Enlightenment & Revolution
1. The heliocentric, or sun-centered, theory was proposed by
a. Galileo Galilei.
b. Nicolaus Copernicus.
c. Francis Bacon.
d. Isaac Newton.
2. Francis Bacon helped to develop
a. The microscope
b. The law of the pendulum
c. The scientific method
d. The barometer
3. Isaac Newton explained the
a. Law of universal gravitation
b. Anatomy of the human body
c. Chemical composition of matter
d. Function of blood vessels
4. Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of steps used in the scientific process?
a. Observation, question, experimentation, hypothesis, conclusion
b. Question, experimentation, hypothesis, observation, conclusion
c. Question, observation, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion
d. Observation, question, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion
5. What was the law of universal gravitation?
a. The earth and other planets revolve around the sun.
b. All physical objects are affected equally by the same forces.
c. A falling object accelerates at a fixed and predictable rate.
d. The physical world consists of four elements-earth, air, fire, and water.
6. What did Andreas Vesalius and Voltaire both do?
a. Write drama and fiction
b. Analyze human anatomy
c. Challenge preexisting ideas
d. Spent time in jail for their ideas
7. How did Zacharias Janssen make Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries possible?
a. He invented the microscope.
b. He offered Leeuwenhoek financial support.
c. He provided valuable research information to Leeuwenhoek.
d. He invented the thermometer.
8. Which of the following were caused by the scientific revolution?
a. The belief that the earth was an unmoving object at the center of the universe
b. Improvements in medicine and scientific instruments
c. Reliance on ancient authorities to explain the physical world
d. The assumption that the human body was similar to the anatomy of other animals
9. In general, the philosophes believed in which of the following?
a. Expanding women’s rights
b. All church decrees
c. Progress for society
d. Authoritarian rule
10. The idea of a direct democracy is explained in
a. A Vindication of the Rights of Women
b. The Social Contract
c. Starry Messenger
d. On the Spirit of Laws
11. What was Montesquieu’s influence on the U.S. Constitution?
a. Public elections
b. Branches of government
c. The Bill of Rights
d. Representatives
12. Which of the following did the Enlightenment promote?
a. A belief in progress
b. A more secular outlook
c. Faith in science
d. All of the above
13. Which of the following men contradicted the ideas in the U.S. Constitution?
a. Baron de Montesquieu
b. Thomas Hobbes
c. John Locke
d. Denis Diderot
14. In the 1700s, which of the following showed the influence of Enlightenment ideas?
a. A woman reading a novel
b. A woman allowing her child to have a smallpox vaccination
c. A man attending a salon
d. All of the above
15. European art of the1600s and early 1700s was dominated by a grand, ornate style called
a. Neoclassical
b. Classical
c. Baroque
d. Gothic
16. Which of the following is true of the neoclassical style of art?
a. It emphasized elegance and simplicity.
b. It tended to be ornate, highly detailed, and rich in color.
c. It was the dominant style of art during the Middle Ages.
d. It was based on ideas and themes from ancient Japan.
17. How did the Baroque style and the neoclassical style differ?
a. Baroque was used for music; neoclassical was used for painting.
b. Baroque was used by Mozart; neoclassical was used by Bach.
c. Baroque was grand and ornate; neoclassical was simple and elegant.
d. All of the above
18. Which of the following reflects the neoclassical style?
a. A palace built in a grand and elaborately decorated style
b. A painting rich in detail and ornate imagery
c. A church built in a simple, elegant style
d. Dramatic organ music with a complex composition
19. The philosophes influence Catherine the Great’s
a. Architectural plans for her palace
b. Military campaign against Poland
c. Diplomatic relations with France
d. Proposal on reforms to Russia’s laws
20. Henry Fielding was a writer who
a. Turned out many popular poems in the 1700s.
b. Wrote a novel about the life of a young servant girl.
c. Developed many features of the modern novel.
d. All of the above.
21. Frederick II supported which of the following?
a. Freedom of worship
b. Christian religion
c. Wealthy landowners
d. Direct democracy
22. How were Thomas Hobbes and Catherine the Great similar?
a. Both were influenced by John Locke.
b. Both were affected by the horrors of the English Civil War.
c. Both were influenced by Voltaire and Baron de Montesquieu.
d. Both believed that a monarch should have absolute authority.
23. Which of the following did the censors of the Catholic Church ban?
a. Don Giovanni
b. the Encyclopedia
c. Tom Jones
d. All of the above.
24. In which of the following ways does the main character in Richardson’s Pamela reflect Enlightenment
ideas?
a. She was a monarch who became enlightened.
b. She used the scientific method.
c. She resisted an abuse of authority.
d. She worked as a servant girl.
25. The Declaration of Independence was written by
a. John Adams
b. Benjamin Franklin
c. Thomas Jefferson
d. Patrick Henry
26. How did the Declaration of Independence embody Enlightenment ideals?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It stated that all titles of nobility should be abolished.
It protected the rights of the accused and prohibited cruel punishment.
It set up a system of checks and balances for the U.S. government.
It said that people have rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
27. The Bill of Rights was influenced by
a. Voltaire.
b. John Locke.
c. Jean Jacques Rousseau.
d. All of the above.
28. Which of the following events occurred after the American Revolution?
a. Constitutional Convention
b. French and Indian War
c. Stamp Act
d. Navigation Acts
29. What did the American colonists protest as “taxation without representation”?
a. French and Indian War
b. Navigation Acts
c. Stamp Act
d. Import tax on tea
30. In which of the following ways did the taxation problem in America differ before and after
independence?
a. Before were too many British taxes; after were not enough federal taxes.
b. Before were too few British taxes; after were too many federal taxes.
c. Before were too many British taxes; after were too many federal taxes.
d. Before were too few British taxes; after were not enough federal taxes.
31. Joseph II was known as
a. The least enlightened of the “enlightened despots”
b. The most effective ruler among the “enlightened despots”
c. The most enlightened, and most effective ruler among the “enlightened despots”
d. The most enlightened, yet least effective among the “enlightened despots”
32. Madame Geoffrin was known for her
a. work with Isaac Newton
b. hosting of Parisian salons
c. debates with Rousseau
d. affair with Voltaire
33. All of the following were means of spreading enlightened ideas in the 18th century except
a. New enlightened public schools
b. Salons
c. The encyclopedia
d. The coffee houses occupied by the new middle-class
34. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the practitioners of the Scientific Revolution?
a. They followed the works of Aristotle very closely
b. They discarded the scientific method as old and superstitious
c. They did not consider their field science but natural philosophy
d. They put emphasis upon observation more so than mathematical reasoning
35. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that
a. The sun revolved around the earth
b. Astrology should be studied along with astronomy
c. Science could prove that God did not exist
d. The earth revolved around the sun
36. Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies to the
a. Holy Roman Emperor
b. The sailors who lost their lives at sea due to inaccurate maps
c. The Pope
d. Tycho Brahe
37. Which of the following statements is NOT true about salons?
a. Membership was open to anyone who could afford the yearly fees to join
b. The salons were run by wealthy women
c. Topics such as science, religion, and politics were often discussed
d. None of these
38. Frederick II did all of the following EXCEPT
a. Gave the serfs more privileges and freedom
b. Allowed his subjects to believe as they wished in religious matters
c. Promoted the advancement of knowledge
d. Promoted the reconstruction of agriculture in Prussia
39. The philosophes advocated all of the following core concepts EXCEPT
a. Reason
b. Nature
c. Happiness
d. Tradition
40. The Encyclopedia
a. Was temporarily banned by the French government
b. Was condemned by the Catholic Church
c. Openly criticized intolerance and legal injustice
d. All of these
41. Which of the following was NOT one of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion?
a. Planets orbit the sun in a clockwise direction
b. The time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun
c. Orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather then circular
d. Planets do not move at a uniform (same) speed in their orbits
42. Which of the following can be associated with Renes Descartes?
a. “I think therefore I am”
b. deductive reasoning
c. the development of the scientific method
d. analytical geometry
e. All of the above
43. All of the following are attributed to Galileo EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Observations of the moon
The law of the pendulum
Law of inertia
Sentencing at the Roman inquisition
All of the above are true
44. Mary Wollstonecraft advocated
a. Women participating in government
b. Women accepting their traditional role in society
c. An increase in educational opportunities for women
d. Direct democracy
45. Emilie du Châtelet is known for
a. Her adamant disagreement with Mary Wollstonecraft
b. Her debate with Rousseau over education
c. Translating Newton’s work from Latin into French
d. Advocacy for criminal rights