (male and female), and tongue and
groove joints are also available. The U.S. Navy also
has some flange standards which are quite different
from the commercial standards. Among these are B176, B177, and MIL-F-20042C.
Most “Y”-type and certain other types of small
strainers are designed according to the fitting
standards for full pressure ratings and therefore can
be subjected to higher working pressures at lower
temperatures. It should be clearly understood,
however, that most of the larger types and many of
the smaller strainers are designed for the working
pressure requested and should not be operated
above that pressure without consulting the
manufacturer. It is important to note that the flange
rating is not necessarily the same as the pressure
rating of the vessel. A fabricated carbon steel
strainer, for example, may be operated at 40 psig at
500∞F, designed for 100 psig at 650∞F, and have
150-lb ANSI flanges. The maximum safe pressure at
any temperature (650∞F and below) for this vessel is
100 psig, even though the flange can be taken to 170
psig at 500∞F.
It is important, at the time of initial design, to specify
working pressure, working temperature, design
pressure, design temperature, required flange rating
and any operating conditions affecting vessel
loading.
CHAPTER 3
Materials of Construction
Strainer components can include a body, flanges,
cover, perforated plate, mesh, wedge wire, gasket
and cover fasteners. Listed below are some materials
of construction for these components.
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
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A – Housing/Body
Description
Iron Castings
Ductile Iron Castings
Iron-Austenitic Castings
Carbon Steel Castings
Carbon Steel Castings
Carbon Steel Pipe
Carbon Steel Plate
Carbon Steel Forgings
Carbon Moly Castings
Chrome Moly Forgings
Stainless Steel Castings
Chrome Moly Plate
Chrome Moly Pipe
Stainless Steel Pipe
Stainless Steel Plate
Stainless Steel Forgings
Aluminum Castings
Bronze Castings
Monel
Nickel 200 Plate
Hastelloy B Castings
Hastelloy B Plate
Hastelloy C Plate
Hastelloy C Pipe
Titanium Pipe
Titanium Castings
ASTM Specification
A 126, A 278
A 395, A 536
A 436
A 216
A 27
A 53, A 106
A 20, A 285, A 515, A 516
A 105
A 217, A 352
A 182
A 743, A 744, A 351
A 387
A 335
A 312
A 240
A 182
B 26
B 61, B 62
B 164, B 127
B 160, B 162
A 494
B 333
B 575
B 619
B 337
B 367
B – Perf. Plate/Mesh/Wedge Wire
Carbon Steel
S.S. (Various Grades Available)
Monel
Hastelloy B
Hastelloy C
Alloy 20
Nickel
Brass
Copper
Galvanized Steel
Incoloy
Inconel
Titanium
Aluminum
C – Gaskets
Red Rubber
Teflon
Neoprene
Graphite
D – Fasteners
Carbon Steel
Silicon Bronze
316 S.S.
Compressed Nonasbestos
Buna-N, O Ring
S.S. – Jacketed
S.S. – Spiral Wound
Alloy Steel
304 S.S.
Monel
Corrosion Resistance – Selection of Materials
Almost every strainer operating in a pipe line is
subject to some degree of corrosion or erosion. It is
therefore very important that corrosion/erosion
resistance is considered when selecting materials
and/or coatings. The selection of the material or
coating used is also usually based on economic
considerations and should be made by the customer
and/or consulting engineer after some discussion
with the strainer manufacturer.
It is important that the type of fluid, the pressure and
temperature conditions, type of adjacent piping,
desired service life, and the customer’s prior
experience with similar fluid conditions be known.
Corrosion resistance charts offer some assistance in
the selection of materials or coatings. (See Corrosion
Data Survey – Metals Solution, 6th Edition, NACE).
Electrolytic corrosion is also a consideration in some
services and the manufacturer should be advised.
Sometimes the inclusion of magnesium or zincconsumable bars in the body will retard this action.
Most types of strainers can be lined with various
coatings to retard corrosion, and some of these are
listed below:
Epoxy
Asphalt
Teflon
Vinyl
Kel-F
Rubber
Neoprene
Baked Phenolic
Penton (Plating: Zinc, Cadmium, Nickel,Galvanizing, etc.)
CHAPTER 5
Perforations and Mesh Sizing
An extremely important consideration in the selection
of a strainer is the size of the perforations, mesh or
wire opening used in the making of the straining
element. A tendency exists to select smaller holes
than those actually needed, leading to too-frequent
cleaning, excessive pressure drops, and screens
constructed of thinner metal which will withstand less
pressure differential.
Generally, stainless steel perforated metal can only
be obtained in a thickness which is one gage
thickness less than the diameter of the punched
holes. Carbon steel and brass can be obtained in
approximately the same thickness as the hole
diameter. These limitations are important
considerations. For example, a strainer made with
stainless steel plate perforated with 1/64” diameter
holes in a 16” line would be impractical, as the plate
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
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REFERENCE
CHAPTER 4
REFERENCE
would be about 17” in diameter and only .014” thick,
and would have a very low maximum allowable
differential pressure.
The most common way to accomplish fine straining
in large strainers is by mesh lining a larger hole,
heavier gage perforated plate.
The following table illustrates available perforations,
mesh, and wedge wire and their respective straining
capability. The main criteria for choosing hole and
mesh size is the size and quantity of particles which
can pass through downstream equipment without
causing damage.
PERFORATED METAL**
Hole Diameter x Hole Spacing
Percent Open Area
.020 x .043
20
.027 x .066
17
*.033 x .077
20
*.045 x .086
28
*.057 x .121
25
*.062 x
3/32
41
*.094 x
5/32
33
.100 x
5/32
37
*1/8 x
3/16
40
*5/32 x
3/16
63
3/16 x
1/4
51
*1/4 x
3/8
40
5/16 x
7/16
47
3/8 x
1/2
51
7/16 x 19/32
49
1/2 x 11/16
48
5/8 x 13/16
54
3/4 x
1
51
1 x 1-3/8
48
*These are standards as they appear in the Designers,
Specifiers and Buyers Handbook for Perforated Metals
published by the Industrial Perforators Association.
**Perforated plate listed is for staggered pattern only.
MESH
Mesh
Wire
(Openings Diameter
(Inches)
(Inches)
2
.063
2
.092
3
.063
4
.47
4
.063
5
.041
6
.035
7
.035
8
.028
10
.025
11
.018
12
.023
14
.020
16
.018
18
.017
20
.016
30
.013
40
.010
50
.009
60
.007
80
.005
24 x 115
.0056
100
.0045
120
.0037
30 x 160
150
.0026
40 x 200
170
.0024
30 x 260
200
.0021
250
.0016
50 x 250
.0024
28 x 480
300
.0015
325
.0014
400
.0010
80 x 700
125 x 600
165 x 800
165 x 1400
200 x 1400
250 x 1400
25 x 2300
5 x 2400
400 x 2800
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
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Percent
Open
Micron Area
11100
76.4
10360
66.6
6860
65.6
5160
65.9
4750
56.0
4040
63.2
3350
62.7
2740
57.2
2460
60.2
1910
56.3
1850
64.5
1520
51.8
1300
51.0
1130
50.7
980
48.3
872
46.2
513
37.1
384
36.0
282
30.3
231
33.9
180
36.0
Opening
Inches
.437
.407
.270
.208
.187
.159
.132
.108
.097
.075
.073
.060
.051
.044
.038
.034
.020
.015
.011
.009
.0075
.0055
.0046
.0046
.0041
.0033
.0035
.0029
.0029
.0024
.0023
.0018
.0017
.0015
.0012
141
118
118
105
85
79
75
74
62
62
59
46
44
39
40
30
28
17
10
83
53
4
3
30.3
30.1
37.4
35.1
33.6
36.0
29.7
30.0
36.0
Opening
Micron
.003”
75
.005”
127
7.7
.010”
254
14.3
.015”
381
25
.020”
500
25
.031”
775
34
.034”
864
20
.062”
1550
51
.063”
1600
50
.094”
2350
44
.125”
3175
66
.156”
3962
71
As an example, fuel oils are generally strained to a
fine degree to protect small orifices in burner nozzles.
This requires a fine woven mesh be used in series
with a reinforcing perforated plate. Due to the fact
that the perforated plate may have a 50% open area
and the mesh 30%, the resultant combined open
area may be considered to be only 15% if there is not
flow path other than line of sight through the two
elements in series. This, of course, would mean that
to have a OAR of 250%, a high capacity, large bodied
strainer is required.
% Open
This same strainer using only the perforated plate
would have an OAR more than three times as great.
So, it may be seen that in any given strainer, the OAR
may be varied by using various perforations or
meshes having different open areas. Thus, it is
essential to specify not only the OAR desired, but the
straining element opening size and the method for
calculating OAR.
CHAPTER 6
Capacity
The capacity ratio, or open area ratio (OAR) of a
strainer influences such operating characteristics as
the length of time it can operate without cleaning and
the created pressure loss. The ratio/OAR is the
relationship between internal cross sectional area
(flow area) of the pipe and the open flow area of the
material which makes up the straining element.
A 100% OAR, or 1-to-1 ratio would give an
unrestricted flow area equal to that of the pipe while
the element was clean. As clogging occurs, however,
flow would be inhibited. A 200% OAR, or 2-to-1 ratio
would provide full flow, after the element became
50% clogged. A 250% OAR is a good standard for
general heating and air conditioning service.
However, larger OAR’s or ratios would be appropriate
for flow in which much debris is expected to be
strained or where very viscous fluids are being
handled.
When considering the OAR of a straining element,
there are two accepted methods of analysis used by
various specifying agencies and manufacturers. One
method maintains a “line of sight” reasoning and
uses the multiple of the open areas for elements in
series. In this method, a 60% open area material in
series with a 40% open area material has a resultant
combined open area of 24% (i.e. as in accordance
with military standards). An alternative method allows
the open area of the more restrictive element in series
to be used. This would be 40% for the example
above (i.e. as in accordance with Underwriter
Laboratories’ Standards). The method used
influences the estimated operating pressure drop, as
well as design decisions such as sizing.
CHAPTER 7
Pressure Loss
Because strainers are made with various dimensions
and configurations, most reputable manufacturers
have tested and published pressure drop results.
Most pump installations designed for reasonable
velocities will permit approximately a 2-psi drop
across the strainer. When a screen becomes
clogged, the pressure drop varies with the clogging
pattern experienced and the type of strainer being
used. While some manufacturers speculate as to the
change in head loss at different percentages of
clogging, it should be recognized that this type of
testing is very difficult to relate to actual line
performance. This is because of differences in
strainer clogging characteristics — a 1/4” perforated
basket two-thirds full of 1/2” stones will be less
affected than a small amount of fine leaves on a large
100-mesh basket. If large amounts of solids are
expected, use a strainer with a high net open area as
discussed in Chapter 6.
As a strainer becomes clogged to the point where the
OAR of the strainer approaches the pipe area, the
pressure drop across the strainer increases very
rapidly and unpredictably. It is at this point, therefore
that it is recommended the strainer be cleaned.
Otherwise, a large differential pressure will develop.
The maximum differential pressure a strainer can
withstand varies widely with strainer type, line size
and material used. Always consult the manufacturer
for maximum differential pressure a straining element
can withstand.
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
- 259 -
REFERENCE
WEDGE WIRE
REFERENCE
From the foregoing discussion, it is obvious that
periodic cleaning is essential in any strainer
installation. Once the rate of clogging is established,
a cleaning schedule can be set up. Pressure gauges
on each side of the strainer can be valuable to
determine when the strainer requires cleaning.
Differential pressure switches can be set up to
operate warning lights or alarms if so desired.
Some manufacturers have related their strainers’
pressure drop to equivalent feet of pipe at various
turbulent flow rates, and this can simplify the
computation of head loss for an entire system.
However, varying field conditions and fluid properties
can affect the accuracy of general type pressure drop
estimations. Further, operating viscous fluids under
laminar flow conditions requires analysis different
from that for fluids under turbulent conditions.
Accordingly, the manufacturer should always be
consulted for the most specific and accurate
estimated pressure loss.
(a) Voltage and frequency of power supply;
(b) Air supply pressure if available;
(c) Type of controls desired;
(d) Type of motor, switch and control panel
enclosure required.
B - Flow data
1 – Liquid:
(a) Description of fluid.
(b) Rate of flow – gallons per minute (gpm) or
pounds per hour (lbs/hr).
(c) Viscosity – SSU.
(d) Specific gravity/density.
(e) Temperature.
(f) Concentration (if acid or other corrosive).
2–
Gas:
(a) Description of Gas
(b) Rate of flow – standard cubic feet per
minute (scfm).
- actual cubic fee per minute (cfm).
(c) Specific gravity.
(d) Temperature and pressure.
(e) Molecular weight.
3–
Steam:
(a) Flow-pounds per hour.
(b) Temperature.
(c) Pressure.
(d) Density.
(e) State of flow.
CHAPTER 8
Specifications and Manufacturer Testing
Needless to say, the more information provided to the
manufacturer when ordering strainers, the better the
chance of obtaining a strainer which is appropriately
suited for a particular job. It is for this reason that
considerable space is devoted to the preparation of
specifications.
Specification
To allow the manufacturer to make selection or
recommendations for a particular strainer, as much
as possible, the following information should be
provided:
A–
1
2
3
4
5
Physical characteristics
– Pipe size and schedule.
– Strainer type requires.
– End connections.
– Material (body, screen, studs, gaskets).
– Pressure rating (design/operating — including
shock).
6 – Temperature rating (design, operating,
minimum).
7 – Straining element opening size.
8 – Capacity:
(a) Net effective open area required.
(b) Method of net open area calculation.
9 – Special requirements (hinged cover, vent
tapping, jacketed, etc.).
10 – Applicable specifications (military
specifications, special nondestructive tests or
other QC Requirements).
11 – For automatic self-cleaning strainers, specify
the following:
C - Solids to be removed
Specify the nature and relative size of the sediment.
Parts per million (ppm) or percent by volume or cubic
inches per hour or percent by weight can also be
specified.
NOTE: If strainer is to be steam jacketed, the following
information for the heat transfer fluid or steam must be
given:
(a) Type of fluid.
(b) Rate of flow.
(c) Temperature.
(d) Pressure.
(e) Type and size connections desired.
(f) Material for jacket construction.
(g) Whether strainer end flanges are oversized to
match jacketed pipe.
D – Allowable pressure drop (psi):
1 – Clean.
2 – 50% clogged.
NOTE: Operating pressure drop is a function of operating
conditions, fluid characteristics and strainer geometry.
Consequently, if specifying a strainer type and geometry,
a desired pressure drop may not be obtainable if fluid
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
- 260 -
opening valve on the outlet flange is rapidly opened
to determine that no damage is sustained by the
basket. Normally, a military requirement.
Available Types of Manufacturer Testing
A - Hydrostatic:
Most common test – usually 1-1/2 times working
pressure to determine that a strainer body, cover
gaskets, etc., are sound.
J – Helium leak test:
A very stringent test where the strainer is pressurized
with helium and leaks are checked with sensitive
instruments. A maximum leak rate is usually
specified. Used mostly for nuclear plants for
radioactive water piping.
B – Radiographic examination:
To determine if the casting or welded joint has any
slag or sand inclusions, gas pockets or subsurface
defects. This type of test is quite expensive and
usually specified only for high pressure strainers.
K – Ferroxyl:
A test to detect free iron in stainless steel strainers
where the iron would contaminate the product.
C – Magnetic Particle:
A reasonably low cost examination to reveal relatively
shallow subsurface cracks, gas pockets, etc. Iron
dust is sprinkled on the surface of the casting/weld
and a magnetic force is induced electrically, causing
the dust to align over defects and cracks showing
their location and size. Can be used only on iron and
steel.
D – Dye penetrant:
Equivalent to magnetic particle testing, except used
mainly with nonmagnetic castings/welds to reveal
surface defects, cracks, depressions, etc.
E – Air test:
Either under water or with part covered with soap
solution. This is a more stringent test for porosity and
gasket leakage than hydrostatic, and leaks often are
more obvious. Sometimes not done, due to relative
danger involved.
F – Hydrostatic burst test:
Sometimes done to establish manufacturer’s
maximum working pressure rating, or at the request
of purchaser.
G – Shock:
Usually a government requirement where strainers
will remain operative or intact in the event of a nearproximity explosion. Test normally conducted on a
machine where weighted hammer strikes plate on
which strainer is mounted.
H – Vibration:
Normally a government requirement where strainers
must withstand a vibration test which involves a
number of frequencies. This usually simulates
shipboard vibrations, earthquake, etc.
I – Surge test:
A strainer is pressurized with water and a quick-
NOTE: Many tests by their very nature can be more or
less stringent. Acceptance standards should be included
in any inquiry calling for such tests. Naturally, the more
stringent the test requirements, the more costly the
ultimate strainer becomes.
CHAPTER 9
Shock-Hydraulic and Thermal
Any liquid being transmitted in a pipe line possesses
a certain amount of energy (weight times velocity). A
rapid change in velocity results in a momentary
shock wave. In the case of a quick-closing valve, the
energy of the flowing fluid must be used up in some
way, and the resulting shock, or “water hammer”, is
clearly audible. A pressure wave, in some cases,
travels at over 3,000 feet per second and traverses
the pipeline in one direction, then the other, until it
dissipates. A theoretical figure of 54 psi for each foot
per second that is stopped by the valve may be used.
A 12 foot per second velocity could produce a shock
wave having a peak of 648 psi; therefore,
consideration should be given to the shock and nonshock rating of the strainer.
No attempt will be made here to go into the highly
technical field of hydraulic shock, and it is covered
briefly to point out that even if your system can
produce only a specific head, if the possibility of
shock is present, tremendous overpressures may
result.
Commonly known is the phenomenon of pouring hot
tea into a glass and watching the glass crack. This is
an example of thermal shock. Rapid changes of
temperature in piping systems can have the same
effect, and in selecting strainers consideration must
be given to this possibility.
In improperly trapped steam lines, condensate can
collect in low points and subsequently become a slug
of water traveling at high velocity down the line.
Almost all strainers cause a change in direction of
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
- 261 -
REFERENCE
parameters are fixed. The “trade-off” relationship between
fluid conditions, strainer geometry and operating pressure
drop establishes what compromises must be made.
REFERENCE
flow due to their configuration, and the result can be
obvious if the strainer cannot absorb this type of
shock. In considering this situation, it is important to
remember that steam velocities of 4,000 to 20,000
feet per minute are quite common.
steam jackets, cover lifting davits, magnets,
motorized cleaning devices and automatic vent
valves. They are supplied with screwed, flanged,
socket weld, butt weld, ring joint and silver brazing
end connections.
CHAPTER 10
Accordingly, the implementation of a strainer needs
to be well thought out and engineered. While it is
good practice to use a strainer to protect
downstream equipment, it is very important to
carefully consider the options available. Choosing the
correct strainer can save money not only by
protecting equipment, but also by keeping
operations and maintenance costs at a minimum.
Conclusion
Strainers are no longer confined to a simple cast
body with a wire mesh screen, but are a technical,
highly refined, carefully designed piece of equipment.
Sometimes they operate at 1,500ºF and 10,000 psig
or at cryogenic temperatures. They are modified with
List of Figures
Fig. 1A “Y” type strainer, cast
Fig. 1B Basket type strainer, slant entry, cast
Fig. 1C Tee type basket strainer
Fig. 1D Basket type strainer, side entry
Fig. 1E Basket type strainer, top entry
Fig. 2
Self-cleaning “Y” strainer fitted with a
blowdown valve
Fig. 3
Tee type basket strainer, right angle flow
Fig. 4
Basket strainer with blowdown assembly
Fig. 5
High pressure fabricated basket strainer
Fig. 6
Plug type duplex basket strainer
Fig. 7
Sliding gate type duplex basket strainer
Fig. 8
By-pass twin basket straining assembly
with individual control valves
Fig. 9A Geometric strainer, cone
Fig. 9B Geometric strainer, truncated cone
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
9C
10
11
12
13
14
15
16A
Geometric strainer, flat plate
Wash down strainer
Automatic self-cleaning strainer
Automatic (motorized) strainer
Plate or expanded cross-section strainer
Manual type scraper
Magnetic screen strainer assembly
Structurally stiffened tee type basket
straining element
Fig. 16B Structurally stiffened wire cone geometric
strainer
Fig. 17 Steam trap with integral strainer
Fig. 18 Offset basket strainer
Fig. 19 Reducing basket strainer
Fig. 20 Strainer housing equipped with steam
jacket
Fig. 21 Example of a quick-opening cover
Reprinted from FCI 89-1-1992 by permission of the Fluid Controls Institute
- 262 -
REFERENCE
NOTES:
- 263 -
FLANGE STANDARDS
CAST IRON
125 lb. CAST IRON
34
1
Diameter of Flange
—
Thickness of Flange (min)a —
—
14
4/
4/
5
6
7
7/
8/
9
10
11
13 /
16
19
—
7 16
/
12
/
9 16
/
58
/
11 16
/
34
/
13 16
/
15 16
/
15 16
/
1
11/8
13/16
11/4
Diameter of Bolt Circle
—
—
31/8
31/2
37/8
43/4
51/2
6
7
71/2
81/2
91/2
113/4
141/4
17
Number of Bolts
—
—
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
/
12
/
12
58
58
58
58
58
34
34
34
78
78
1
1
Pipe Size
REFERENCE
ANSI STANDARD B16.1
12
/
/
Diameter of Bolts
—
—
a 125 lb. cast iron flanges have plain faces.
11/4
58
11/2
/
21/2
2
/
/
250 lb. CAST IRON
3
12
/
31/2
12
/
4
/
5
/
6
/
8
12
/
10
/
12
/
ANSI STANDARD B16.1
Pipe Size
1
/2
34
/
1
1 /4
1 /2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
Diameter of Flange
—
—
47/8
51/4
61/8
61/2
71/2
81/4
9
10
11
121/2
15
171/2
201/2
Thickness of Flange (min)b —
—
11
34
Diameter of Raised Face
—
/
13 16
/
78
/
1
11/8
13/16
11/4
13/8
17/16
15/8
17/8
2
—
11
2 /16
1
3 /16
9
3 /16
3
4 /16
15
4 /16
11
5 /16
5
6 /16
15
6 /16
5
8 /16
11
15
1
167/16
1
7
1
7
5
1
7
1
9 /4
5
10 /8
13
1
15 /4
173/4
8
12
12
16
16
34
34
78
/
1
11/8
/16
Diameter of Bolt Circle
—
—
3 /2
3 /8
4 /2
5
5 /8
6 /8
7 /4
7 /8
Number of Bolts
—
—
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
5
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
Diameter of Bolts
—
—
/8
b 250 lb. cast iron flanges have a 1/16" raised face which is included in the flange thickness dimensions.
/
9 /16 11 /16 14 /16
/
BRONZE
150 lb. BRONZE
ANSI STANDARD B16.24
/2
34
/
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
Diameter of Flange
31/2
37/8
41/4
45/8
5
6
7
71/2
81/2
9
10
11
131/2
16
19
Thickness of Flange (min)c
5
/16
11 32
/
38
/
13 32
/
7 16
12
/
9 16
58
11 16
/
11 16
/
34
/
13 16
15 16
1
11/16
3
2 /8
3
2 /4
1
3 /8
1
3 /2
7
3 /8
3
4 /4
1
5 /2
6
7
1
7 /2
1
8 /2
1
9 /2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
Pipe Size
1
/
/
/
/
/
11 /4
1
14 /4
17
8
12
12
1
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
Diameter of Bolts
/2
c 150 lb. bronze flanges have plain faces with two concentric gasket-retaining grooves between the port and the bolt holes.
78
/
78
8
10
12
—
—
Diameter of Bolt Circle
Number of Bolts
300 lb. BRONZE
Pipe Size
/2
Diameter of Flange
3 /4
Thickness of Flange (min)d 1/2
Diameter of Bolt Circle
/
ANSI STANDARD B16.24
1
3
Number of Bolts
3
/4
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
5
7
1
1
1
1
1
3
4 /8
4 /8
17
19
25/8
31/4
31/2
37/8
4
4
4
4
/32
/32
5 /4
5
/8
6 /2
5
6
1
7 /2
8 /4
10
11
12 /2
15
/4
13
29
31
/32
11/16
11/8
13/16
13/8
41/2
5
57/8
65/8
71/4
77/8
91/4
105/8
13
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
/16
/16
/32
9
4
3
11
6 /2
31/2
5
5
5
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
1/2
/8
/8
/8
/4
/8
/4
/4
/4
/4
/4
/4
/8
Diameter of Bolts
d 300 lb. bronze flanges have plain faces with two concentric gasket-retaining grooves between the port and the bolt holes.
- 264 -
FLANGE STANDARDS
STEEL
Pipe Size
ANSI STANDARD B16.5
1
/2
34
/
1
11/4
4
5
11/2
4 /8
5
/16
12
/
9 16
/
21/2
3
31/2
6
7
1
7 /2
1
8 /2
9
10
11
13 /2
16
19
58
/
11 16
/
34
/
13 16
/
15 16
/
15 16
/
1
11/8
13/16
11/4
2
4
5
6
8
1
10
12
Diameter of Flange
—
Thickness of Flange (min)e —
—
Diameter of Raised Face
—
—
2
21/2
27/8
35/8
41/8
5
51/2
63/16
75/16
81/2
105/8
123/4
15
Diameter of Bolt Circle
—
—
31/8
31/2
37/8
43/4
51/2
6
7
71/2
81/2
91/2
113/4
141/4
17
—
7
Number of Bolts
—
—
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
Diameter of Bolts
—
—
1
12
12
58
58
58
58
58
34
34
34
78
78
/2
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
e 150 lb. steel flanges have a 1/16" raised face which is included in the flange thickness dimensions.
300 lb. STEEL
Pipe Size
Diameter of Flange
ANSI STANDARD B16.5
1
/2
—
1
1
1 /4
1
1 /2
2
21/2
3
31/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
7
1
5 /4
1
6 /8
1
1
7 /2
1
8 /4
9
10
11
121/2
15
171/2
201/2
34
/
—
4 /8
11
6 /2
Thickness of Flange (min)f
—
—
34
/
13 16
/
78
/
1
11/8
13/16
11/4
13/8
17/16
15/8
17/8
2
Diameter of Raised Face
—
—
2
21/2
27/8
35/8
41/8
5
51/2
63/16
75/16
81/2
105/8
123/4
15
Diameter of Bolt Circle
—
—
31/2
37/8
41/2
5
57/8
65/8
71/4
77/8
91/4
105/8
13
151/4
173/4
Number of Bolts
—
—
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
Diameter of Bolts
—
5
58
34
58
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
78
1
11/8
/8
/16
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
f 300 lb. steel flanges have a 1/16" raised face which is included in the flange thickness dimensions.
400 lb. STEEL
Pipe Size
Diameter of Flange
ANSI STANDARD B16.5
12
/
33/4
Thickness of Flange (min)g 9/16
Diameter of Raised Face
Diameter of Bolt Circle
1/38
25/8
34
/
1
58
78
14
1/
14
12
2
18
12
6/
7/
8/
1/
12
3
14
31/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
9
10
11
121/2
15
171/2
201/2
4/
4/
5/
58
/
11 16
/
13 16
/
78
/
1
11/8
11/4
13/8
13/8
11/2
15/8
17/8
21/8
21/4
111/16
2
21/2
27/8
35/8
41/8
5
51/2
63/16
75/16
81/2
105/8
123/4
15
78
12
14
78
14
14
3/
12
3/
3/
6/
21/2
4/
5
78
5/
58
6/
7/
7/
58
9/
10 /
13
14
15 /
173/4
Number of Bolts
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
16
Diameter of Bolts
12
58
58
58
34
58
34
34
78
78
78
78
1
11/8
11/4
12
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
g 400 lb. steel flanges have a 1/4" raised face which is included in the flange thickness dimensions.
600 lb. STEEL
Pipe Size
ANSI STANDARD B16.5
1
/2
/4
1
1 /4
1 /2
2
21/2
3
31/2
3
1
1
4
5
6
8
10
Diameter of Flange
33/4
45/8
47/8
51/4
61/8
61/2
71/2
81/4
9
103/4
13
14
161/2
20
22
Thickness of Flange (min)h
9 16
/
58
/
11 16
/
13 16
/
78
/
1
11/8
11/4
13/8
11/2
13/4
17/8
23/16
21/2
25/8
Diameter of Raised Face
13/8
111/16
2
21/2
27/8
35/8
41/8
5
51/2
63/16
75/16
81/2
105/8
123/4
15
78
12
14
12
12
17
191/4
Diameter of Bolt Circle
58
2/
14
3/
12
3/
3/
4/
5
78
5/
58
6/
7/
12
8/
10 /
11 /
34
13 /
Number of Bolts
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
16
20
Diameter of Bolts
1
5
5
5
3
5
3
3
7
7
1
1
11/8
11/4
11/4
/2
/8
/8
/8
/4
/8
/4
/4
/8
h 600 lb. steel flanges have a 1/4" raised face which is included in the flange thickness dimensions.
- 265 -
/8
REFERENCE
150 lb. STEEL
PIPE DATA TABLES
REFERENCE
Pipe Outside
Size Diameter
(in.)
(in.)
1/8
.405
1/4
.540
3/8
.675
1/2
.840
3/4
1.050
1
1.315
11/4
1.660
11/2
1.900
2
2.375
21/2
2.875
Weight
Class
Carbon
Steel
Sched.
—
STD
XS
—
STD
XS
—
STD
XS
—
—
STD
XS
—
XXS
—
—
STD
XS
—
XXS
—
—
STD
XS
—
XXS
—
—
STD
XS
—
XXS
—
—
STD
XS
—
XXS
—
—
STD
XS
—
XXS
—
—
STD
XS
—
XXS
—
40
80
—
40
80
—
40
80
—
—
40
80
160
—
—
—
40
80
160
—
—
—
40
80
160
—
—
—
40
80
160
—
—
—
40
80
160
—
—
—
40
80
160
—
—
—
40
80
160
—
Stainless
Wall
Inside
Circum. Circum
Steel Thickness Diameter (Ext.) (Int.)
Sched.
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
10S
40S
80S
10S
40S
80S
10S
40S
80S
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
.049
.068
.095
.065
.088
.119
.065
.091
.126
.065
.083
.109
.147
.187
.294
.065
.083
.113
.154
.219
.308
.065
.109
.133
.179
.250
.358
.065
.109
.140
.191
.250
.382
.065
.109
.145
.200
.281
.400
.065
.109
.154
.218
.344
.436
.083
.120
.203
.276
.375
.552
.307
.269
.215
.410
.364
.302
.545
.493
.423
.710
.674
.622
.546
.466
.252
.920
.884
.824
.742
.612
.434
1.185
1.097
1.049
.957
.815
.599
1.530
1.442
1.380
1.278
1.160
.896
1.770
1.682
1.610
1.500
1.338
1.100
2.245
2.157
2.067
1.939
1.687
1.503
2.709
2.635
2.469
2.323
2.125
1.771
1.27
1.70
2.12
2.64
3.30
4.13
5.22
5.97
7.46
9.03
- 266 -
.96
.85
.68
1.29
1.14
.95
1.71
1.55
1.33
2.23
2.12
1.95
1.72
1.46
.79
2.89
2.78
2.59
2.33
1.92
1.36
3.72
3.45
3.30
3.01
2.56
1.88
4.81
4.53
4.34
4.02
3.64
2.81
5.56
5.28
5.06
4.71
4.20
3.46
7.05
6.78
6.49
6.09
5.30
4.72
8.51
8.28
7.76
7.30
6.68
5.56
Flow
Area
(sq. in.)
Weight
of Pipe
(lbs/Ft.)
.074
.057
.036
.132
.104
.072
.233
.191
.141
.396
.357
.304
.234
.171
.050
.665
.614
.533
.433
.296
.148
1.103
.945
.864
.719
.522
.282
1.839
1.633
1.495
1.283
1.057
.630
2.461
2.222
2.036
1.767
1.406
.950
3.958
3.654
3.355
2.953
2.241
1.774
5.764
5.453
4.788
4.238
3.546
2.464
.19
.24
.31
.33
.42
.54
.42
.57
.74
.54
.67
.85
1.09
1.31
1.71
.69
.86
1.13
1.47
1.94
2.44
.87
1.40
1.68
2.17
2.84
3.66
1.11
1.81
2.27
3.00
3.76
5.21
1.28
2.09
2.72
3.63
4.86
6.41
1.61
2.64
3.65
5.02
7.46
9.03
2.48
3.53
5.79
7.66
10.01
13.69
Weight Gallons
of Water of Water Section
(lbs/Ft.) per Ft. Modulus
.032
.025
.016
.057
.045
.031
.101
.083
.061
.172
.155
.132
.102
.074
.022
.288
.266
.231
.188
.128
.064
.478
.409
.375
.312
.230
.122
.797
.708
.649
.555
.458
.273
1.066
.963
.882
.765
.608
.420
1.72
1.58
1.45
1.28
.97
.77
2.50
2.36
2.07
1.87
1.54
1.07
.004
.003
.002
.007
.005
.004
.012
.010
.007
.021
.019
.016
.012
.009
.003
.035
.032
.028
.022
.015
.008
.057
.049
.045
.037
.027
.015
.096
.085
.078
.067
.055
.033
.128
.115
.106
.092
.073
.049
.206
.190
.174
.153
.116
.092
.299
.283
.249
.220
.184
.128
.00437
.00523
.00602
.01032
.01227
.01395
.01736
.0216
.0255
.0285
.0341
.0407
.0478
.0527
.0577
.0467
.0566
.0706
.0853
.1004
.1103
.0760
.1151
.1328
.1606
.1903
.2136
.1250
.1934
.2346
.2913
.3421
.4110
.1662
.2598
.3262
.4118
.5078
.5977
.2652
.4204
.5606
.7309
.9790
1.1040
.4939
.6868
1.064
1.339
1.638
1.997
Pipe
Size
(in.)
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
PIPE DATA TABLES CONT’D.
3
3.500
4
4.500
5
5.563
6
6.625
8
8.625
10 10.750
Weight
Class
Carbon
Steel
Sched.
—
—
STD
XS
—
XXS
—
—
STD
XS
—
—
XXS
—
—
STD
XS
—
—
XXS
—
—
STD
XS
—
—
XXS
—
—
—
—
STD
—
XS
—
—
—
XXS
—
—
—
—
—
STD
XS
—
—
—
XXS
—
—
—
40
80
160
—
—
—
40
80
120
160
—
—
—
40
80
120
160
—
—
—
40
80
120
160
—
—
—
20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
—
160
—
—
20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Stainless
Wall
Inside
Circum. Circum
Steel Thickness Diameter (Ext.) (Int.)
Sched.
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
—
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
—
5S
10S
40S
80S
—
—
—
5S
10S
—
—
40S
—
80S
—
—
—
—
—
5S
10S
—
—
40S
80S
—
—
—
—
—
.083
.120
.216
.300
.438
.600
.083
.120
.237
.337
.438
.531
.674
.109
.134
.258
.375
.500
.625
.750
.109
.134
.280
.432
.562
.719
.864
.109
.148
.250
.277
.322
.406
.500
.594
.719
.812
.875
.906
.134
.165
.250
.307
.365
.500
.594
.719
.844
1.000
1.125
3.334
3.260
3.068
2.900
2.624
2.300
4.334
4.260
4.026
3.826
3.624
3.438
3.152
5.345
5.295
5.047
4.813
4.563
4.313
4.063
6.407
6.357
6.065
5.761
5.501
5.187
4.897
8.407
8.329
8.125
8.071
7.981
7.813
7.625
7.437
7.187
7.001
6.875
6.813
10.482
10.420
10.250
10.136
10.020
9.750
9.562
9.312
9.062
8.750
8.500
11.00
14.14
17.48
20.81
27.10
33.77
10.47
10.24
9.64
9.11
8.24
7.23
13.62
13.38
12.65
12.02
11.39
10.80
9.90
16.79
16.63
15.86
15.12
14.34
13.55
12.76
20.13
19.97
19.05
18.10
17.28
16.30
15.38
26.41
26.17
25.53
25.36
25.07
24.55
23.95
23.36
22.58
21.99
21.60
21.40
32.93
32.74
32.20
31.84
31.48
30.63
30.04
29.25
28.47
27.49
26.70
- 267 -
Flow
Area
(sq. in.)
Weight
of Pipe
(lbs/Ft.)
8.730
8.347
7.393
6.605
5.408
4.155
14.75
14.25
12.73
11.50
10.31
9.28
7.80
22.44
22.02
20.01
18.19
16.35
14.61
12.97
32.24
31.74
28.89
26.07
23.77
21.15
18.84
55.51
54.48
51.85
51.16
50.03
47.94
45.66
43.46
40.59
38.50
37.12
36.46
86.29
85.28
82.52
80.69
78.86
74.66
71.84
68.13
64.53
60.13
56.75
3.03
4.33
7.58
10.25
14.32
18.58
3.92
5.61
10.79
14.98
19.00
22.51
27.54
6.36
7.77
14.62
20.78
27.04
32.96
38.55
7.60
9.29
18.97
28.57
36.39
45.35
53.16
9.93
13.40
22.36
24.70
28.55
35.64
43.39
50.95
60.71
67.76
72.42
74.69
15.19
18.65
28.04
34.24
40.48
54.74
64.43
77.03
89.29
104.13
115.64
Weight Gallons
of Water of Water Section
(lbs/Ft.) per Ft. Modulus
3.78
3.62
3.20
2.86
2.35
1.80
6.39
6.18
5.50
4.98
4.47
4.02
3.38
9.72
9.54
8.67
7.88
7.09
6.33
5.61
13.97
13.75
12.51
11.29
10.30
9.16
8.16
24.06
23.61
22.47
22.17
21.70
20.77
19.78
18.83
17.59
16.68
16.10
15.80
37.39
36.95
35.76
34.96
34.20
32.35
31.13
29.53
27.96
26.06
24.59
.454
.434
.384
.343
.281
.216
.766
.740
.661
.597
.536
.482
.405
1.17
1.14
1.04
.945
.849
.759
.674
1.68
1.65
1.50
1.35
1.24
1.10
.978
2.88
2.83
2.69
2.66
2.60
2.49
2.37
2.26
2.11
2.00
1.93
1.89
4.48
4.43
4.29
4.19
4.10
3.88
3.73
3.54
3.35
3.12
2.95
.744
1.041
1.724
2.225
2.876
3.424
1.249
1.761
3.214
4.271
5.178
5.898
6.791
2.498
3.029
5.451
7.431
9.250
10.796
12.090
3.576
4.346
8.496
12.22
14.98
17.81
20.02
6.131
8.212
13.39
14.69
16.81
20.58
24.51
28.14
32.58
35.65
37.56
38.48
11.71
14.30
21.15
25.57
29.90
39.43
45.54
53.22
60.32
68.43
74.29
Pipe
Size
(in.)
3
4
5
6
8
10
REFERENCE
Pipe Outside
Size Diameter
(in.)
(in.)
PIPE DATA TABLES CONT’D.
REFERENCE
Pipe Outside
Size Diameter
(in.)
(in.)
12 12.750
14 14.000
16
16.00
18
18.00
Weight
Class
—
—
—
—
STD
—
XS
—
—
—
XXS
—
—
—
—
—
—
STD
—
XS
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
STD
XS
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
STD
—
XS
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Carbon
Steel
Sched.
—
—
20
30
—
40
—
60
80
100
120
140
160
—
10
20
30
40
—
60
80
100
120
140
160
—
—
10
20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
—
—
10
20
—
30
—
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Stainless
Wall
Inside
Circum. Circum
Steel Thickness Diameter (Ext.) (Int.)
Sched.
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
5S
10S
—
—
40S
—
80S
—
—
—
—
—
—
5S
10S
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5S
10S
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5S
10S
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
.156
.180
.250
.330
.375
.406
.500
.562
.688
.844
1.000
1.125
1.312
.156
.188
.250
.312
.375
.438
.500
.594
.750
.938
1.094
1.250
1.406
.165
.188
.250
.312
.375
.500
.656
.844
1.031
1.219
1.438
1.594
.165
.188
.250
.312
.375
.438
.500
.562
.750
.938
1.156
1.375
1.562
1.781
12.438
12.390
12.250
12.090
12.000
11.938
11.750
11.626
11.374
11.062
10.750
10.500
10.126
13.688
13.624
13.500
13.376
13.250
13.124
13.000
12.812
12.500
12.124
11.812
11.500
11.188
15.670
15.624
15.500
15.376
15.250
15.000
14.688
14.312
13.938
13.562
13.124
12.812
17.67
17.62
17.50
17.38
17.25
17.12
17.00
16.88
16.50
16.12
15.69
15.25
14.88
14.44
40.06
43.98
50.27
56.55
- 268 -
39.08
38.92
38.48
37.98
37.70
37.50
36.91
36.52
35.73
34.75
33.77
32.99
31.81
43.00
42.80
42.41
42.02
41.63
41.23
40.84
40.25
39.27
38.09
37.11
36.13
35.15
49.23
49.08
48.69
48.31
47.91
47.12
46.14
44.96
43.79
42.61
41.23
40.26
55.51
55.37
54.98
54.59
54.19
53.80
53.41
53.02
51.84
50.66
49.29
47.91
46.73
45.36
Flow
Area
(sq. in.)
Weight
of Pipe
(lbs/Ft.)
Weight Gallons
of Water of Water Section
(lbs/Ft.) per Ft. Modulus
121.50
120.57
117.86
114.80
113.10
111.93
108.43
106.16
101.64
96.14
90.76
86.59
80.53
147.15
145.78
143.14
140.52
137.88
135.28
132.73
128.96
122.72
115.49
109.62
103.87
98.31
192.85
191.72
188.69
185.69
182.65
176.72
169.44
160.92
152.58
144.50
135.28
128.96
245.22
243.95
240.53
237.13
233.71
230.30
226.98
223.68
213.83
204.24
193.30
182.66
173.80
163.72
20.98
24.17
33.38
43.77
49.56
53.52
65.42
73.15
88.63
107.32
125.49
139.67
160.27
23.07
27.73
36.71
45.61
54.57
63.44
72.09
85.05
106.13
130.85
150.79
170.28
189.11
27.90
31.75
42.05
52.27
82.58
82.77
107.50
136.61
164.82
192.43
233.64
245.25
31.43
35.76
47.39
58.94
70.59
82.15
93.45
104.87
138.17
170.92
207.96
244.14
274.22
308.50
52.65
52.25
51.07
49.74
49.00
48.50
46.92
46.00
44.04
41.66
39.33
37.52
34.89
63.77
63.17
62.03
60.89
59.75
58.64
57.46
55.86
53.18
50.04
47.45
45.01
42.60
83.57
83.08
81.74
80.50
79.12
76.58
73.42
69.73
66.12
62.62
58.64
55.83
106.26
105.71
104.21
102.77
101.18
99.84
98.27
96.93
92.57
88.50
83.76
79.07
75.32
70.88
6.31
6.26
6.12
5.96
5.88
5.81
5.63
5.51
5.28
4.99
4.71
4.50
4.18
7.64
7.57
7.44
7.30
7.16
7.03
6.90
6.70
6.37
6.00
5.69
5.40
5.11
10.02
9.96
9.80
9.65
9.49
9.18
8.80
8.36
7.93
7.50
7.03
6.70
12.74
12.67
12.49
12.32
12.14
11.96
11.79
11.62
11.11
10.61
10.04
9.49
9.03
8.50
19.2
22.0
30.2
39.0
43.8
47.1
56.7
62.8
74.6
88.1
100.7
109.9
122.6
23.2
27.8
36.6
45.0
53.2
61.3
69.1
80.3
98.2
117.8
132.8
146.8
159.6
32.2
36.5
48.0
59.2
70.3
91.5
116.6
144.5
170.5
194.5
220.0
236.7
40.8
46.4
61.1
75.5
89.6
103.4
117.0
130.1
168.3
203.8
242.3
277.6
305.5
335.6
Pipe
Size
(in.)
12
14
16
18
PIPE DATA TABLES CONT’D.
20
20.00
22
22.00
24
24.00
30
30.00
Weight
Class
Carbon
Steel
Sched.
—
—
—
—
STD
XS
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
STD
XS
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
STD
XS
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
STD
XS
—
—
—
10
20
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
—
—
10
20
30
60
80
100
120
140
160
—
10
20
—
30
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
—
10
—
20
30
Stainless
Wall
Inside
Circum. Circum
Steel Thickness Diameter (Ext.) (Int.)
Sched.
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
(in.)
5S
10S
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5S
10S
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5S
10S
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5S
10S
—
—
—
.188
.218
.250
.375
.500
.594
.812
1.031
1.281
1.500
1.750
1.969
.188
.218
.250
.375
.500
.875
1.125
1.375
1.625
1.875
2.125
.218
.250
.375
.500
.562
.688
.969
1.219
1.531
1.812
2.062
2.344
.250
.312
.375
.500
.625
19.62
19.56
19.50
19.25
19.00
18.81
18.38
17.94
17.44
17.00
16.50
16.06
21.62
21.56
21.50
21.25
21.00
20.25
19.75
19.25
18.75
18.25
17.75
23.56
23.50
23.25
23.00
22.88
22.62
22.06
21.56
20.94
20.38
19.88
19.31
29.50
29.38
29.25
29.00
28.75
62.83
69.12
75.40
94.25
61.65
61.46
61.26
60.48
59.69
59.10
57.73
56.35
54.78
53.41
51.84
50.46
67.93
67.75
67.54
66.76
65.97
63.62
62.05
60.48
58.90
57.33
55.76
74.03
73.83
73.04
72.26
71.86
71.08
69.31
67.74
65.78
64.01
62.44
60.67
92.68
92.29
91.89
91.11
90.32
- 269 -
Flow
Area
(sq. in.)
Weight
of Pipe
(lbs/Ft.)
Weight Gallons
of Water of Water Section
(lbs/Ft.) per Ft. Modulus
302.46
300.61
298.65
290.04
283.53
278.00
265.21
252.72
238.83
226.98
213.82
202.67
367.25
365.21
363.05
354.66
346.36
322.06
306.35
291.04
276.12
261.59
247.45
436.10
433.74
424.56
415.48
411.00
402.07
382.35
365.22
344.32
326.08
310.28
292.98
683.49
677.71
671.96
660.52
649.18
39.78
46.06
52.73
78.60
104.13
123.11
166.40
208.87
256.10
296.37
341.09
379.17
43.80
50.71
58.07
86.61
114.81
197.41
250.81
302.88
353.61
403.00
451.06
55
63
95
125
141
171
238
297
367
430
483
542
79
99
119
158
196
131.06
130.27
129.42
125.67
122.87
120.46
114.92
109.51
103.39
98.35
92.66
87.74
159.14
158.26
157.32
153.68
150.09
139.56
132.76
126.12
119.65
113.36
107.23
188.98
187.95
183.95
179.87
178.09
174.23
165.52
158.26
149.06
141.17
134.45
126.84
296.18
293.70
291.18
286.22
281.31
15.71
15.62
15.51
15.12
14.73
14.44
13.78
13.13
12.41
11.79
11.11
10.53
19.08
18.97
18.86
18.42
17.99
16.73
15.91
15.12
14.34
13.59
12.85
22.65
22.53
22.05
21.58
21.35
20.88
19.86
18.97
17.89
16.94
16.12
15.22
35.51
35.21
34.91
34.31
33.72
57.4
66.3
75.6
111.3
145.7
170.4
225.7
277.1
331.5
375.5
421.7
458.5
69.7
80.4
91.8
135.4
117.5
295.0
366.4
432.6
493.8
550.3
602.4
96.0
109.6
161.9
212.5
237.0
285.1
387.7
472.8
570.8
652.1
718.9
787.9
172.3
213.8
255.3
336.1
414.9
Pipe
Size
(in.)
20
22
24
30
REFERENCE
Pipe Outside
Size Diameter
(in.)
(in.)
CONVERSION TABLES
CONVERSIONS of PRESSURE AND HEAD
LIQUID WEIGHTS and MEASURES
REFERENCE
To
Convert
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Liters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Liters
Cu. Inches
Cu. Inches
Cu. Inches
Cu. Inches
Cu. Inches
Cu. Feet
Cu. Feet
Cu. Feet
Cu. Feet
Cu. .Feet
Cu. Meters
Cu. Meters
Cu. Meters
Cu. Meters
Cu. Meters.
Lbs. of Water
Lbs. of Water
Lbs. of Water
Lbs. of Water
Lbs. of Water
Inches
Inches
Inches
Feet
Feet
mm
mm
cm
cm
Meters
Sq. Inches
Sq. Inches
Sq. Feet
Sq. Feet
Sq. Feet
Sq. cm
Sq. cm
Sq. cm
Sq. Meter
Sq. Meter
To
Liters
Cu. Inches
Cu. Feet
Cu. Meters
Lbs. of Water
Gallons
Cu. Inches
Cu. Feet
Cu. Meters
Lbs. of Water
Gallons
Liters
Cu. Feet
Cu. Meters
Lbs. of Water
Gallons
Liters
Cu. Inches
Cu. Meters
Lbs. of Water
Gallons
Liters
Cu. Inches
Cu. Feet
Lbs. of Water
Gallons
Liters
Cu. Inches
Cu. Feet
Cu. Meters
LINEAL MEASURES
mm
cm
Meters
cm
Meters
Inches
Feet
Inches
Feet
Feet
AREA
Sq. Feet
Sq. cm
Sq. Inches
Sq. cm
Sq. Meters
Sq. Inches
Sq. Feet
Sq. Meters
Sq. Inches
Sq. Feet
Multiply
By
3.7853
231
0.1337
0.00379
8.339
0.26418
61.025
0.0353
0.001
2.202
0.00433
0.01639
0.00058
0.000016
0.0362
7.48052
28.316
1728
0.0283
62.371
264.17
999.972
61023.74
35.3145
2202.61
0.11992
0.45419
27.643
0.01603
0.000454
25.4
2.54
0.0254
30.48
0.3048
0.03937
0.00328
0.3937
0.03281
3.28
0.006944
6.4516
144
929.03
0.0929
0.155
0.00108
0.0001
1550
10.76
To
Convert
Lbs .per Sq .In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins.of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ft. of Water
To
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
- 270 -
Multiply
By
To
Convert
144
0.06805
27.728
2.3106
2.03602
51.715
0.06895
0.070307
703.070
0.0069445
0.000473
0.1926
0.01605
0.014139
0.35913
0.000479
0.000488
4.88241
14.696
2116.22
407.484
33.957
29.921
760
1.01325
1.0332
10332.27
0.03609
5.1972
0.002454
0.08333
0.07343
1.8651
0.00249
0.00253
25.375
0.432781
63.3205
0.029449
12
0.88115
22.3813
0.029839
0.03043
304.275
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
mm of Mercury
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. cm
To
Multiply
By
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. cm
kg per Sq. M
Lbs. per Sq. In.
Lbs. per Sq. Ft.
Atmospheres
Ins. of Water
Ft. of Water
Ins. of Mercury
mm of Mercury
Bar
kg per Sq. M
0.491154
70.7262
0.033421
13.6185
1.1349
25.40005
0.033864
0.03453
345.316
0.019337
2.7845
0.001316
0.53616
0.04468
0.03937
0.00133
0.00136
13.59509
14.2233
2048.155
0.96784
394.38
32.865
28.959
735.559
0.98067
10000
Note: All weights and measures of water are based
on temperature of 60°F.
Note: Temperature of Water and Mercury is 68°F
and 32°F respectively.
TEMPERATURE
To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius:
°F - 32
1.8
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: (1.8 x °C) + 32
VELOCITY
1 Ft per Sec. = 0.3048 M Per Sec.
1 M per Sec. = 3.2808 Ft. per Sec.
Gage Indicated
PROPERTIES OF WATER
Absolute Pressure
PSIG
Inches of Hg
PSIA
-14.70000
-14.69998
-14.69996
-14.69994
-14.69992
-14.69990
-14.69981
-14.69961
-14.69942
-14.69923
-14.69903
-14.69806
-14.69613
-14.69449
-14.69226
-14.69032
-14.68066
-14.66698
-14.64197
-14.62262
-14.60329
-14.50658
-14.40980
-14.31320
-14.21840
-14.20870
-14.11970
-13.75700
-12.28300
-10.31800
-8.84400
-7.37000
-5.89600
-4.91300
-3.93000
-2.94800
-1.96500
-0.98300
-0.49100
-0.24600
29.92000
29.91996
29.91992
29.91988
29.91984
29.91980
29.91961
29.91921
29.91882
29.91843
29.91803
29.91606
29.91212
29.90818
29.90424
29.90030
29.88063
29.84126
29.80189
29.76252
29.72315
29.52630
29.32940
29.13260
28.93570
28.920
28.740
28.000
25.000
21.000
18.000
15.000
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
1.000
0.500
0.0
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
0.00010
0.00019
0.00039
0.00058
0.00077
0.00097
0.00194
0.00387
0.00551
0.00774
0.00968
0.01934
0.03302
0.05803
0.07738
0.09671
0.19342
0.29020
0.38680
0.48160
0.49130
0.58030
0.94330
2.41700
4.38200
5.85600
7.320
8.804
9.787
10.770
11.752
12.735
13.732
14.209
14.454
Inches of Hg Torricelli
0.0
0.00004
0.00008
0.00012
0.00016
0.00020
0.00039
0.00079
0.00118
0.00157
0.00197
0.00394
0.00788
0.01182
0.01576
0.01970
0.03937
0.07874
0.11811
0.15748
0.19685
0.39370
0.59060
0.78740
0.98430
1.000
1.181
1.920
4.920
8.920
11.920
14.920
17.920
19.920
21.920
23.920
25.920
27.920
28.920
29.420
0.0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
25.400
30.000
48.770
124.970
226.570
302.770
378.970
455.770
505.970
556.770
607.570
658.370
709.170
733.570
747.270
Water Saturation
Temp. Pressure
Deg. F
PSIA
32
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
212
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
0.0886
0.1216
0.1780
0.2561
0.3629
0.5068
0.6981
0.9492
1.2750
1.6927
2.2230
2.8892
3.7184
4.7414
5.9926
7.5110
9.340
11.526
14.123
14.696
17.186
24.968
35.427
49.200
67.005
134.604
247.259
422.55
680.86
1045.43
1543.2
2208.4
3094.3
+ 0.30
+ 1.00
+ 2.00
+ 10.00
0.0
14.700
29.920
760.000
15.000
15.700
16.700
24.700
30.540
31.970
34.000
50.290
775.720
811.910
863.630
277.35
Weight
Density
lbs/Gallon lbs/Cu.Ft.
8.344
8.345
8.343
8.338
8.329
8.318
8.304
8.288
8.270
8.250
8.228
8.205
8.180
8.154
8.126
8.097
8.067
8.035
8.002
7.996
7.969
7.898
7.823
7.743
7.661
7.431
7.172
6.880
6.543
6.143
5.655
4.999
3.651
62.414
62.426
62.410
62.371
62.305
62.220
62.116
61.996
61.862
61.713
61.550
61.376
61.188
60.994
60.787
60.569
60.343
60.107
59.862
59.812
59.613
59.081
58.517
57.924
57.307
55.586
53.648
51.467
48.948
45.956
42.301
37.397
27.307
Specific
Volume
Cu.Ft./lb
0.016022
0.016019
0.016023
0.016033
0.016050
0.016072
0.016099
0.016130
0.016165
0.016204
0.016247
0.016293
0.016343
0.016395
0.016451
0.016510
0.016572
0.016637
0.016705
0.016719
0.016775
0.016926
0.017089
0.017264
0.01745
0.01799
0.01864
0.01943
0.02043
0.02176
0.02364
0.02674
0.03662
NOTE:
Weight of water per gallon is based on 7.48052
gallons per cubic foot.
Specific gravity of water @ 60°F = 1.00
ATMOSPHERIC
0.0
Weight
- 271 -
REFERENCE
PRESSURE TO VACUUM
STEAM TABLE*
h = Total heat of steam, Btu per pound
v = Specific volume, cubic feet per pound
REFERENCE
Pres- Tempersure ature
psi
F°
(gage) (sat.)
TOTAL TEMPERATURE, °F
Saturated
Liquid
Saturated
Vapor
220
240
260
280
300
1154.4
27.15
1164.2
28.00
1173.8
28.85
1183.3
29.70
1192.8
30.53
1162.3
20.48
1172.2
21.11
1182.0
21.74
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
1202.3
31.37
1211.7
32.20
1221.1
33.03
1230.5
33.85
1239.9
34.68
1249.3
35.50
1258.8
36.32
1268.2
37.14
1191.6
22.36
1201.2
22.98
1210.8
23.60
1220.3
24.21
1229.7
24.82
1239.2
25.43
1248.7
26.04
1258.2
26.65
1267.6
27.25
0
212
h
v
180.1
0.0167
1150.4
26.80
5
228
h
v
196.2
0.0168
1156.3
20.089
10
240
h
v
208.4
0.0169
1160.6
16.303
1170.7
16.819
1180.6
17.330
1190.5
17.836
1200.2
18.337
1209.8
18.834
1219.4
19.329
1229.0
19.821
1238.5
20.31
1248.1
20.80
1257.6
21.29
1267.1
21.77
15
250
h
v
218.8
0.0170
1164.1
13.746
1169.1
13.957
1179.3
14.390
1189.3
14.816
1199.1
15.238
1208.9
15.657
1218.6
16.072
1228.3
16.485
1237.9
16.897
1247.5
17.306
1257.0
17.714
1266.6
18.121
20
259
h
v
227.9
0.0171
1167.1
11.898
1167.5
11.911
1177.9
12.288
1188.1
12.659
1198.1
13.025
1208.0
13.387
1217.8
13.746
1227.5
14.103
1237.2
14.457
1246.8
14.810
1256A
15.162
1266.1
15.512
25
267
h
v
236.0
0.0171
1169.7
10.498
1176.5
10.711
1186.8
11.040
1197.0
11.364
1207.0
11.684
1216.9
12.001
1226.7
12.315
1236.5
12.628
12462
12.938
1255.9
13.247
1265.5
13.555
30
274
h
v
243.4
0.0172
1172.0
9.401
1175.0
9.484
1185.6
9.781
1195.9
10.072
1206.0
10.359
1216.0
10.643
1225.9
10.925
1235.8
11.204
1245.6
11.482
1255.3
11.758
1265.0
120033
40
287
h
v
256.3
0.0173
1175.9
7.787
1183.0
7.947
1193.6
8.192
1204.0
8.432
1214.3
8.668
1224.4
8.902
1234.3
9.134
1244.3
9.364
1254.1
9.592
1263.9
9.819
50
298
h
v
267.5
0.0174
1179.1
6.655
1180.3
6.676
1191.3
6.889
1202.0
7.096
1212.5
7.300
1222.7
7.501
1232.9
7.700
1242.9
7.896
1252.9
8.091
1262.8
8.285
60
308
h
v
277.4
0.0175
1181.9
5.816
1188.9
5.9321
1199.9
6.116
1210.6
6.296
1221.1
6.473
1231.4
6.648
1241.6
6.820
1251.7
6.991
1261.7
7.161
70
316
h
v
286.4
0.0176
1184.2
5.168
1186.4
5.200
1197.7
5.366
1208.7
5.528
1219.4
5.687
1229.9
5.843
1240.2
5.997
1250.4
6.150
1260.6
6.301
80
324
h
v
294.6
0.0177
1186.2
4.652
1195.5
4.773
1206.7
4.921
1217.7
5.065
1228.3
5.207
1238.8
5.347
1249.2
5.485
1259.4
5.621
90
331
h
v
302.1
0.0178
1188.1
4.232
1193.2
4.292
1204.7
4.429
1215.9
4.562
1226.7
4.693
1237.4
4.821
1247.9
4.947
1258.2
5.071
100
338
h
v
309.1
0.0178
1189.7
3.882
1190.8
3.895
1202.7
4.022
1214.1
4.146
1225.2
4.267
1236.0
4.385
1246.6
4.502
1257.1
4.617
125
353
h
v
324.8
0.0180
1193.0
3.220
1197.3
3.258
1209.4
3.365
1211.1
3.468
1232.3
3.569
1243.3
3.667
1254.1
3.764
150
366
h
v
338.5
0.0182
1195.6
2.752
1204.5
2.818
1216.7
2.910
1228.4
2.998
1239.8
3.085
1251.0
3.169
175
378
h
v
350.8
0.0183
1197.6
2.404
1199.3
2.414
1212.2
2.498
1224.5
2.577
1236.3
2.655
1247.8
2.730
200
388
h
v
361.9
0.0185
1199.3
2.134
1207.4
2.180
1220.3
2.253
1232.6
2.324
1244.5
2.393
225
397
h
v
372.1
0.0186
1200.6
1.9183
1202.5
1.9276
1216.0
1.9964
1228.8
2.062
1241.1
2.126
250
406
h
v
381.6
0.0187
1201.7
1.7422
1211.5
1.7870
1224.9
1.8488
1237.6
1.9081
275
414
h
v
390.5
0.0188
1202.6
1.5954
1206.8
1.6130
1220.8
1.6717
1234.0
1.7277
300
422
h
v
398.8
0.0190
1203.2
1.4711
1216.5
1.5222
1230.3
1.5755
350
436
h
v
414.1
0.0192
1204.1
1.2720
1207.5
1.2831
1222.4
1.3326
400
448
h
v
428.1
0.0194
1204.6
1.1194
450
460
h
v
440.9
0.0196
1204.6
0.9985
500
470
h
v
452.9
0.0198
1204.2
0.9004
550
480
h
v
464.1
0.0200
1203.7
0.8191
600
489
h
v
474.7
0.0202
1203.0
0.7503
1214.0
1.1468
*Adapted with permission from “Thermodynamic Properties of Steam”, Keenan and Keyes, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- 272 -
STEAM TABLE*
h = Total heat of steam, Btu per pound
v = Specific volume, cubic feet per pound
TOTAL TEMPERATURE, °F
Temp- Preserature sure
°F
psi
(sat.) (gage)
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
700
720
740
750
1277.6
37.96
1287.1
38.78
1296.6
39.60
1306.2
40.41
1315.7
41.23
1325.3
42.04
1334.8
42.86
1344.5
43.68
1354.2
44.49
1363.8
45.31
1373.5
46.12
1383.2
46.94
1393.0
47.75
1402.8
48.56
1407.7
48.97
h
v
212
0
1277.1
27.86
1286.6
28.46
1296.2
29.06
1305.7
29.67
1315.3
30.27
1324.8
30.87
1334.4
31.47
1344.1
32.07
1353.8
32.67
1363.5
33.27
1373.2
33.87
1382.9
34.47
1392.7
35.07
1402.6
35.67
1407.5
35.96
h
v
228
5
1276.6
22.26
1286.2
22.74
1295.8
23.22
1305.3
23.71
1314.9
24.19
1324.5
24.68
1334.1
25.16
1343.8
25.64
1353.5
26.12
1363.2
26.60
1372.9
27.08
1382.6
27.56
1392.5
28.04
1402.3
28.52
1407.2
28.76
h
v
240
10
1276.2
18.528
1285.7
18.933
1295.3
19.337
1304.9
19.741
1314.5
20.144
1324.2
20.547
1333.8
20.95
1343.5
21.35
1353.2
21.75
1362.9
22.15
1372.6
22.56
1382.4
22.96
1392.3
23.36
1402.1
23.76
1407.0
23.96
h
v
250
15
1275.7
15.862
1285.3
16.210
1294.9
16.558
1304.5
16.905
1314.1
17.251
1323.8
17.597
1333.5
17.943
1343.2
18.288
1352.9
18.633
1362.6
18.977
1372.3
19.322
1382.1
19.666
1391.9
20.01
1401.8
20.35
1406.7
20.52
h
v
259
20
1275.2
13.862
1284.8
14.168
1294.5
14.473
1304.1
14.778
1313.8
15.082
1323.4
15.385
1333.1
15.688
1342.8
15.990
1352.5
16.293
1362.3
16.595
1372.1
16.896
1381.9
17.198
1391.7 1401.6
17.499 17.8001
1406.5
7.951
h
v
267
25
1274.7
12.307
1284.4
12.580
1294.0
12.852
1303.7
13.123
1313.4
13.394
1323.1
13.665
1332.8
13.935
1342.5
14.204
1352.2
14.473
1362.0
14.742
1371.8
15.011
1381.6
15.279
1391.5
15.547
1401.4
15.815
1406.3
15.949
h
v
274
30
1273.7
10.044
1283.4
10.269
1293.2
10.493
1302.9
10.717
1312.6
10.940
1322.4
11.162
1332.1
11.384
1341.9
11.605
1351.7
11.826
1361.5
12.047
1371.3
12.268
1381.1
12.488
1391.0
12.708
1400.9
12.927
1405.8
13.037
h
v
287
40
1272.7
8.478
1282.5
8.670
1292.3
8.861
1302.1
9.051
1311.9
9.240
1321.7
9.429
1331.5
9.618
1341.3
9.806
1351.1
9.993
1360.9
10.181
1370.8
10.368
1380.6
10.555
1390.5
10.741
1400.4
10.928
1405.4
11.021
h
v
298
50
1271.6
7.329
1281.5
7.496
1291.4
7.663
1301.3
7.829
1311.1
7.994
1321.0
8.159
1330.8
8.323
1340.6
8.486
1350.5
8.649
1360.3
8.812
1370.2
8.975
1380.1
9.138
1390.0
9.300
1399.9
9.462
1404.9
9.543
h
v
308
60
1270.6
6.450
1280.6
6.599
1290.5
6.747
1300.5
6.894
1310.4
7.041
1320.2
7.187
1330.1
7.332
1340.0
7.477
1349.9
7.622
1359.8
7.766
1369.7
7.910
1379.6
8.054
1389.6
8.198
1399.5
8.341
1404.5
8.413
h
v
316
70
1269.5
5.756
1279.6
5.891
1289.6
6.024
1299.6
6.156
1309.6
6.288
1319.5
6.419
1329.4
6.550
1339.4
6.680
1349.3
6.810
1359.3
6.940
1369.2
7.069
1379.1
7.199
1389.1
7.327
1399.0
7.456
1404.0
7.520
h
v
324
80
1268.5
5.195
1278.6
5.317
1288.7
5.439
1298.8
5.559
1308.8
5.679
1318.8
5.799
1328.7
5.918
1338.7
6.036
1348.7
6.154
1358.6
6.272
1368.6
6.389
1378.5
6.506
1388.5
6.623
1398.5
6.740
1403.5
6.798
h
v
331
90
1267.4
4.730
1277.7
4.843
1287.8
4.955
1297.9
5.066
1308.0
5.176
1318.0
5.285
1328.1
5.394
1338.1
5.503
1348.0
5.611
1358.0
5.719
1368.0
5.827
1378.0
5.934
1388.1
6.041
1398.1
6.148
1403.1
6.201
h
v
338
100
1264.7
3.860
1275.2
3.954
1285.5
4.047
1295.8
4.140
1306.0
4.232
1316.2
4.323
1326.4
4.413
1336.5
4.503
1346.6
4.593
1356.6
4.683
1366.7
4.772
1376.8
4.861
1386.9
4.949
1397.0
5.038
1402.0
5.082
h
v
353
125
1261.9
3.252
1272.6
3.334
1283.2
3.414
1293.6
3.494
1304.0
3.573
1314.3
3.652
1324.6
3.730
1334.8
3.807
1345.0
3.884
1355.2
3.960
1365.3
4.037
1375.4
4.113
1385.6
4.188
1395.8
4.264
1400.8
4.301
h
v
366
150
1259.0
2.804
1270.0
2.877
1280.8
2.948
1291.4
3.019
1302.0
3.089
1312.4
3.157
1322.8
3.226
1333.2
3.294
1343.5
3.361
1353.7
3.429
1363.9
3.495
1374.2
3.562
1384.4
3.628
1394.6
3.694
1399.7
3.727
h
v
378
175
1256.0
2.460
1267.3
2.525
1278.3
2.590
1289.2
2.653
1299.9
2.716
1310.5
2.777
1321.0
2.839
1331.4
2.900
1341.8
2.960
1352.2
3.019
1362.5
3.079
1372.8
3.139
1383.1
3.198
1393.3
3.256
1398.5
3.286
h
v
388
200
1253.0
2.187
1264.5
2.247
1275.8
2.306
1286.9
2.364
1297.8
2.421
1308.5
2.477
1319.2
2.533
1329.8
2.587
1340.3
2.642
1350.7
2.696
1361.1
2.750
1371.5
2.804
1381.9
2.857
1392.2
2.910
1397.3
2.936
h
v
397
225
1249.9
1.9654
1261.7
2.021
1273.2
2,076
1284.5
2.129
1295.6
2.181
1306.5
2.233
1317.3
2.284
1328.0
2.334
1338.7
2.384
1349.2
2.434
1359.7
2.483
1370.2
2.532
1380.6
2.580
1391.0
2.629
1396.2
2.653
h
v
406
250
1246.6
1.7816
1258.8
1.8338
1270.6
1.8846
1282.1
1.9342
1293.4
1.9829
1304.5
2.031
1315.5
2.078
1326.3
2.125
1337.0
2.171
1347.7
2.217
1358.3
2.262
1368.8
2.307
1379.3
2.352
1389.8
2.396
1395.0
2.418
h
v
414
275
1243.3
1.6266
1255.8
1.6759
1267.9
1.7237
1279.7
1.7703
1291.2
1.8159
1302.5
1.8607
1313.6
1.9048
1324.5
1.9483
1335.4
1.9912
1346.1
2.034
1356.8
2.076
1367.4
2.118
1378.0
2.159
1388.6
2.200
1393.8
2.220
h
v
422
300
1236.4
1.3795
1249.6
1.4243
1262.4
1.4675
1274.7
1.5094
1286.6
1.5501
1298.2
1.5900
1309.7
1.6291
1320.9
1.6676
1332.0
1.7056
1343.0
1.7430
1353.9
1.7801
1364.7
1.8168
1375.4
1.8531
1386.1
1.8892
1391.4
1.9071
h
v
436
350
1229.0
1.1908
1243.2
1.2325
1256.6
1.2724
1269.4
1.3108
1281.8
1.3480
1293.9
1.3842
1305.7
1.4196
1317.2
1.4544
1328.6
1.4885
1339.8
1.5222
1350.9
1.5554
1361.9
1.5883
1372.8
1.6207
1383.6
1.6529
1389.0
1.6689
h
v
448
400
1221.2
1.0416
1236.3
1.0811
1250.5
1.1186
1264.0
1.1544
1276.9
1.1889
1289.4
1.2224
1301.6
1.2550
1313.5
1.2868
1325.1
1.3180
1336.5
1.3488
1347.8
1.3789
1359.0
1.4088
1370.1
1.4382
1381.1
1.4675
1386.5
1.4819
h
v
460
450
1212.8
0.9204
1229.0
0.9584
1244.0
0.9941
1258.3
1.0280
1271.8
1.0604
1284.8
1.0917
1297.3
1.1221
1309.6
1.1516
1321.5
1.1805
1333.2
1.2088
1344.7
1.2367
1356.1
1.2641
1367.3
1.2913
1378.4
1.3180
1384.0
1.3313
h
v
470
500
1221.4
0.8565
1237.4
0.8909
1252.4
0.9234
1266.5
0.9542
1280.0
0.9838
1293.0
1.0124
1305.6
1.0401
1317.8
1.0671
1329.8
1.0935
1341.6
1.1195
1353.2
1.1449
1364.6
1.1700
1375.8
1.1947
1381.4
1.2070
h
v
480
550
1213.2
0.7703
1230.3
0.8040
1246.1
0.8353
1261.0
0.8649
1275.1
0.8931
1288.5
0.9203
1301.5
0.9465
1314.1
0.9720
1326.3
0.9968
1338.3
1.0211
1350.2
1.0450
1361.8
1.0684
1373.2
1.0916
1378.9
1.1030
h
v
489
600
*Adapted with permission from “Thermodynamic Properties of Steam”, Keenan and Keyes, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.