C offee B ars McCafé Shokoladnica Strong Leaders Europe’s major coffee-bar players once again added significantly to their outlet numbers in 2013. The top 75 brands were represented by 12,320 stores at the end of 2013, an increase of 7% over the previous year. The top 10 expanded even more – by 8% – with little or no change in the running order: Costa Coffee defended first place, followed by McCafé and Starbucks. New in the top 10 is the UK’s Coffee Republic brand. ­Research and ranking by FoodService Europe & Middle East. In 2013, the three biggest brands added to their outlet numbers by between 8 and 9% and thus increased their lead even further. Players in the top third of the ranking in particular have expanded their European networks. Despite a big decline in the case of Italy’s Espressamente illy coffee-bar formula (-27%), the top 25 managed to clear the 10,000 unit hurdle for the first time. Increased competition can be expected in the future because an end to this process of expansion is not in sight. More­ 24 over, more and more companies are focusing on coffee as a highly profitable supplementary article – filling stations, bakeries, sandwich chains and quickservice restaurants of all kinds. The focus is shifting to new location categories, such as freestanders, with and without drive-in facilities, shop-in-shop constellations and new partnerships (master licensees). Another important aspect for the future is placing greater emphasis on the USP of the individual brands. Many of them cater for the increasing qualitative expectations of consumers with a greater emphasis on bean origins, barista skills and machines. Coffee bars belong to those foodservice segments where digital communication plays a very significant role and their guests include many ‘heavy users’. The coffee-bar scene in the UK is extremely progressive and can safely be seen as the benchmark: the most dynamic market with the most brands and the most stores! There, the range of handcrafted artisan coffee is far more widespread than in other European countries, a development to be seen in more and more coffee bars – branded or independent – in many bigger European cities. Top players ● The ranking lists 76 coffee-bar players with, altogether, 12,320 units. 7% unit growth in twelve months (2012: +8%, 2011: +8%, 2010: +4%, 2009: +3%, 2008: +16%). ● With a presence of 1,923 coffee bars in 15 European countries Costa Coffee is market leader. F ood S ervice E urope & M iddle E ast 2/14 C offee B ars n n n ● Costa Coffee, McCafé and Starbucks continue to increase their leading position in the ranking. ● A year with contrasting expansion trends: 42 brands reported the opening of additional outlets, 19 brands negative growth rates and 15 remained constant. ● Unit growth: the leader in absolute terms is McCafé (+167), followed by Starbucks (+145), Costa Coffee (+136), Coffee Republic (+75) and Shokoladnica (+69). In relative terms, the UK Harris + Hoole brand leads with a growth of +300%. The co-owner of the artisan coffee bar is the Tesco supermarket chain. Harris + Hoole is followed by Love Coffee (+61%) and Coffee Republic (+43%). ● The most widely distributed brands are Segafredo (37 European countries), McCafé (26) and Starbucks (23). ● The brands originate from 21 countries, which means a broad spectrum of origins for the top ranking brands: 17 from Spain, 11 from UK and 10 from Germany. ● Of the 76 players, 7 are present in 10 countries and more, 35 are single-market phenomena with a presence only in their country of origin. n n n 1. Costa Coffee. Leading the UK and Euro­pean coffee-bar market, Costa was the most dynamic performer within the UK’s Whitbread PLC, whose other interests range over hotels (notably the budget Premier Inn chain) and pub-restaur­ ants. Costa’s coffee bar total at the end of last year was 2,034 European units and 2,814 units worldwide (including 111 coffeeheaven units in Poland). Projections to 2018 envisage global system sales over £2 bn. In the 50 week period to Feb 13, 2014, Costa’s UK retail sales stood at £1,012 m from equity (company-owned) stores and £378 m from franchised stores. ­Further sales of £355 m accrued from Costa Enterprises, comprising three main channels: ● Costa Express machines, now totalling around 3,500, with plans to install a further 500 this year. Machines dispense the main Costa beverages using fresh beans and fresh milk. ● ‘Proud to serve Costa’ sales to pubs, restaurants, hotels and other trade ­­ channels. ● Costa at Home branded coffee products sold through supermarkets. 2013: Top 75 Coffee-Bar Players in Europe R (R) Brand 1(1)Costa Coffee 2(2)McCafé 3 (3) Starbucks 4(4)Tchibo 5 (5) Caffè Nero 6 (6) Segafredo 7(7)Shokoladnica 8 (8) Coffeeright 9 (12) Coffee Republic 10 (9) Coffee House 11 (11) Coffeeshop Company 12 (10) Hema Koffiebuffet 13 (14) Café & Té 14 (15) Espresso House 15 (17) Wayne’s Coffee 16(16) everest 17 (13) Espressamente illy 18 (22) coffeeheaven 19 (18) Cafetal Club* 20 (19) Kahve Dünyasi 21 (20) Caffè Ritazza 22(21) Flocafé 23 (23) chicco di caffè 24 (27) Insomnia Coffee 25 (26) Traveler’s Coffee 1) Top 10 profiles Where from? Brands 17 11 10 6 4 3 2 1 n n n n Country of Origin Spain UK Germany Netherlands Russia Greece, Sweden, ­ Australia, Italy, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, USA Turkey, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Latvia, Norway ©FoodService Europe & Middle East In Europe outside of the UK, Costa had 320 stores in 14 countries. coffeeheaven, the Polish coffee-bar chain which Costa acquired in 2009 for £36 m, continues to trade under that name at most of its 111 units around Poland but a rebrand is ­currently underway with some units being tested under the name ‘coffeeheaven by Costa’. Across the EMEI area (Europe, Middle East and India) sales grew by 11.1% to £183.9 m. Costa Asia sales grew by nearly 50% to hit £68.4 m. New markets entered during the year: Malta, Singapore, Cambodia, Kuwait and Kazahkstan. Costa Coffee was founded by the Italian brothers Sergio and Bruno Costa in Lon- n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n Company http:// No. of Units1) vs. ‘12 Origin EC2) Whitbread www.costa.co.uk 1,923 8%UK 15 McDonald’s www.mcdonalds.com 1,85610% Australia26 Starbucks Coffee Company www.starbucks.com 1,698 9%USA 23 Tchibo www.tchibo.com 820 -1%Germany 8 Caffè Nero Group www.caffenero.com 618 6%UK 5 Segafredo Zanetti Espresso www.segafredofranchising.com500 0% Italy 37 Shokoladnica www.shoko.ru 40820%Russia 4 Gregory’s Food Service Group www.gregorys.gr 252 1%Greece 4 Coffee Republic Trading www.coffeerepublic.com 25043%UK 6 Coffee House www.coffeehouse.ru 225 -4%Russia 2 Top 10 8,550 8% Schärf Coffeeshop www.coffeeshopcompany.com211 6% Austria 14 Hema www.hema.nl 202 -6% Netherlands4 Compañía del Trópico Café y Té www.cafeandte.com 17025%Spain 3 Espresso House Sweden www.espressohouse.se 14715%Sweden 2 Wayne’s Coffee www.waynescoffee.com 133 7%Sweden 5 Vivartia www.everest.gr 129 2%Greece 2 Illycaffè www.illy.com 115-27% Italy 18 Costa Limited www.costacoffee.pl 11122%Poland 1 Gruppo Cafento www.cafento.com 105 -4%Spain 1 Kahve Dünyasi www.kahvedunyasi.com 103 7%Turkey 1 SSP International www.cafferitazza.com 98 5%UK 14 Vivartia www.flocafe.com 92 0%Greece 5 chicco di caffè www.chicco-di-caffe.de 8014%Germany 1 Insomnia Coffee Company www.insomnia.ie 7717%Ireland 1 Traveler’s Coffee www.travelerscoffee.ru 7510%Russia 4 Top 25 10,398 7% as the end of 2013, 2) presence in European countries, *estimated ©FoodService Europe & Middle East C offee B ars n n n 2013: Top 75 Coffee Bar Players in Europe n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n R (R) Brand Company http:// No. of Units1) vs. ‘12 Origin EC2) 26 (33) Columbus Café* Columbus Café www.columbuscafe.com 7134%France 2 26 (28) AMT Espresso AMT Coffee www.amtcoffee.co.uk 71 9%UK 3 28 (23) Coffee Fellows Coffee Fellows www.coffee-fellows.de 70 0%Germany 2 28 (23) Jamaica Coffee Shop Grupo Rodilla www.jamaicacoffeeshop.es 70 0%Spain 1 30 (41) Gloria Jean’s Coffees Gloria Jean’s www.gloriajeans.com 6217%Australia 5 31 (35) Burger King Café Burger King www.burgerking.de/cafe 6015%Germany 7 32 (35) Bagels & Beans Bagels & Beans www.bagelsbeans.nl 56 8% Netherlands2 33 (30) Lino’s Coffee Lino’s Coffee Srl www.linoscoffee.com 5538%Italy 8 33 (31) Robert’s Coffee Robert’s Coffee www.robertscoffee.com 55 0%Finland 7 35 (32) Gastro-Kanne Gastro-Kanne www.gastrokanne.de 54 0%Germany 1 36 (37) BB’s Coffee & Muffins BB’s Coffee & Muffins www.bbscoffeeandmuffins.com52 4% Australia 2 36 (33) So! Coffee 3) LS travel foodservice Poland www.empikcafe.pl 52 -2%Poland 1 38 (37) Cafès Caracas Union Industrial del Café www.cafescaracas.com 49 -2%Spain 1 39 (40) Baresso Coffee Baresso Coffee www.baresso.com 44 0%Denmark 2 40 (39) Caffè Dallucci Compass Group www.compass-group.de 43 -4%Germany 1 41 (52) Caffè Spettacolo Valora Holding www.spettacolo.ch 40 3% Switzerland1 42 (57) Coffee #1 S.A. Brain www.coffee1.co.uk 3836%UK 1 42 (42) Bracafé Germán de Erausquin www.bracafe.com 38 0%Spain 1 44 (50) Coffee Company DEMB 1753 www.coffeecompany.nl 36 13% Netherlands1 44 (-) Valor Chocolaterías Chocolates Valor www.valor.es 3613%Spain 1 46 (-) El Fornet d’en Rossend Rosendo Milá www.elfornet.com 3525%Spain 1 46 (52) Testa Rossa Caffèbar Testa Rossa Caffè www.testarossacaffe.com 3517%Austria 4 46 (43) Kaldi Koffie en Thee Kaldi Koffie en Thee www.kaldi.nl 35 -3% Netherlands2 49 (48) Dunkin’ Coffee Dunkin’ Brands www.dunkincoffee.es 33 0%Spain 1 49 (45) Charlotte Café Charlotte Franquicias www.charlottefranquicias.com 33 -6%Spain 2 51 (57) Primo Espresso Primo Espresso www.primo-espresso.de 3214%Germany 1 51 (51) Campus Suite 4-elements gastroconcept www.campussuite.de 32 3%Germany 2 51 (57) Pause-Café/Xpresso Café Villars Holding www.pause-cafe.ch 32 0% Switzerland1 51 (43) Esquires Coffee Houses Esquires Coffee International www.esquirescoffee.co.uk 32-11% Canada 2 51 (29) Il Caffè di Roma Lavazza www.ilcaffediroma.com 32-48% Spain 5 56 (65) Soho Coffee Soho Coffee Co. www.sohocoffee.co.uk 3129%UK 3 56 (57) Balzac Coffee Balzac Coffee Company www.balzaccoffee.com 3111%Germany 1 56 (48) Puccino’s Segafredo Zanetti Espresso www.puccinosworldwide.com 31 -6%UK 2 59 (52) Café de Indias Grupo Rodilla www.cafedeindias.com 30 0%Spain 1 61 (-) Love Coffee Love Coffee www.lovemycoffee.co.uk 2961%UK 1 61 (45) Thornton’s Cafes Thornton’s www.thorntons.co.uk 29-17% UK 1 63 (57) Café Café Grupo Áreas www.areas.es 28 0%Spain 1 63 (52) Coffeehouse by George*Coffeehouse by George www.bygeorge.se 28 -7%Sweden 1 64(64) Kaffeebrenneriet Kaffeebrenneriet www.kaffeebrenneriet.no 27 8%Norway 1 65 (52) Doopies & Coffee Doopies & Coffee www.doopiesandcoffee.com 26-13% Spain 3 66 (75) D. E. Café DEMB 1753 www.de.nl 25 25% Netherlands1 67 (-) Harris + Hoole Harris + Hoole Ltd. www.harrisandhoole.co.uk 24300% UK 1 67 (-) Caribou Coffee* Yildiz Holding A.S. www.cariboucoffee.com.tr 2420%USA 1 69 (-) Expréssaté Coffee & Foods Franquicias www.expressatefranquicias.com23 5% Spain 1 69 (67) Aromas de Dakar Cafés Candelas www.aromasdedakar.com 23 0%Spain 1 71 (70) Doppio Espresso Doppio Espresso www.doppio-espresso.nl 22 5% Netherlands1 71 (67) Meyerbeer Coffee Coffee M Beteiligungs GmbH www.meyerbeer-coffee.de 22 -4%Germany 1 71 (63) Double Coffee* DC Holding www.doublecoffee.com 22-15% Latvia 4 71 (62) Koffein Coffee International Group www.koffein.ru 22-19% Russia 1 75 (70) SaboreatéyCafé Samovarte y Café www.saboreateycafe.com 21 0%Spain 2 75 (70) Club del cafès Novell Cafès Novell www.cafesnovell.com 21 0%Spain 1 Top 75 12,320 7% 1) as the end of 2013, 2) presence in European countries, 3) 11 empik cafés included, *estimated ©FoodService Europe & Middle East C offeeR ubrik B ars don in 1971. It started life as a wholesale operation supplying roasted coffee to caterers and specialist Italian coffee shops and was acquired by Whitbread in 1995. An important development was the introduction in 2013 – so far in the UK only – of numbers of calories openly displayed against all menu items as well as detailed nutritional data on all menu products. 2. McCafé. The McDonald’s shop-inshop solution is to be found in 26 European countries. With 1,856 units at the end of 2013, McCafé consolidated its 2nd place ahead of world-market leader Starbucks. The fastest pace of expansion in 2013 took place in Italy, Poland and Switzerland. By far the most McCafés are to be found in Germany. There, 60% of the 1,468 McDonald’s Restaurants include a McCafé – a must at travel hubs! In the noughties, the integration of McCafés in existing restaurants helped the quick-service brand to cast off its fastfood image among consumers. The result: a better image, more success and a higher turnover. The agenda for the F ood S ervice E urope & M iddle E ast 2/14 coming years spotlights profitability and good-employee training. 3. Starbucks. The leader of the global coffee-bar market operated exactly 20,184 units worldwide at the end of 2013 (+10.4%). At the annual shareholders’ meeting in Seattle, Starbucks chairman, president and chief executive Howard Schultz said that the 20,000-unit chain only marked the early stages of growth. “If Starbucks were a 20-chapter book, we’d only be in chapter four or five,” said Schultz. In Europe, the Starbucks network grew by 9% in 2013 – a good third place in the European market. “Given the overall ­European situation, the coffee business was strongly challenged but managed to exceed expectations,“ says Yenia Zaba, Public Affairs Manager EMEA. “Europe is the most competitive coffee market in the world with a discerning customer base.” According to Starbucks, the greatest opportunities in the coming year will be offered by locally relevant products, enhancing the store experience and growth through partnerships. Lino’s Coffee n n n Most Distributed in Europe R Brand 1Segafredo 2McCafé 3Starbucks 4 Espressamente illy 5 Costa Coffee 6 Coffeeshop Company 7 Caffè Ritazza 8 Lino’s Coffee 9Tchibo 10 Burger King Café 10 Robert’s Coffee Origin Italy Australia USA Italy UK Austria UK Italy Germany Germany Finland n n EC 37 26 23 18 15 14 14 8 8 7 7 ©FoodService Europe & Middle East 27 Bagels & Beans Gloria Jean’s Wayne’s Coffee In the UK, there are already numerous freestanding outlets with and without drive-in facilities, a great success in the USA. Germany’s first freestander with drive-thru opened last year. In Switzerland, a train compartment has been turned into a Starbucks Coffee House. Also in Switzerland, the brand has introduced a self-service system for offices (Corner Cafés). 4. Tchibo. The long-established German company noted a decline in the number of outlets with integrated coffee bar. At the end of 2013, the company had 820 outlets in 8 European countries, almost 500 of them in Germany. 5. Caffè Nero. With its blue fascias and cosy interiors, Caffè Nero has been a vis­ ible feature of UK high streets since the 1997. It has similarities with market leading Costa, such as its Italian-inspired imagery and roastery, but also distinctive touches such as pastries fresh-baked through the day and simple-to-use loyalty cards. The company employs a dedicated in-house food team working in collabor­ ation with Italian chef Ursula Ferrigno. The chain continued to expand last year with annual sales to May 2013 of £227.9 m and EBITDA of £34.9 m, compared with £199.1 m and £31.6 m respectively the year before. The stated plan is to open approximately 50-60 new stores a year. Of 618 stores operating at n n n Everest D. E. Café Coffee Company Top 10 Growth n n R Brand vs. ‘12 relative in % 1 (67) Harris + Hoole 300% 2 (61) Love Coffee 61% 3 (9) Coffee Republic 43% 4 (33) Lino’s Coffee 38% 5 (43) Coffee #1 36% 6 (27) Columbus Café* 34% 7 (58) Soho Coffee 29% 8 (13) Café & Té 25% 9 (48) El Fornet d’en R. 25% 10 (66) D. E. Café 25% absolute in Units 1 (2)McCafé 167 2 (3)Starbucks 145 3 (1) Costa Coffee 136 4 (9) Coffee Republic 75 5 (7)Shokoladnica 69 6 (5) Caffè Nero 37 7 (13) Café & Té 34 8(18) coffeeheaven 20 9 (14) Espresso House 19 10 (26) Columbus Café* 18 *estimated ©FoodService Europe & Middle East F ood S ervice E urope & M iddle E ast 2/14 n n n McCafé Europe n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n – Markets by Units – R Country 1/06 1/071/081/091/101/111/121/13 1/14 1 Germany 58 213397539656737783817 847 2 Italy 632 58 76 95100122146 193 3 France 3 5 23 40 79 92150168181 4 Austria 2 6 19 50106120143157 165 5 Poland -- - 310175580 102 6 Switzerland -- - 514142742 61 7 Russia 19 27333638405457 60 8 Czech Rep.-- - - 7 72640 49 9 Hungary 8 16223035343737 37 10 Spain 44 4 6 4 51325 30 11 Portugal -- - 4 8 91820 23 12 Slovakia -- - 4 4 61621 21 13 Ireland 4456 6 6 811 12 14 Ukraine ---- - - 710 12 15 Romania ---- - - 7 7 10 16 Bulgaria - --24699 9 16 Croatia - ---2248 9 18 Slovenia - ----278 8 19 Serbia - --23466 7 20 Malta - --34444 5 21 Bosnia ---- - - 4 44 22 Lithuania- ---3323 3 22 Luxembourg ---- - - 2 23 24 Greece - --11112 2 24 Estonia - ---1112 2 26 Latvia1133 1 Total Europe 104307 561 8071.0801,2101,5091,689 1,856 Worldwide750 1,0501,600 >2,0002,490 >2,6503,3083,870 >4,000 Pause-Café ©FoodService Europe & Middle East The number of McDonald’s shop-in-shop ­solutions in Europe grew by 10% compared to the previous year. The fastest growing markets are Italy, Poland and Switzerland. n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n – Markets by Units – R Country Start 1/07 1/08 1/09 1/10 1/11 1/12 1/13 1/14 1UK 09/98 528 616 715 671 712 739 743 782 2Turkey 04/03 62 90 116 127 138 159 176 202 3Germany 05/02 75 113 142 143 144 150 160 161 4France 01/04 30 41 48 53 57 66 82 95 5Spain 04/02 58 71 79 74 76 75 79 82 6Russia 08/07 - 2 9 29 43 53 64 70 7Switzerland 03/01 31 37 45 47 47 50 51 55 8Netherlands 2007 - 2 3 6 8 18 28 40 9Poland 04/09 - - - 3 9 21 29 35 11Ireland 08/05 9 18 27 23 22 24 27 35 9Greek 09/02 52 70 75 68 60 52 34 32 12 Czech Rep. 01/08 - - - 10 12 12 14 17 13Austria 12/01 11 11 13 11 11 12 12 17 14Belgium 08/08 - - - 3 4 6 9 11 15Cyprus 12/03 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 15Hungary 2010 - - - - - 6 7 9 17 Denmark2007 -3 2 22349 17Romania 09/07 - 2 6 7 8 8 8 8 17Portugal 09/08 - - - 5 7 7 7 8 20Norway 2012 - - - - - - 1 8 20Sweden 2010 - - - - - 1 3 6 22Bulgaria 11/08 - - - 3 4 4 4 4 23Finland 2012 - - - - - - 2 3 Total Europe 863 1,085 1,289 1,294 1,373 1,475 1,553 1,698 Middle East & Africa 176 216 236 299 303 303 321 335 EMEA Total 1,039 1,301 1,593 1,593 1,676 1,781 1,874 2,033 Kahve Dünyasi World-market leader Starbucks is also expanding its network in Europe. Exemplary when it comes for unit growth are Turkey, France and The N ­ etherlands. 30 Starbucks Europe ©FoodService Europe & Middle East March 2014, most were in the UK. However, Caffè Nero continued to expand its international interests with 83 non-UK stores operating under joint venture/franchise arrangements in Turkey (44 cafés), Poland (20, trading as Green Caffè Nero), Cyprus (3) and Ireland (1). The brand also has a presence in the United Arab Emirates (14 stores) and a US café was due to start trading in April 2014 in Boston. 6. Segafredo. The figures for the Italian roaster are stagnating in Europe. Although Segafredo has launched new projects, it also closed many unprofitable locations, primarily in Hungary and the Czech Republic. The challenges facing the company are to find sites with reasonable rents, to expand the range of food offered (especially hot dishes) and to develop concepts oriented more towards grab & go/take-away. Good opportun­ ities are offered by joint ventures with strategic partners who have discovered the café segment as a supplementary branch of business. 7. Shokoladnica. The concept, launched in 2001 by the young Russian entrepreneur Alexander Kolobov and his family, is now the largest coffee-bar chain in the territory of the former USSR, with 408 units and one of the top 5 biggest foodservice operators in Russia in terms of numbers of units. The fullservice chain has seen significant growth over the last few years (69 new units in 2013) with expansion of the brand coming from corporate start-ups and franchising. It has operations in 5 countries, namely Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. 8. Coffeeright. The coffee-bar brand of Greece’s Gregory’s Food Service Group achieved growth of 1% last year. Marilena Andritsopoulou, Marketing Manager, comments: “Despite the keen competition, our com­ pany manages to maintain and even increase its market share.” For Coffeeright, the three most important trends in the coffee-bar business are: providing unique products and services, addressing different tastes with different coffee blends and one-stop-shops (enter for coffee & get everything needed for a break from the same store). 9. Coffee Republic. The British brand increased its number of outlets by 43% in 2013 – a lot of their places are kiosks rather than full cafés. Top countries in terms of turnover: UK, Romania and Cyprus. Quality, service and social media are the most important trends. Tackling the challenges arising from Europe’s open borders is how the company formulates greatest opportunities for coffee bars in Europe over the coming years. Established in 1995, the business went into administration in July 2009 and was bought by family members of the property firm Arab Investment Ltd. The brand now operates through two companies: Coffee Republic Trading Ltd (company-run stores) and Coffee Republic Retail Ltd (franchised outlets including all units outside the UK). Attempts to re-invent the chain brought new interiors designed by Conran Partnership in 2011. 10. Coffee House. The second biggest coffee-bar player in Russia began operating in 1999. The chain has 225 corporately owned and operated units in Russia and Ukraine, no franchising. The company also operates other foodservice concepts, among them Asia Café, Vinegret Café and Aroma Café (the latter launched in 2012); their presence in the market, however, is much smaller compared to the main coffee-bar brand. N.B. This list of the top 75 coffee bar players in Europe is the result of a joint venture by the editorial staff and correspondents of FoodService ­Europe & Middle East. Special thanks to Allegra Strategies World Coffee Portal, Bruce Whitehall, Puck Kerkhoven, Agata Godlewska, Julia Matveeva, Mario Cañizal Villarino, Katrin Schendekehl, and Sofia Selberg. The ranking should be fairly complete. Nevertheless, please let us know if we have missed out a player or if our information is not completely up to date. ir F ood S ervice E urope & M iddle E ast 2/14