BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW GUIDE Clement – GT DIRECTIONS: The following is an outline of the vocabulary and learning goals/skills we have covered during semester 1 in GT biology. The following are suggested ways for you to begin prepare for your upcoming exam. Study Tips: 1. Make flashcards for the vocabulary for Units 1 – 3 2. Review the learning goals identified for each section. For each statement, write an example multiple-­‐choice problem you might see on this topic on the test, and then answer it. Be sure to think about what “trick” incorrect answers for your question might be, and explain why they are wrong. Find a buddy to study with and test each other with the questions you have each come up with. 3. Create a 1-­‐page front and back review sheet consolidating your class notes and the PowerPoints for each section. Be as succinct as possible 4. “Retake” your quizzes and tests for previous units (cover your answers for each questions first). Compare your new answer to the answer you previously recorded on your exams (you should have corrected your quizzes and tests using the answer keys in class/posted on CANVAS). In addition, we will have 1 in class review day before the midterm. UNIT 1. CHEMISTRY OF LIFE VOCABULARY: matter, atom, electron, proton, neutron, nucleus, subatomic particle, isotope, average atomic mass, atomic number, atomic symbol, periodic table, chemical bond, element, compound, mixture, network covalent bond, molecular covalent bond, ionic bond, metallic bond, intermolecular force, intramolecular force, hydrogen bond, dispersion forces, polar bond, nonpolar bond, electronegativity, adhesion, cohesion, specific heat, surface tension, acid, base, pH, buffer, solubility, conductivity, RESOURCES: Unit 1 Chemistry of Life PowerPoint, quizzes, Unit 1 test, class notes (especially charts) 1. Matter • Define matter • Classify an item as matter or non-­‐matter based on its properties 2. The atom • Describe the charge, mass and location (nucleus, orbit) associated with each of the following subatomic particles: electron, proton, neutron • Argue which model of an atom is better support by a given piece of evidence • Explain why the model of the atom has evolved over time • Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a given atom a. using the periodic table b. given a diagram of an atom • Define the word isotope and determine if two atoms are isotopes given the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atoms 3. Elements, compounds and mixtures • Classify something as an element compound or mixture based on its molecular formula 4. Bonding • Explain why most atoms want to form bonds and why the noble gases do not • Identify which type of bonding (network covalent, molecular covalent, ionic, metallic) is present in a compound based on the types of elements it contains • Differentiate between intermolecular and intramolecular forces and provide an example of each • Sort compounds into bonding categories based on solubility and conductivity data 5. Properties of water • Explain the intermolecular (hydrogen bonds) and intramolecular (covalent bonds) forces present in water molecules • Explain what a hydrogen bond is and how it relates to electronegativity/polarity • Determine which molecule has stronger intermolecular forces based on boiling/melting point data • Determine if a compound will dissolve in water or not given its chemical formula • Explain how water’s unique properties (high boiling point, adhesion, cohesion, etc…) are a result of its polarity 6. Acids and Bases • Determine is a substance is an acid or base given it’s pH • Compare how acidic or basic a substance is in comparison to another given both substances pHs • Explain how acidity/basicity is related to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) present in solution • Explain what the function of a buffer is • Explain why living things need to regulate their pH UNIT 2. BIOMOLECULES VOCABULARY: functional group, ester, amine, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ether, alkane, biomolecule, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, amino acid, polypeptide, fatty acid, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, molecular formula, structural formula, Benedict’s test, Lugol’s test, Biuret test, Sudan red test, enzyme, substrate, active site, denature RESOURCES: Unit 2 Biomolecules PowerPoint, quizzes, Unit 2 Test, class notes, smells chart (functional groups), biomolecules chart, looking into lactase packet 1. Functional groups • Identify the following functional groups: ester, amine, hydroxyl (alcohol), carbonyl (ketone/aldehyde), carboxylic acid, ether, alkane a. be familiar with the smell associated with each functional group b. be able to identify the functional group in a compound, or alone c. know what elements and ratio of elements are associated with each functional group 2. Biomolecules • Identify the following biomolecules: protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid a. be able to identify each by a structural formula AND chemical formula (i.e. C12H22O11) b. know the monomer and polymer units of each biomolecule c. familiarize yourself with examples of each biomolecule (i.e. lipids includes waxes, oils, steroids...) • Explain what each of the following biomolecules tests look for: Benedict's, Lugol’s, Biuret, Sudan Red • Provide examples of why it's important to eat a balanced diet that contains vitamins and minerals 3. Enzymes • Explain the lock and key model of the enzyme and use the following vocabulary words appropriately: enzyme, substrate, active site • Identify the four levels of proteins structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary a. explain what it means to denature a protein in terms of protein structure • Explain what enzyme specific means in context of our "Looking into Lactase" lab • Explain how factors such as pH, temperature and substrate concentration impact an enzyme’s reaction rate UNIT 3. CELLS VOCABULARY: microscope, cell, eukaryote, prokaryote, animal, plant, fungus, protist, bacteria, nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, ribosome, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosome, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, vacuole, vesicle, peroxisome, flagellum, cilium, pseudopod, domain, kingdom, phospholipid, transport protein, semi-­‐permeable, osmosis, diffusion, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, homeostasis RESOURCES: Unit 3 Cells PowerPoint, quizzes, class notes 1. Microscope • Determine the total magnification given the ocular and objective lenses magnification • Explain the function of a microscope • Focus a microscope 2. Cell structure • Classify a cell as a eukaryote or prokaryote based on presence/absence of a nucleus • Classify a cell into the following kingdom based on presence/absence of structures and organelles a. Animalia b. Plantae c. Fungi d. Protista e. Eubacteria f. Archea • Explain the function of the following organelles (identify bolded organelles in a picture of a cell): a. Nucleus b. Cytoplasm c. Cell membrane d. Cell wall e. Ribosome f. Mitochondria g. Chloroplasts • Identify the following movement structures a. Flagella b. Cilia c. Pseudopodia • Provide examples how a cells structure is related to its function, and how disease can impact a cells ability to perform its function 4. The cell membrane • Explain the functions of the cell membrane • Identify the following components of the cell membrane and explain their function a. Phospholipids b. Transport proteins c. Cholesterol • Explain how specific structures of the cell membrane allow it to perform its function • Explain what it means for the cell membrane to be semi-­‐permeable • Define osmosis and diffusion • Predict if (and if so what direction) a given molecule will diffuse across the membrane 5. Energy, mitochondria and chloroplasts • Explain why cells need mitochondria and/or chloroplasts • Write the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration • Identify the reactants and products in photosynthesis/cellular respiration