9.1 WHAT WAS ITALY LIKE, 1815-1820
What ideas influenced the Italian Settlement at Vienna in 1815?
Before this period, during the years of French rule, there had been considerable social and political change in Italy (abolition of feudal taxes, middle class took on more positions).
Middle class benefitted from french rule (more advantages, greater freedom).
Powers found these changes dangerous (ideas such as liberalism and nationalism) and thought that Italy needed protection.
Vienna settlement removed French influence.
What territorial and governmental changes were made in Italy in 1815?
Vienna settlement created five main groups of states
1 . Kingdom of Two Sicilies southern most kingdom (restored to Ferdinand I). economically underdeveloped, court and government were corrupt (little was done to address problems).
2. The Papal States
Pope Pius VII recovered former possessions, respected for spiritual leadership.
Catholic church became instrument of centralized administration.
- French laws were abolished, inquisition was reintroduced.
3. The Central Duchies central north, controlled by dukes/duchesses. autocracy and exhortation were the two main principles.
4. The Austrian Empire in Lombardy and Venetia.
two richest Italian provinces, contributed one-quarter of the imperial revenues. surveillance and censorship were still present.
5. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia north-western (lead by Victor Emmanuel I who regained mainland possessions).
Turin: most economically developed, government was reasonable and honest. brought back internal custom duties, reinstated religious orders (mass, confession).
What was the social and economic state of Italy in 1815?
Italy was economically backward, it was almost entirely based on agriculture and population growth left peasants short of land (farming methods were primitive).
Little to no industry, poor geography, ect.
Workers held jobs in crowded/unhealthy conditions - censorship caused resentment.
What factors were preventing political progress in Italy after 1815?
Political apathy: lack of patriotism.
Language differentiation: French, Latin, German, various dialects.
Church influence: economic, political, intellectual developments.
Austrian influence: felt everywhere.
Holy Alliance: those in favor of suppression of the revolution (Russia, Prussia, Austria).

What new attitudes and ideas were influencing Italy from 1815?
Nationalism: sense of loyalty to state.
Liberalism: belief that personal freedoms were among the most important rights of man.
How were the new ideas and attitudes spread?
Secret societies (freemasons) with elaborate rituals, passwords, coded messages, ect.
Federati, Adelfi, Spillo Negro (‘Black Pin’), Latinisti, Bersaglieri, Carbonari.
9.2 WHAT WERE THE CAUSES AND RESULTS OF THE REVOLUTIONS OF
1820-1821?
How did resistance develop 1815-1820?
Any opposition to the vienna settlement was an underground movement.
Disturbances were rarely planned well enough to escape detection/repression.
Sanfedisti supported pope, who imposed monthly retreats.
Threat to rulers were the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Kingdom of Piedmont-
Sardinia.
Why was there an outbreak of revolution in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1820?
Carbonari: hated influence of Austria/Ferdinand’s rule in the south.
Sicilians: resented their union with mainland.
Fall of agriculture hit peasants hard, most rulers were hostile to Ferdinand’s style of leadership.
General Guglielmo Pepe, organized new militia system (assumed control of revolution).
How successful was the revolution?
Initially looked like an easy success, Ferdinand promised freedom of press (very liberal).
Subjects were superstitious, and believed him very easily (omnipotent god) however his actions only encouraged troubles.
New Neapolitan Parliament met in Naples in 1820, where the kings swore to defend new constitution and Pepe was in charge of the army.
Why did the revolution fail?
Napels revolution was a middle-class affair, but division of revolt/lack of popular support eventually lead to collapse.
January 1821, Metternich invited Ferdinand to attend another congress (Laibach) to discuss developments of his kingdom (when Austrians marched south, revolution was fated).

What was the result of the revolution in Piedmont-Sardinia in 1821?
Membership of secret societies rose as hope to grant a constitution emerged.
Sit-in of university students followed pattern of earlier troubles (violently broken up by police).
Aristocratic officers took over fortress of Alessandria (set up a revolutionary government, proclaimed an independent ‘Kingdom of Italy’ and declared war on Austria).
Small revolutionary numbers were still able to instill fear in the leaders.
Victor Emmanuel I, met liberal demands for constitution/war against Austria.
Why did the revolution fail?
Return of Chalres Felix, brought collapse of liberal hopes (named previous ruler a rebel/exiled him) then appealed to Metternich for military aid.
Metternich had full support of holy order, not afraid to send Austrian troops to restore order.
April 8 1821, joined forces with Charles Felix (by september he was in full possession of his kingdom).
What was the result of the failure of the revolutions of 1820-1821
Kingdom of Two Sicilies, swift/harsh reprisals on those who supported revolution.
Piedmont-Sardinia, rebel leaders/revolutionaries forced to flee aboard.
Austrians remained a strong presence, and occupied Piedmont-Sardinia to prevent further trouble.
All over Italy there had been no revolution, liberals were hunted down/heavy sentences were passed: around 2,000 had been forced to leave peninsula, liberalism had appeared to be a lost cause.
9.3 Why, and what results came from the further unrests in Italy in 1831?
How were the disturbances similar to those in 1820-1821?
- Revolts were led by the middle class
- Aimed for constitutional reform
- In total, they achieved nothing
Results of disturbances in the Papal States
- Led by the middle class
- Key issue was the Church domination of government
- Provisional government was set up in Bologna but died quickly because of no support from neighbours
- Disturbances proved that France would be of little help to revolutionaries
- Austrians helped Pope retake power
- A programme of secular reform was planned but not carried out
- Again, Austria and France calmed uprisings

Why did the revolutions of the 1820s/1830s fail?
- Revolutions were localized (Little communication and co- operation)
- Led by middle classes, who were not prone to violence
- Did not get the support from the workers or peasants
- Not well equipped
- French army did not support revolutionaries
- Austrians helped suppress revolutions
How far had Italy changed by 1831?
- Did not change much since 1815
- No successful revolutions
- Traditional rulers became stronger
- Autocracy re-established everywhere
- Changes:
- New rulers took power that were more receptive to change
- Concert of Europe was falling apart
- Revolutionary politics became more popular
9.4 The contribution of Mazzini
His Ideas
- Thought the aims of earlier revolutionaries were too moderate
- Wanted to unify Italy (Nationalism)
- Did not want to rely on foreign powers for help
- Called on young Italian people to fight
- Wanted a republic:
- Democratic
- Central government
Young Italy
- Mazzini's revolutionary society
- Supported by middle class
- Youth movement
- Not localized; spread to other countries
- Carried weapons
How successful was Mazzini as a revolutionary?
- Unsuccessful in practical terms
- Attempt to invade Savoy was a fail
- Did not appeal to peasantry
- Did not appeal to large amounts of people
- Got banished and stayed in England
His contribution to the Italian cause
- Successful at publishing ideas

- Inspired young radicals
9.5 Influences that promoted nationalism in Italy, 1831-1846
Cultural
- Arts aroused nationalist ideals
- Literature, music, other art
The Riformisti
- Name given to those who wanted economic reform
- Did not want a republic
- Ideas spread through literature and other economic stimulus
The Albertisti
- Monarchist group
- King reformed many parts of Piedmont
- Made Piedmont capable of a crusade against Austria
- Writings reinforced supremacy of Piedmont
Other views
- Federalism gained support
- Others believed in Papal leadership
Economic/ Social developments
- Agriculture was inefficient
- Peasants suffered through agricultural crisis
- Economics and industrialization moved forward
9.6 The Election of Pope Pius IX in 1846
- Instituted a plan to reform the Papal States
- Reforms:
- Appointed liberal- minded Secretary of the State ( Cardinal Gizzi)
- Released 2000 political prisoners, mainly ex- revolutionaries
- Legal and judicial reforms
- Gave people a greater say in government
- Gasworks/ railways might be built
- Freedom of the press
- Set up a Consulta ( Advisory body )
- Appointment of a civic guard
- Caused an outpour of independent, free thinking journals
- Political clubs were set up
- Civic guard became 'for the people' and provided them weapons
- Other cities began to support the Pope

- This caused other requests for change in other kingdoms
- Freedom of the press was instuted by Charles Albert
- Enabled the newspaper
- Civic guard in Lucca
Il Risorgimento
- Secret Police abolished in Tuscany
to be founded
Austrian Reaction
-Reforms caused agitation in Austrian- controlled states
- Metternich posted troops outside Papal States borders
- Roused protesting, Pope appealed to other powers of Europe
- Charles Albert put Piedmontese army at his disposal
-Began to talk about war for Italian independence
- However, the Pope then chose not to be too hasty
Clashes
- Lombardy (January 1848)
- People rose against Austrian garrison
- Tobacco strike
- Riots became serious and Austrians killed several people in calvary charge
- Palermo, Sicily (12-27 January, 1848)
- Revolt drove out Neapolitan forces
- Spread to Mainland
- Sicily was granted a constitution
- Tuscany, Piedmont - Sardinia and Pope granted constitutions
- Charles Albert then declared war on Austria
9.7 How widespread was nationalism in Italy before 1848?
- Debate about how much nationalism was present during this period
Case for
- Writings/ cultural changes encouraged unity and pride of being Italian
- Encouraged people to think of themselves as Italians
- Nationalism grew stronger in the face of foreign rule
- Mazzini encouraged the youth to take action
Case against
- Rebels were often uncertain in their aims
- Some revolts were to receive concessions from rulers
- Localism of revolts proved they were not a national movement
- Nationalism never affected the masses, such as the peasants
- Most of supporters were from a narrow niche of middle - class, cultured people
- National language only arrived in 1840s
- Involvement in rebellions were small

amounts of people