Week 12
HW: finish the outlines (p. 93-5); next week, write an essay based on
one of the outlines.
Unit 4 Cause-effect Essays:
Focus-on-causes method
Focus-on-effects method
Making an outline for a cause-effect:
Pages 93-94
Teenagers = teens adolescents
Teenage = teen
Growing pain challenges
Paragraph 1: (direct) thesis: Teen drug abuse can occur for many
reasons, some of which are low self-esteem, lack of parental guidance,
and peer pressure.
3. Paragraph 2: low self-esteem
A. Drugs can help them avoid inevitable pressure from their stressful
study, especially from the entrance exam.
B. Drugs can help teens decrease or minimize their stress.
C. Drugs may help teens escape the reality of their lives.
Parental guidance
Parenting teen drug abuse
Paragraph 3:
TS: 1. Lack of parental guidance can lead to teen drug abuse.
2. Those who lack good parental guidance tend to have problems
with drug abuse.
Paragraph 4: Peer pressure can cause teen drug abuse.
Page 95 The effects of teenage drug abuse
Cause result in
Paragraph 2:
3. Teens may easily get impatient and even fight with siblings.
Teens may ask their parents for an unusual amount of allowance for
drugs. .
They may stay outside late and even run away from home.
They may not come home until late at night
Poor academic performance; negative behavior at school , teen drug
abuse
Paragraph3:
topic sentence: Teens may have poor academic performance at school.
Their academic performance at school may suffer.
Teens may stop worrying about their academic performance because of
using drugs.
Give up on
Stop worrying
ignore
Paragraph 4.
#3: They may rob convenience stores for drug money.
They may rob those who are alone walking or riding a scooter to get their
drug money.
p. 95 sequencing paragraphs
TS: Drug use often leads to a breakdown in family relationships.
1. Teens on drugs often stop communicating with parents.
They may think that their parents cannot understand them, and this
usually troubles them.
2. Teens may lie or begin acting strangely at home to protect their drug
use. They are afraid that their secret may get exposed, so they may
become a different person. They may have a different life style from their
old one; for example, they often sleep during the day and are active at
night. However, in the past, they may have a “healthier” schedule.
3. Teens may easily get impatient and even fight with siblings.
Reading
unit 7
Page 87 EX 2 # 1
TS: These two huge animals may, in fact, come from the same
biological family.
SS:
1. The shape of their heads
2. excellent swimmers
3. use sounds to show anger or communicate
4. female elephants and female whales help other females which are
giving birth
#2
TS: The elephant’s trunk is an essential and unique feature that
serves many purposes for it.
SS:
1. make many kinds of sounds
2. used as a kind of hand
3. take dust baths
#3
TS: The intelligence of the elephant is widely known.
SS:
1. excellent memory
2. good at solving problems
EX 3 # 1
TS: People usually build their houses out of the materials that are
easily available to them.
SS:
1. wood
2. stone and brick
3. plants in tropical regions
4. blocks of ice
#2
TS: The differences in climate throughout Europe have resulted in
differences in the way houses are built.
SS:
1. 1. the sizes of windows:
 hot countries
 cold countries
2. outdoor living areas
 hot countries
 cold countries
landmark piece
#3
TS: One of the most famous houses in the United States is Monticello.
SS:
1. a president’s house
2. a fine example of early nineteenth-century American architecture
3. lovely in itself, not just an imitation of the Italian architecture
4. combination of a graceful style and a typical American concern
for comfort and function
Example
Topic: the changing family pattern; the recent changes in family
patterns
TS: In most industrialized countries, family patterns have changed in
recent years.
SS:
1. the past family pattern
2. the current family pattern
EX 3: importance of checking automobile tires
Page 90 EX 4
#1 topic: What to do with a blowout
TS: If you ever get a blowout while you are driving, you should know
what to do.
SS:
1. hold very tightly to the steering wheel
2. get off the road
3. turn on the flashing lights
blowout; what to do when getting a blowout
gas n.
gasoline = gas oil = engine oil
#2
Topic: the importance of regular check-up of tires
TS: However, they may forget to check something else that is just as
important: the tires.
SS:
1. potential danger of worn tires and incorrect tire pressure
2. the need of regular check-up of tires to avoid flat tire or blowout
Topic: the importance of rotating and balancing wheels
TS: You should bring your car regularly to the mechanic or tire
specialist for some other work.
SS
1. rotation of tires after certain miles
2. balancing the wheels
Page 91
#1: the negative effect of jet lag on the brain
# 2. a blood clot can result from sitting still during long flights
# 3. the factors of air rage;
TS:
SS:
1. general worsening of travel conditions
2. reduced seat space for each passenger
3. too much alcohol
Dime, quarter, cent
Land-slide; mud-slide
Page 94 Ex 7
#1: what the Hawaiian islands have in common; the common features
of Hawaiian islands
Fahrenheit Celsius
TS:
SS:
1. tropical climate
2. frequent rains, but not for long
3. a natural beauty
4. waters filled with colorful fish, dolphins, and giant sea turtles
#2: natural history of Hawaiian islands
#3: the unique features of the islands
TS: Each of the islands also has features that are special and unique.
SS:
1. the Big island
2. the Island of Oahu
3. the island of Maui
This produces more heat than light.
EX 8
1. similarities between studying music and studying languages
2. math anxiety; how math anxiety affects people
3. Longevity and positive feelings
The importance of positive feeling in enhancing longer lives
Longevous
EX 8
#1: Why learning music and languages requires similar skills
#2: How math anxiety affects people in working with math problems
#3 : positive feelings and longevity
p. 97
EX a
Topic: how to cope with heat
TS: There are a number of ways to make life more comfortable in the
heat.
SS:
1. keep your home as cool as possible
2. keep yourself cool by wearing loose light clothes
3. stay calm and relaxed
4. nap after lunch
EX b.
Topic: TV and family life
Topic sentence: Psychologists think that watching TV may not be so
good for family life.
Main idea: Psychologists believe that watching TV has negative
effects on family life.
p. 98
EX1 Topic: new products and services for the older population
#1 TS: This fact has encouraged many businesses to develop products
and services for older customers.
SS:
1. medical industry
2. tourist industry
3. many different kinds of products to meet the needs of the elderly
p. 99
EX 2. #1
Modern trends in management
Topic: idea box
Topic sentence: The “idea box” is a useful concept in management.
(main idea)
Main idea: The idea box is useful for both management and
employees.
#2
Topic: American managers’ working hours
TS: In general, the researchers found that managers in the US are
not happy with their working schedule. (main idea)
Main idea: A study of American managers showed that they are
generally not happy with their working schedules.
p. 99
EX2.
1. Topic: the idea box
Main idea: The idea box is useful for both management and
employees.
2. topic: A study of American managers on their perceptions about
their working schedules
main idea: A study of American managers showed that they are
generally not happy with their working schedules.
3. topic: working at home
main idea: Working at home has many advantages for the managers
and the companies.
Productive adj.
EX 3
1. topic: the giant panda
main idea: The giant panda is slowly dying out in China.
2. topic: The first year of life for a panda
main idea: For the whole first year of its life, the panda is completely
dependent on its mother.
3. topic: A mother panda
main idea: A wild female panda in China was a very loving and
careful mother.
EX 4
1. topic: The oil spill in Prince William Sound
main idea: The oil spilled by the Exxon Valdez tank ship resulted in
an expensive and difficult cleanup.
2. topic: some consequences of the oil spill
main idea: Though the Sound may seem clean today, but some of the
consequences of the spill are still visible to an expert.
3. topic: The long-term effects of the oil spill
main idea: Many animals have suffered from the long-term effects of
the oil spill.
EX5
1. topic: hand-drawn maps of the world
main idea: Hand-drawn maps of the world often do not show the
relative sizes of the continents accurately.
2. topic: Europe and Africa on hand-drawn maps
main idea: There are several reasons why most hand-drawn maps
show Europe too large and Africa too small.
3. topic: an error on nineteenth century maps of Africa
main idea: Because of their ignorance about Africa, nineteenth
century Europeans put nonexistent mountains on their maps of
Africa.
EX6
1. topic: Hans Christian Andersen
main idea: Andersen had a difficult childhood, but he still believed
that he was special.
2. topic: How Andersen became a writer
main idea Andersen wanted desperately to become a successful writer,
and he worked very hard.
3. topic: Andersen’s fairy tales
main idea: Andersen became a great and popular writer because of
his fairy tales.