UNIT 4
TOPICS:
1. Human habitat.
2. The world around us.
GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs
Step
I
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (1)
LEAD IN
1. a) Millions of species inhabit our planet, each living in a
particular type of place. What does the term natural habitat
imply?
b) Look through the list of animals, birds and plants below and
indicate their natural habitat.
Model: The lion’s natural habitat is the savanna.
polar bear
colibri
tiger
camel
edelweiss
lion
penguin
blue whale
cactus
monkey
rain forest
taiga
jungle
desert
mountains
sea
Arctic
Antarctic
savanna
prairie
 Which of them are in danger of losing their natural habitat? What
makes you think so?
 What do we refer to as human habitat?
 What is the most appropriate place for people to live in?
 What endangers natural habitat most: global warming, natural
calamities, wars, terrorism, revolutions, nuclear explosions?
What makes you think so?
1
2. a) Skim through the text and say what the message of the text
is.
 (1.5 min.)
Up to 4 million people live in the
Arctic, spread out between the eight
countries – Canada, Denmark,
Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia,
Sweden and the United States. The
Arctic tundra is expected to shrink
over the century as climate warming
causes the sea level to rise. Most
scientists say climate warming can
be attributed to human activities.
The UN Environment Program said
in a recent report that widespread
disintegration of permafrost in the
Arctic can cause serious damage to
buildings, roads, pipelines and other
infrastructure in places such as
Alaska and Siberia. The melting
permafrost could also threaten a
nuclear power plant near Murmansk.
The plant, located on the Kola
Peninsula, is the only one in the
world built north of the Arctic Circle.
Warming could also have some
economic benefits opening shipping
lanes and access to valuable natural
resources.
Melting ice could open polar
passages historically clogged by ice.
A revived Northern Sea Route could
shorten the journey for goods and
raw materials from North-East
Asia to Europe by 40 percent.
Climate warming is likely to
bring extensive fishing activity to
the Arctic. Recent studies have
also projected that in a few
decades there could be lucrative
fishing grounds in waters that
were
largely
untouched
throughout human history.
Russia is planning to develop
Shtokman gas field in the Barents
Sea. The development costs are
estimated at $15 billion to $20
billion. The field is reported to
hold more than double all of
Canada’s gas reserves.
As polar ice melts, nations stake
claims to potential riches. As long
as it’s ice, nobody cares except
the indigenous people, because
they hunt and fish and travel on
that ice. However, the minute it
starts to thaw and becomes water,
then the whole world is interested.
(After The New York Times / The
Moscow
Times,
2004-2005)
2
b) Sum up the text in three sentences.
c) Scan the text for details.
d) Answer the teacher’s questions.
3. a) Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs.
demise [dI'maIz] – (very formal) the time when something stops existing
to shroud – to cover or hide something
Nothing _____________ (1 – to last) forever. Changes in
climate can make a friendly place less welcoming. Catastrophes like
volcanoes or giant earthquakes can kill a city quickly. After the
New Orleans disaster of 2005, it ______________ (2 – to be) hard
not to think of other places that _______________ (3 – to fall) to
time and the inconstant earth.
Take the library of Alexandria. ______________ (4 – to
found) sometime around 300 B.C., it grew into an enduring symbol
of culture and knowledge before ____________________ (5 – to
disappear) into the sand and sea less than 1,000 years later.
It was the library. It __________________ (6 – to influence)
everybody who ever thought about building a library. Nobody
______________ (7 – to know) how large it ____________ (8 – to
be) or what _____________ (9 – to be) actually in it. The library’s
demise ________ (10 – to be) equally shrouded in mystery. One
legend says the books ____________ (11 – to burn) during Caesar’s
conquest of Alexandria in 47 B.C., but the library was still around
in the 4th century, according to historical accounts. Later, in 642, the
Arabs ______________ (12 – to move) Egypt’s capital to the Cairo
region and Alexandria ___________ (13 – to shrink) into obscurity.
The most famous lost city of all is one that probably never
really ________________ (14 – to exist), Atlantis, the fabulous
island civilization ___________________ (15 – to swallow) by the
sea, which ____________________ (16 – to refer to) by Plato.
Some scholars think he might have been inspired by one or more
real events. Among them is the destruction of Helike, a city on the
Corinthian coast, which ______________________ (17 – to
swallow) by an earthquake and a tsunami in 373 B.C., during
Plato’s lifetime.
3
Archaeologists ________________________ (18 – long / to
seek) the remains of the sunken city. After a dozen years of
_______________ (19 – to search), a team of archaeologists said
they _________________ (20 – to find) the lost city – not in the sea
but on the coastal plain next to it. In expeditions every summer, they
____________________ (21 – to uncover) more and more of the
city, _________________ (22 – to include) walls, buildings, coins,
pottery and a cemetery, although they ________________ (23 – not
/ to find) the center of the city yet.
(After Dennis Overbye, The New York Times, 2005.)
b) Answer the teacher’s questions.
VOCABULARY EXTENSION
4. a) Read the text filling in the gaps with the proper words.
carbon dioxide [LkQ:bRndaI'OksaId] – the gas produced when animals breathe
out, when carbon is burnt in air, or when animal or vegetable matter decays. Carbon
dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
Energy saving in the home
Have you ever stopped to think about how much damage your
own home may be doing to the ___________________ (1 –
environment / ecology / surroundings)? In the UK people’s homes
are responsible for an alarming twenty-five percent of all carbon
dioxide ___________ (2 – fumes / emissions / smoke). But there are
a lot of simple steps that can be taken to put things right and help
reduce our CO2 ___________ (3 – production / produce / output).
For the start, get into the habit of clicking off the light switch
when you leave a room, and swap regular light bulbs for energysaving versions. And when you go off to bed, don’t just turn off
your TV, video/DVD recorder or hi-fi system with the
____________ (4 – remote / distant / distance) control: in standby
mode they still use up a lot of energy, so switch them off at the plug
socket instead. Washing machines and dishwashers are also
hideously _____________ (5 – extravagant / wasteful / careless) in
4
terms of water, electricity and money when you run them with less
than a full load.
Never overfill the kettle if all you want is a single mug of tea;
don’t use large saucepans when you only want to cook small
___________ (6 – number / amounts / quantity) of food, as they
will take longer to heat up. And when it starts to turn milder in the
early spring, you can turn down the central heating by several
degrees and ____________ (7 – turn / run / operate) it for fewer
hours every day. Summertime air-conditioning in the home may be
______________ (8 – modern / fashionable / sophisticated),
especially for hi-spec city apartments, but it’s an unnecessary luxury
when all you need to do to let a breeze blow through is open a
window or door.
b) Answer the teacher’s questions.
HOME ACTIVITIES (1)
5. a) Go through the texts in exercises 2 – 4 and find the English
for
естественная среда обитания; белый медведь; голубой кит;
уменьшаться в размере; потепление климата; уровень моря;
деятельность человека; вечная мерзлота; наносить серьезный
ущерб; трубопровод; атомная электростанция; Кольский
полуостров; Северный морской путь; районы рыбных
промыслов; на протяжении всей истории человечества; газовое
месторождение; запасы газа; коренное население; как только он
начинает таять; бессмертный (вечный) символ знаний и
культуры; легендарная островная цивилизация; окутанный
тайной; раскапывать древний город; керамика; выбросы
углекислого
газа;
энергосберегающий;
дистанционное
управление; страшно (ужасно) расточительный, неэкономный;
нагреваться.
b) Illustrate the word combinations with sentences from the
texts.
6. Retell any of the three texts (see exercises 2-4).
5
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (2)
7. Paraphrase and add a sentence logically connected.
1. I prefer to see animals in the places where they normally live,
rather than in zoos. 2. As a result of colonization, the native people
of America were driven away from their lands. 3. The exhibition of
oriental ceramics and sculpture attracted thousands of visitors. 4.
The polar bear is indigenous to the icy wastes of the Arctic. 5.
Washing a woolen sweater in hot water will make it smaller in size.
6. New regulations are aimed at reducing toxic waste produced by
motor vehicles ['vi:Iklz]. 7. The legendary wealth of King Croesus
['kri:sRs] has become proverbial. 8. In ancient times, Britain was
known to be a faraway land covered in mist and mystery. 9. I
recognized the man as soon as I saw him. 10. The old block of flats
was eventually demolished because it had become awfully
uneconomical to maintain it. 11. Leonardo’s Mona Lisa is generally
regarded to be an eternal symbol of beauty. 12. The number of
employees has dramatically reduced from 130 to 75.
8. Translate into Russian.
1. Melting ice could open three Polar passages historically clogged
by ice, allowing shipping companies to greatly reduce the time it
takes to cross the globe and deliver goods. 2. If the melting
continues, the mass of floating ice that has crowned the planet for
millions of years may largely disappear for entire summers this
century. 3. No one knows what share of the recent thawing can be
attributed to natural cycles and how much to heat trapping pollution.
4. Interest in ice-breaking ships must have picked up so much that a
giant shipbuilder based in Helsinki created a subsidiary (дочерняя
компания) to develop ice-hardened ships. 5. There are likely to be a
number of foreign policy issues that must be addressed by the
Arctic countries. 6. Some countries that one might think of as being
half a world apart appear as startlingly close neighbours. 7. An
Arctic Bridge could drastically cut the distance to Canada, a revived
6
Northern Sea Route could shorten the journey for goods and raw
materials from Northeast Asia to Europe by forty percent.
9. a) Read the article and say in one sentence what it deals with.
Северный Ледовитый океан может растаять
(1) Площадь арктического льда
(4)
Глобальное потепление
стремительно сокращается. Если
также может быть вызвано
ситуация не изменится, то уже к
извержениями
вулканов,
2050 году льда станет еще меньше,
увеличением
солнечной
и суда смогут ходить летом прямо
активности,
изменением
через Северный полюс.
магнитного поля земли. При
(2) Большинство специалистов
этом все модели, построенные
настаивают, что основной прина
этих
гипотезах,
чиной происходящего является
предсказывают
значительное
глобальное потепление. Свидеусиление
процесса
в
тельств тому, что оно действиближайшие десятилетия.
тельно происходит, с каждым
(5)
Глобальное потепление,
днем становится все больше.
вероятнее
всего,
сильно
Летом 2006 года европейские
изменит
нашу
жизнь.
ученые
были
шокированы
Профессор
Лондонского
состоянием
шапки
полярных
университета Билл Макгвайр
льдов на Северном полюсе: воды
предсказывает
следующее:
Северного Ледовитого океана,
изменение климата заставит
обычно покрытые льдами, не
жителей Северного полушария
исчезающими летом, очистились
ездить на средиземноморское
от льда практически до полюса.
побережье зимой или весной, а
Если глобальное потепление будет
летом устремляться к горячему
продолжаться, через 10-20 лет
песку и пальмам норвежских
станет возможным проложить
фьордов. Однако значительная
мореходные пути прямо через
часть территорий, лежащих
Полярный регион.
почти на уровне моря, исчезнет
(3) Многие ученые уверены, что
под водой.
потепление климата связано с
(6) Во второй половине ХХI
антропогенным
(человеческим)
века уровень Мирового океана
фактором и возникло вследствие
поднимется, поэтому местами
“парникового эффекта”. В атмосуша
отступит.
Участятся
сфере накапливается все больше
ураганы, засухи, проливные
парниковых газов (водяного пара,
дожди и штормы. Сотни
двуокиси углерода, метана и др.).
миллионов человек останутся
без крова и станут беженцами.
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Из-за таяния ледников недостаток
питьевой воды будут испытывать
до 6% населения земного шара.
(7)
В Сибири оттает около 2
метров вечной мерзлоты, что
приведет
к
высвобождению
значительного количества газов,
на которых возлагают вину за
парниковый эффект. Чем выше
температура летом, тем больше
лесных
пожаров.
Огромное
количество сажи, поднимаясь в
атмосферу,
изменит
распределение осадков. Европа,
скорее всего, будет испытывать
недостаток питьевой воды, а
Азов повторит судьбу Арала.
Кроме того, экологическая
катастрофа вызовет массовую
гибель животных. На планете
исчезнет до 40% фауны.
(8) Удастся ли современной
науке найти решения для
предупреждения
природных
катаклизмов? Прислушаются ли
правительства к рекомендациям
ученых и захотят ли вкладывать
средства в их реализацию?
Хочется надеяться на лучшее.
(По материалам еженедельника Мир новостей, январь 2007 г.)
b) Choose the most appropriate English words/phrases
corresponding to the highlighted Russian ones. (More than one
word/phrase may be right.)
(1) сокращаться (to reduce / to decline / to shrink);
(2) специалист (specialist / expert / authority); проложить
мореходные пути (to follow sea-routes / to lay sea-routes / to
create sea-routes)
(3) накапливаться (to store / to accumulate / to amass) парниковые
газы (greenhouse gases / heat-trapping gases / hothouse gases);
водяной пар (steam / vapour / smoke)
(4) увеличение солнечной активности (greater solar activity /
increase in solar activity / the rise of solar activity);
(6) проливные дожди (downpours / heavy rains / showers);
остаться без крова (to become homeless / to live without shelter /
to be left roofless); беженцы (refugees / exiles / runaways); таяние
ледников (glacial melting / ice warming / ice melting); питьевая
вода (still water / fresh water / drinking water);
(7) оттаивать (to melt / to thaw / to fade); высвобождение (release /
emission / disengagement); осадки (rainfall / sediment /
precipitation)
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природные катаклизмы (natural calamities / natural catastrophes
/ natural disasters)
(8)
c) Answer the teacher’s questions.
HOME ACTIVITIES (2)
10. Give a brief summary of the article (see exercise 8) in
English using the suggested key words and phrases:
1. Introduction:
 The article deals with... / the article covers the subject (the problems) of...
the Arctic ice-cap; to shrink; to sail across
2. Main body of the report:
The ... suggest / claim that...
to be caused by; global warming; there is more and more evidence
that...;clogged with ice; to be free of ice;
The article goes on to say that...
to be attributed to; greenhouse effect; heat-trapping gases; vapour;
volcano eruptions; magnetic field of the planet; hypotheses;
According to... / It is pointed out that...
The Northern Hemisphere; the Mediterranean coast; beaches; fjord;
to lie at sea level; global sea levels; land / to be flooded; shortage of
drinking water; soot; animals / to perish
3. Conclusion:
In conclusion / Finally, the writer wonders if...
to prevent; natural calamities
11. a) Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the
Verb.
Arctic Thaw Melts Away Old Habits in Far North
Freed by warming, waters once _______________ (1 – to
lock) beneath the ice are gnawing at coastal settlements around the
Arctic Circle. In Bykovsky, a village on Russia’s northeast coast,
the shoreline ____________________ (2 – to collapse),
________________ (3 – to creep) closer and closer to houses and
9
tanks of _______________ (4 – to heat) oil, at a rate of 4.6 to 5.5
meters a year. Eventually, homes _________________ (5 – to
lose), and maybe all of Bykovsky, too, under ever-longer periods of
assault by open water. “It ______________ (6 – to eat up) the land,”
said Innokenty Koryakin, a member of the Evenk tribe and the
captain of the fishing boat. Fyodor Sellyakhov, a native Yakut,
adds, “The sea _________________ (7 – to wash down) the coast
every year. It is practically all ice – permafrost – and it _____
_____________ (8 – to thaw).”
Scientists say that the __________________ (9 – to shrink)
sea ice over the next century is inevitable and that humans need to
adapt. For the four million people who live north of the Arctic
Circle, in remote outposts and industrial centers, a
_______________ (10 – to change) climate presents new
opportunities. But it also threatens their environment, their homes
and, for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness, the
preservation of their culture.
A push _________________ (11 – to develop) the North,
_______________ (12 – to quicken) by the melting of the Arctic
seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region.
The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas
__________________ (13 – to raise) fears of catastrophic accidents
as ships _______________ (14 – to load) with oil and, soon,
liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia,
_______________ (15 – to head) to markets in Europe and North
America. Land that ___________________ (16 – negative prefix /to
touch) could be tainted by pollution.
Coastal erosion is a problem in Alaska as well,
________________ (17 – to force) the United States to prepare to
relocate several Inuit villages at a __________________ (18 – to
project) cost of $100 million or more for each one. Across the
Arctic, indigenous tribes with traditions shaped by centuries of
_________________ (19 – to live) in extremes of cold and ice are
noticing changes in weather and wildlife.
155,000 Inuit scattered across Canada, Greenland, Russia and
the United States ________________ (20 – to try) to balance
tradition with the inevitable changes that are sweeping their lands.
10
Their leaders claim that the United States, by __________________
(21 – to reject) a treaty requiring other industrial countries
________________ (22 – to cut) emissions linked to warming, is
willfully threatening the Inuit’s right to exist. But some Inuit ask,
how can they push countries _______________ (23 – to stem)
global warming when the Inuit’s own prosperity is often tied to
revenues from oil and gas, which are sources of greenhouse gases
when burnt?
“It’s how we do business that’s more important,”
said Sheila Watt-Cloutier, the chairwoman of the Inuit Circumpolar
Conference. “There are more environmentally friendly ways in
which we can do development and still live in a certain way, with a
way of life and business that can balance both.”
While it is the people of the Arctic who
____________________ (24 – to feel) the melt and the rush for
development most directly, the world, too, will have to give up
something – its _______________ (25 – to treasure) notion of the
Far North as a place of wilderness, simplicity and unspoiled
cultures.
(After The New York Times, 2005.)
b) Write five questions to the text of the exercise.
11
Step
II
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (3)
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Modal Verbs with Suppositional Meaning
May / Might
1. She may (might) be 30 but I’m not sure. – Возможно (может
быть), ей сейчас 30 лет, но я не уверен.
doubt
2. They may (might) be working but I'm not sure. – Возможно
(может быть), они сейчас работают (в момент речи), но я не
возможно,
уверен.
может
3. She may (might) have been 30 when I last saw her (but I’m not
быть
sure). – Возможно (может быть), ей было 30 лет, когда я
видел ее в последний раз (но я не уверен).
4. They may (might) have been working since morning (but I'm
not sure). – Возможно (может быть), они работают с утра (но
я не уверен).
strong
doubt
неужели
very strong
doubt
не может
быть,
чтобы
Can / Could
1. Can (could) she be 30? She doesn’t look it. – Неужели ей
(сейчас) 30 лет? Она не выглядит на свой возраст.
2. Can (could) they be working now? It’s so late. – Неужели
они сейчас(в момент речи) работают? Уже так поздно.
3. Can (could) she have been 30 when we last saw her? She
didn’t look it. – Неужели ей было 30 лет, когда мы видели ее
в последний раз?
Она не выглядела на свой возраст.
4. Can (could) they have been working since morning? –
Неужели они работают с утра?
1. She can't (couldn't) be 30! She has just graduated from
college. – Не может быть, чтобы ей было (сейчас) 30 лет!
Она только что окончила колледж.
2. They can’t (couldn't) be working now. The office is closed. –
Не может быть, чтобы они сейчас работали. Офис закрыт.
3. She can’t (couldn't) have been 30 when we last saw her. She
had just graduated from college. – Не может быть, чтобы ей
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near
certainty
должно
быть,
вероятно,
скорее
всего
было 30 лет, когда мы видели ее в последний раз. Она в то
время только что окончила колледж.
4. They can’t (couldn't) have been working since morning. They
only came to the office at midday. – Не может быть, чтобы они
работали с самого утра. Они пришли на работу только в
середине дня.
Must
1. She must be 30, I’m almost sure. – Ей сейчас, скорее всего,
30 лет, я почти уверен.
2. They must be working now, there is light on in the office. –
Они, должно быть, сейчас работают (в момент речи), в
кабинете горит свет.
3. She must have been 22 when I last saw her. She had just
graduated from college. –Ей, вероятно, было 22 года, когда я
видел ее в последний раз. Она только что окончила колледж.
4. They must have been working since morning. They have
almost finished the report. – Они, должно быть, работают с
утра. Они почти закончили отчет.
12. a) Read and find modal verbs.

wetlands – low land that is often covered with water from the lake, river,
or sea next to it
game – wild animals, birds and fish that people hunt, usually for food
Should the Sport of Hunting be Completely Banned?
The sport of hunting must have been one of the most heatedly
debated topics in England since the early 20th century. Animal rights
activists stress the cruelty of killing animals for sport, whereas
hunters argue that it can’t have any negative effects in the natural
environment. It may be true because legally allowing hunting during
particular times of the year prevents overpopulation of certain
species. Moreover, hunters’ groups and clubs actually protect
endangered species by financially supporting the preservation of
wetlands, which gives the animals the chance to breed and let their
offspring reach adulthood, thus resisting the threat of extinction.
Opponents of this view argue that it is an aggressive, cruel,
pointless activity; it may have been vital for man’s survival many
years ago, but now such a need does not exist.
All things considered, before deciding to completely ban
hunting, one must take into account the positive aspects of
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organized, controlled and legal hunting. In addition to the pleasure
hunters enjoy when tracking game in the great outdoors,
conscientious hunting could actually be doing nature some good.
(After Virginia Evans – Jenny Doodley, Mission, 2000.)
b) Answer the teacher’s questions.
13. Read the following sentences and translate them into
Russian. Comment on the forms of modal verbs.
1. The company must have expected a sharp shrinkage in profits. 2.
Could the company be planning to expand their activities in South
America? 3. Many buildings and roads must have been damaged in
the earthquake. 4. He can’t have been engaged in political activities
without the manager’s permission. 5. Increased emissions must have
had a damaging effect on the environment in that part of the
country. 6. Could you have believed his story about the fabulous
kingdom? 7. The indigenous people might have left the island
centuries ago. Still there is little evidence to prove the hypothesis. 8.
He must have been speaking with a hideous accent, even some of
his countrymen failed to understand him. 9. This air-conditioning
equipment can’t be too wasteful and expensive. Most offices in the
area have already installed it.
14. Paraphrase using modal verbs.
Model 1: T – John doesn’t answer the phone. Perhaps he is very
busy.
St – John doesn’t answer the phone. He may be very
busy.
T – Perhaps Sarah is still working.
St – Sarah may still be working.
Model 2: T – Perhaps she has left office.
St – She may have left office.
T – Perhaps Diane has been working hard lately.
St – Diane may have been working hard lately.
14
Model 3: T – We are sure that the Lockhearts are on holiday.
St – The Lockhearts must be on holiday.
T – We are sure that the Lockhearts are holiday-making.
St – The Lockhearts must be holiday-making.
Model 4: T – I am sure the Lockhearts have gone on holiday.
St – The Lockhearts must have gone on holiday.
T – I am sure the Lockhearts have been holiday-making
for over a week already.
St – The Lockhearts must have been holiday-making for
over a week already.
15. Express surprise and disbelief, add a sentence logically
connected to support your opinion.
Model 1: T – The film is said to be very popular.
St-1 – Can the film be so (very) popular? I personally
didn’t like it at all.
St-2 – The film can’t be very popular. Most of my
friends find it boring.
Model 2: T – They say they covered 100 miles on foot yesterday.
St-1 – Can they have covered 100 miles on foot? They
must be fooling you.
St-2 – They can’t have covered 100 miles on foot. It’s
humanly impossible.
16. Develop the situations using must and can and the words
suggested in brackets.
Model: – The doorbell rang, but I didn’t hear it. (I / to listen to
music)
– The doorbell rang, but I didn’t hear it. I must have
been listening to music.
15
1. The computer you bought is very up-to-date. (it / very expensive).
2. I haven’t seen my next door neighbours for over a week. (they /
to go on holiday). 3. The policeman has been walking behind us for
the last fifteen minutes. (he / to follow)? 4. My Dad can’t find his
gloves. (he / to leave / in the office / yesterday). 5. As I went out, I
saw a man standing outside the pub. (he / to wait for sb). 6. The
Huxleys haven’t lived here for very long. (they / to know many
people in the neighbourhood). 7. Mary didn’t attend classes last
week. (she / to be ill). 8. Mike’s new car is very fast. (it / cheap).
HOME ACTIVITIES (3)
17. a) Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the
Verb.
Scientists warn that half of Greenland and vast areas of Antarctic
_________________ (1 – to destine) to melt if global warming
__________________ (2 – to continue) at the same pace until the
end of the century. Climate scientists looked back in history
_______________ (3 – to find) a time when sea levels were higher
that they are today. They identified a period when glacial melting
_______________ (4 – to increase) sea levels by several metres.
They used a computer model of the environment ______________
(5 – to work out) how warm the world ________________ (6 –
modal / to be) to trigger the mass melting and concluded that the
Earth __________ (7 – to be) between 3º C and 5º C warmer than it
is today. ________________ (8 – to use) the same model, the
scientists spun the clock forward ____________ (9 – to see) when
climate change is likely ______________ (10 – to make) the world
as warm again. That level of warming _________________ (11 – to
come) unless we act on carbon emissions. An Arctic warming of 3º
C to 5º C is enough _____________ (12 – to cause) four to six
meters of sea level rise. A one-metre rise in sea level would see the
Maldives ______________ (13 – to disappear), make most of
Bangladesh uninhabitable and put cities such as New Orleans ‘out
of business’.
16
b) Translate into English.
1. Ученые уже давно предупреждают, что в результате
глобального потепления может измениться климат нашей
планеты. Климатические изменения могут нанести серьезный
ущерб не только отдаленным островам в Тихом океане, но и
большой части Европы. В результате таяния арктических льдов
значительно поднимется уровень мирового океана. Это, скорее
всего, повлечет за собой затопление значительной части суши.
Некоторые эксперты предсказывают, что с лица земли могут
исчезнуть некоторые европейские города и даже страны.
2. Считается, что таяние вечной мерзлоты разрушит среду
обитания и привычный образ жизни народов Севера. Этот
процесс может привести к разрушению строений, дорог и
трубопроводов.
18. Complete the sentences with the proper modal verbs and the
appropriate forms of the verb.
1. There was no reply when I rang him. He ____________________
(to leave) the office already. 2. Jess ________________________
(to tell) about it on the phone last night but I really can’t remember.
3. Harry looks exhausted. He _____________________ (to work)
since morning. 4. Keith ______________________ (to get) your email. He hasn’t got access to the Net. 5. You
_____________________ (to read) the book attentively if you don’t
remember this episode. 6. Shakespeare _______________________
(to write) that play. – No, Shakespeare _______________________
(to write) it because the historical events the author refers to
occurred in the 19th century. 7. _________________
_______________ (Liz /still/ to take) driving lessons? 8.
____________ _________________ (they/to meet) in secret?
Everybody seems to know about their love affair. 9. He
___________________________ (to walk) so long, it’s far too cold.
10. The child ______________________ (to walk) so far, he is not
strong enough.
19. a) Listen to the text London Calling. Read it after the
speaker.
17
b) Get ready to discuss the text in class.
c) Give the English for the following words and word
combinations. Write out the sentences illustrating them.
18

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (4)
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Modal Verbs with Suppositional Meaning
Для передачи двойного отрицания с модальными глаголами
can/could (в значении сомнения, недоверия) используется
глагол to fail или отрицательные приставки:
e.g. Can she have failed to see him? – Неужели она его не
увидела?
She can't have failed to recognize him. – Не может быть,
чтобы
она не узнала его.
Can she really dislike you? – Неужели ты действительно ей
не
нравишься,
Модальный глагол must (в значении
предположения,
граничащего с уверенностью) обычно не употребляется в
отрицательной форме. Для передачи отрицания используется
глагол to fail или отрицательные приставки:
e.g. He must have failed to understand me. – Он, должно быть, не
понял меня.
He must have misunderstood me. – Он, должно быть,
неправильно
понял меня.
20. Paraphrase as in the models:
Model 1: – I can’t imagine that Inga didn’t keep her promise.
– Inga can’t have failed to keep her promise.
Model 2: – Is it true that they didn’t reach a compromise?
– Can they have failed to reach a compromise?
Model 3: – I know for sure he didn’t pass his driving test.
– He must have failed to pass his driving test.
19
1. I can’t imagine that the company didn’t manage to sell their new
software product. 2. Is it true that their new product didn’t meet the
demands of the clients? 3. I’m almost sure that the manager didn’t
give you the details of the project. 4. It is true that they were not
able to buy energy saving equipment. 5. We are almost sure that the
scientists didn’t manage to uncover the remains of the ancient city.
6. I can’t imagine that green activists didn’t manage to persuade the
government to close down the power plant. 7. Didn’t you really see
the difference between the original and the copy? 8. I’m sure he
didn’t understand the joke, it was too subtle. 9. I can’t imagine that
the CEO didn’t understand what we were aiming at. 10. It’s
ridiculous that you don’t understand how important it is to revive
the economy of the region. 11. I don’t believe that he didn’t read the
manual before starting the engine. 12. I don’t believe that he didn’t
attend the seminar on global warming. He has always been so
environmentally conscious. 13. It’s impossible that he didn’t
understand you properly. He is so smart. 14. I don’t believe that he
didn’t recognize his defeat. He is almost ruined. 15. Barbara looks
depressed. I’m almost sure she didn’t pass the job interview. 16. It’s
most unlikely that John was unable to get in touch with the
manager.
Text 1
Cross-cultural Notes:
1. Docklands – an area of new houses and offices in East London,
on the north side of the river Thames where London’s commercial
docks used to be. The old docks were too shallow for large modern
ships and this had become a poor area. The London Docklands
Urban Development Corporation was set up by the government in
1979 to develop it. The area now includes one of Europe’s tallest
buildings, the Canary Wharf tower.
2. lingua franca [LlINgwR'frWNkR] – a language used between
peoples whose main languages are different.
20
3. Big Bang (Brit.) – the name given to the introduction of
important changes to the London Stock Exchange rules on October
27, 1986, when some controls were removed and new ways of
trading allowed.
4. Dickensian [dI'kenzIRn] – Dickensian living conditions
(factories, buildings etc.) are poor, dirty, and unpleasant, like
conditions described in the books by Charles Dickens.
* * *
London Calling
The British capital has let the world in, and become
a model for making a 21st-century metropolis work.
High above the Thames, London’s mayor enjoys a panorama
spanning two thousand years of crowded history. Just across the
river, the medieval Tower of London recalls the city’s past as a seat
of power. To the east, the former Docklands, now home to some of
Europe’s grandest companies, conjures up its present as a gateway
to the world.
London is the only major European capital that’s actually
growing, a favoured destination for work-hungry migrants from all
around the globe. Almost a third of today’s Londoners were born
outside the country. More than 50 separate national or ethnic
communities are scattered across the metropolis. Some 300
languages are spoken, all linked by the global lingua franca,
English.
Immigration is a way of life: Jewish, Irish, Asian, Caribbean,
East European – each new wave has enhanced London as a global
city. Many newcomers choose the city because they can use (or
learn) English. A quarter of the world’s population is now fluent or
at least competent in the language, and even a shaky command
opens up one level of London job market. The city’s middle classes
have come to depend on a ready supply of Australian barmen,
Hungarian nannies, Polish builders and Nigerian minicab drivers,
21
not to mention the Ukranians or Romanians who clean their offices
– or quickly rise to employ those who do. Without the migrants,
London would be shrinking, not booming.
Ethnic and cultural diversity has helped to instill a basic
tolerance. Londoners do not suffer the racial tensions to be found in
Los Angeles, Paris or Berlin. Indeed, cultural diversity is an
attraction in itself for those fed up with life in the suburbs, or in
blander European cities. Today, urban centres offer what a new
generation most prizes: high-end urban amenities, shorter
commuting times, more work and more opportunities for play.
London’s cosmopolitan feel is crucial to its prosperity.
Past generations of mega cities rose or fell depending on their
access to resources or trade – coal mines and rail hubs. What counts
today is the new global class of knowledge merchants with new
ideas to share or sell. Urban economic success really depends on
smart, entrepreneurial people. Like New York, London provides the
right environment for these people: a relatively compact layout, a
vibrant mix of cultures and a service industry fuelled largely by
immigrants.
The city has other advantages. After the famous big bang of
1986, London regained its position as Europe’s financial capital.
Although Frankfurt is home to Europe’s central bank it’s London
that calls the shots. Mighty Deutsche Bank may be headquartered in
Germany, but its big decision makers are in London. With the big
players comes the chance to make big money. These days more
euros are traded daily in London than in the rest of Europe
combined.
Can it last? To be sure, popularity has its price. London
motorists stay away from Trafalgar Square and other chokepoints
where traffic regularly slows to a Dickensian horse-and-carriage
crawl. Commuters endure daily frustration on a subway system
starved of investment for decades. Violent crime is on the rise, the
public-health system is chronically overloaded and the middle
classes shun the low-grade schools. A rising number of families are
choosing to flee the city altogether. And then there’s the cost.
London is one of the world’s most expensive cities.
22
What’s emerging, say the critics, is a divided London with
almost 19th-century extremes of wealth and poverty. This may be
the capital of the world’s fourth largest economy, with thousands of
homes worth more than a million pounds, but it has some of the
nation’s greatest housing inequality. In East London you can find
three generations of a single family crammed into a two-bedroom
flat.
And although the national government has lent its weight to
the drive to build new homes and to restore the transport system,
although police numbers have risen, perhaps the biggest challenge
of all involves resisting political pressures that might kill the golden
goose – anti-immigration policies that would diminish London’s
standing as Europe’s only world city.
(By William Underhill, Newsweek, 2005. Abridged.)
COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
21. Paraphrase, translate or explain.
explain: The British capital has let the world in ...
explain: ... a panorama spanning two thousand years of crowded
history.
explain: ... the medieval Tower of London recalls the city’s past as
a seat of power.
paraphrase: ... conjures up its present as a gateway to the world.
paraphrase: ... a favoured destination for work-hungry migrants
from all around the globe.
paraphrase: Almost a third of today’s Londoners were born outside
the country.
translate: More than ... communities are scattered across the
metropolis.
paraphrase: ... each new wave has enhanced London as a global
city.
explain: ... even a shaky command opens up one level of London job
market.
translate: The city’s middle classes have come to depend on a ready
supply of Australian barmen...
explain: ... or quickly rise to employ those who do.
23
translate: Without the migrants, London would be shrinking, not
booming.
translate: Ethnic and cultural diversity has helped to instil a basic
tolerance.
paraphrase: ... in blander European cities.
paraphrase: Today, urban centres offer what a new generation most
prizes: high-end urban amenities, shorter commuting
times...
translate: London’s cosmopolitan feel is crucial to its prosperity.
translate: ... depending on their access to resources or trade – coal
mines and rail hubs.
paraphrase: What counts today is the new global class of knowledge
merchants...
paraphrase: ... a relatively compact layout, a vibrant mix of cultures
and a service industry fuelled largely by immigrants.
explain: Although Frankfurt is home to Europe’s central bank it’s
London that calls the shots.
paraphrase: Mighty Deutsche Bank may be headquartered in
Germany...
paraphrase: London motorists stay away from ... chokepoints where
traffic regularly slows to a Dickensian horse-and-carriage
crawl.
paraphrase: Commuters endure daily frustration on a subway system
starved of investment for decades.
translate: Violent crime is on the rise, the public-health system is
chronically overloaded and the middle classes shun the lowgrade schools.
paraphrase: And although the national government has lent its
weight to the drive to build new homes...
translate: ... perhaps the biggest challenge of all involves resisting
political pressures that might kill the golden goose – antiimmigration policies that would diminish London’s
standing as Europe’s only world city.
24
ACTIVE VOCABULARY 1
1. span – расстояние от одного конца до другого; отрезок
времени: e.g. a span of three years; lifespan – срок,
продолжительности жизни: e.g. Men have a shorter lifespan than
women. / to span – перекрывать, охватывать временной отрезок:
e.g. His interests spanned a wide range of subjects. The game has a
history spanning three centuries.
2. former – 1. бывший, предыдущий: e.g. The ceremony
honoured all the former presidents who are still living. He
abandoned his former career as a journalist. 2. давний, прежний:
e.g. The oak panels in the mansion remain from former times. / the
former – первый из двух: e.g. Of these two evils the former is the
less. / the latter – второй из двух: e.g. Both Christopher Columbus
and Amerigo Vespucci claimed to have reached the New World.
The latter being more popular of the two, the new land was named
after him.
3. to migrate [maI'greIt] (from / to) – мигрировать, переезжать,
менять место жительства (часто: в поисках работы) / migrant
['maIgrRnt] – мигрант; emigrant – эмигрант (человек,
выезжающий из страны); immigrant – иммигрант (человек,
въезжающий в страну) / migration – миграция; emigration –
эмиграция; immigration – иммиграция
4. the globe – глобус, земной шар / global – всеобщий,
всемирный, глобальный, всеобъемлющий: e.g. The global
economy has become increasingly unstable. / globalization (also:
globalisation) – глобализация: e.g. Many anticapitalists are
opposed to globalization.
5. link(s) – 1. связь (между людьми, местами, фактами,
событиями и т.п.): e.g. They are studying the links between carbon
emissions and climate change. Research has established a link
between smoking and lung cancer. 2. звено (цепи), связующее
звено; the missing link – недостающее звено; the weak link (in
the chain) – слабое звено / to link (sth to sth) – соединять,
связывать, сцеплять; to be linked (to, with) – соединяться, быть
25
связанным (с): e.g. The road linked Manchester and Birmingham
with/to London. Scientists now link certain types of cancer to the
amount of junk food that people consume.
6. competent ['kOmpIt(R)nt] – компетентный, знающий,
квалифици-рованный; (ant. incompetent): e.g. The manager is
perfectly compet-ent, but he doesn’t have much initiative. /
competence
['kOmpIt(R)ns]
–
умение,
способность,
компетентность; (ant. incompetence): e.g. I am only worried
about his attitude to the job; his competence as a designer is not in
question.
7. to depend [dI'pend] (on/upon) – зависеть (от): e.g. Their future
depends on how well they do in these exams. / to depend on sb for
sth – зависеть от кого-то в чем-то: e.g. The young birds depend
on their parents for several weeks. / to depend on sb –
положиться на кого-то, доверять кому-то: e.g. I wasn’t worried: I
knew I could depend on you. / That (It) depends. – Это от
многого зависит. / dependence (on/upon) – зависимость (от):
e.g. We need to reduce our dependence on oil as a source of
energy.(ant. independence from – независимость от) / dependent
(on/upon) – зависимый (от), зависящий: e.g. They hate being
dependent on their parents. (ant. independent of – независимый,
независящий от: e.g. She is financially independent of her family.)
9. supply [sR'plaI] – 1. запас: e.g. They brought a large supply of
food with them. 2. снабжение, поставка: e.g. The supply of
electricity has been threatened by a recent strike. 3. (экон.)
предложение: e.g. If demand exceeds supply the price will rise. /
supply and demand – спрос и предложение: e.g. The reason they
are so expensive is that they are very scarce and everyone wants
them; it’s all a matter of supply and demand. / to supply (to/with) –
снабжать; поставлять, доставлять: e.g. The factory supplied a
uniform to each of its workers. The workers were supplied with
uniforms.
10. to shrink (shrank, shrunk) – уменьшаться в размере; давать
усадку, садиться: e.g. Do you think this dress will shrink if I
handwash it?
26
11. diverse [daI'vR:s] – различный, отличный, несходный;
разный, разнообразный: e.g. The newspaper aims to cover a
diverse range of issues. / diversity – многообразие, отличие,
несходство: e.g. We value the rich ethnic and cultural diversity of
the group. / divert (from / to) – отклонять, направлять в другую
сторону; уводить в сторону, отклоняться: e.g. They diverted the
river to supply water to the town. The outbreak of fighting in the
north has diverted public attention away from other national
problems.
12. 'tolerance (of/towards) – терпимость, толерантность: e.g.
India is a country with a reputation for tolerance towards religious
minorities. / tolerant (of) – терпимый, толерантный: e.g. Perhaps
you need to be more tolerant of your neighbours. / to tolerate –
терпеть, выносить; быть терпимым; допускать: e.g. He won’t
tolerate anyone questioning his decisions.
13. amenity [R'mi:nItI / R'menItI] (usually plural: amenities) –
коммунальные удобства, необходимые предметы быта: e.g.
Amenities include a gym, a pool and a jacuzzi. / social amenities –
социально-культурное и бытовое обслуживание
14. prosperity [prRs'perItI] – процветание, преуспевание, успех:
e.g. With economic expansion comes the promise of national
prosperity. / prosperous ['prOspRrRs] – 1. преуспевающий,
процветающий: e.g. The town is increasingly prosperous. 2.
богатый, состоятельный, зажиточный: e.g. He looked like a
lawyer and a prosperous one. / to 'prosper – преуспевать,
процветать: e.g. His business prospered.
15. vibrant ['vaIbrRnt] – 1. живой, полный жизни: e.g. Moscow is
a city vibrant with life. 2. трепещущий, дрожащий: e.g. a vibrant
voice
16. fuel – топливо, горючее / to fuel – 1. заправлять горючим,
топливом: e.g. Aircraft sometimes fuel up in midair. 2. питать,
поддерживать: e.g. This organization is fuelled by massive grants.
17. motor ['moutR] – 1. двигатель, мотор: e.g. The pump is
27
powered by an electric motor. 2. (Brit.) автомобиль, машина
(разг.): e.g. When did you buy the new motor? / motor transport
(syn. road transport) – автотранспорт / motorist – автомобилист
/ motorway – скоростное шоссе, автомагистраль
18. to commute [kR'mju:t] – ездить ежедневно на работу из
пригоро-да в город и обратно (обыкн. по сезонному билету):
e.g. I commute by train. / commute – дорога из пригорода в город
и обратно: e.g. It’s a long commute from New York to Boston. /
commuter – житель пригорода, ежедневно ездящий на работу
поездом, автобусом (Брит.) или машиной (Амер.): e.g. a train
packed with commuters
19. endure [In'djuR] – терпеть, выносить, выдерживать, стойко
держаться: e.g. They endured tremendous hardships on their way to
the South Pole. / endurance – выносливость, стойкость,
терпеливость: e.g. Long-distance races are won by the runners with
the greatest endurance. / enduring – 1. прочный, стойкий: e.g.
enduring substance 2. бессмертный, вечный: e.g. enduring
popularity
20.
fru'stration
–
расстройство,
крах,
чувство
неудовлетворенности, разочарования: e.g. He expressed his
frustration at not being able to talk openly. / to frustrate –
расстраивать,
делать
тщетным,
вызывать
чувство
разочарования, неудовлетворенности: e.g. Activists and
reformers are frustrated by the public’s lack of interest.
21. to emerge [I'mR:dG] – появляться, возникать, выходить
(откуда-то): e.g. The sun emerged from behind the clouds.
22. challenge ['tSWlIndG] – 1. вызов (на соревнование,
состязание, дуэль): e.g. He accepted his friend’s challenge to swim
across the river. 2. испытание, пробы своих сил, нечто
требующее труда, мужества; сложная задача, проблема: e.g. I
am looking for a job with a bit more challenge. / to challenge – 1.
бросать вызов: e.g. I challenged him for a game of tennis. 2.
требовать усилий: e.g. The difficulty of putting our ideas into
practice challenged us to find a new method.
28
23. to resist [rI'zIst] sth / sb – сопротивляться, противиться,
противо-действовать: e.g. The government are resisting the
nurses’ wage demands. / resistance (to sb/sth) – противодействие,
сопротивление (кому-либо/чему-либо): e.g. The escaped criminal
offered no resistance when the police caught up with him.
EXPRESSIONS
1. racial tensions – расовая напряженность, трения
2. to be fed up with – быть сытым по горло (чем-то)
3. to have a good / shaky command [kR'mQ:nd] of English –
хорошо / слабо владеть английским языком
4. to be crucial to sth – быть исключительно важным для чегото
5. to be home to... – являться месторасположением чего-либо
6. to call the shots – распоряжаться, давать указания, принимать
решения; задавать тон
7. To be sure, ... – Конечно, …
8. to be on the rise – увеличиваться, расти
9. to kill the golden goose – убить курицу, которая несет
золотые яйца
10. to instil tolerance – внушать, прививать терпимость,
толерант-ность
PHRASAL VERBS
to conjure ['kAndGR] up sth – вызывать что-либо в
воображении, памяти
22. Answer the teacher’s questions.
HOME ACTIVITIES (4)
23. Fill in the gaps with proper words from the box in proper
forms.
to emerge
tolerance
to supply
29
to challenge
to commute
enduring
diverse
to resist
resistance
challenge
1.He was unable __________ the temptation to read the file.
2. This proposal is meeting some __________ at the UN’s
headquarters. 3. Three important factors ___________ from our
discussion. 4. Recent discoveries pose a serious ___________ to
accepted views on the age of the universe. 5. This problem has
intrigued and ____________ scientists for many years. 6. Many fail
to explain the _____________ popularity of this singer. 7. If you
__________ by train, you’d better buy a season ticket. 8. People
living in multicultural communities need to show more
___________ of each other. 9. This nuclear power plant _________
power to northern part of the country. 10. The conference aims to
cover a ____________ range of problems.
24. Translate into English using the active vocabulary.
1. Считается, что серьезные климатические изменения могут
вызвать новую волну миграции населения. 2. Ученые
связывают исчезновение многих видов животных и растений с
процессом глобального потепления. 3. Неужели Марк
настолько некомпетентен, что допустил такую грубую ошибку?
4. Общеизвестно, что правительства некоторых европейских
стран прилагают большие усилия, чтобы уменьшить свою
зависимость от нефти и газа как основных источников энергии.
5. Не может быть, чтобы вы не ценили культурное и этническое
разнообразие страны, в которой вы живете. 6. В американских
школах огромное внимание уделяется воспитанию терпимости
среди учащихся. Неужели вы этого не знали? 7. Скорее всего,
процветание этого небольшого городка зависит от потока
туристов, приезжающих сюда каждое лето. Местные власти
прилагают огромные усилия для строительства новых объектов
социально-культурного и бытового обслуживания. 8. Улицы
больших городов забиты транспортом. Нет сомнений, что
ежедневные
поездки
на
работу
требуют
большой
выносливости. 9. Скорее всего, Анна чувствовала себя
30
разочарованной и подавленной, когда узнала последние
новости.
25. Get ready to retell Text 1.
31
Step
III
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (5)
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Модальный глагол might может употребляться для передачи
упрека или просьбы с оттенком упрека:
e.g. You might have told me about it yesterday. – Ты мог бы мне
вчера сказать об этом.
You might be more polite. – Ты мог бы быть и повежливее.
26. Develop the conversations as in the model:
Model: St1: – Julie was frustrated yesterday. It was her birthday
and she didn’t get a phone call from her boyfriend.
St2: – What a shame! He might have phoned her at least.
St1: – If you ask me, he should have brought her flowers
and taken her out.
1. We felt very embarrassed yesterday. Jackson hadn’t told us about
the meeting at the CEO’s office. 2. Steve brought his new girlfriend
to the party last weekend. Just imagine how Sally was frustrated! 3.
We had a sleepless night yesterday. My sister returned home at 3 in
the morning. The parents were furious. 4. Last week Chris invited
me to his new house in the country. When I arrived at the station I
realized I didn’t know which way to go.
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
27. Paraphrase using the active vocabulary.
1. With a length of one mile, it’s the region’s longest bridge. 2. His
career lasted for over half a century. 3. She still visits her exhusband. 4. Some tribes travel from place to place with their cattle
in search of fresh grass. 5. The first manned spaceflight was an
event of world importance. 6. The police suspect that the two crimes
32
may be connected. 7. His French seems perfect, but then I am not
able to judge. 8. The country needs foreign aid and support and
cannot exist without it. 9. The firm that used to provide us with
computers has gone out of business. 10. Numbers of butterflies are
diminishing rapidly as the environment changes. 11. This lawn
mower is driven by a small electric engine. 12. They have put up
with poor working conditions in order to finish the job. 13. Parks
and swimming pools are just some of the local infrastructure. 14.
The town’s wealth comes from the textile industry. 15. My father
was successful in business, and bought another shop. 16. Little kids
are often annoyed and disappointed by their inability to express
themselves to adults. 17. California is the place where numerous
Hollywood studios are situated. 18. It is most important that all
students should develop these basic skills. 19. She speaks French
excellently. 20. The car is being filled with petrol in preparation for
the race. 21. People’s fear of crime is often provoked by
sensationalist reports. 22. We cannot exist much longer in this desert
without water. 23. Her fame will last forever. 24. Several interesting
new poets have appeared in recent years. 25. One of the biggest and
most difficult tasks facing the present government is that of creating
new jobs. 26. There has been a lot of opposition to the new law. 27.
I am sick and tired of your complaints.
28. Make sentences using the suggested words and phrases:
1. over a span of ... / a(n) ... increase in production / to achieve; 2.
heat trapping gases / to believe / to be linked with / global warming;
3. cannot / to be competent / to run a company; 4. in recent decades
/ to turn into / a city vibrant with life; 5. to move nearer to / to get
fed up with / to commute; 6. people’s fear of... / must / to fuel / by
sensationalist reports; 7. to grow / a sense of frustration / among the
indigenous population / over ...; 8. the people / to endure / a decade /
economic hardship; 9. the tune / to conjure up / romantic nature / his
college years; 10. social amenities / to be crucial to / developing
areas.
33
29. Insert the required prepositions.
1. Police have evidence linking the man _____ a drug-importation
operation. 2. Rock music has often been linked _____ drug culture.
3. Children depend _____ their parents _____ food and clothing. 4.
You can always depend _____ Kathleen to be there when she is
needed. 5. Why doesn’t Christine find a job and end this
dependence _____ her parents? 6. Although the Declaration of
Independence was adopted in 1776, the USA won independence
_____ Britain only in 1783. 7. If you have a motor car you are
independent _____ train, trams an buses. 8. Promotion is dependent
_____ your record of success. 9. Aerogenerators are now widely
used in Europe to supply power _____ farms and towns. 10. During
the American War of Independence the French government supplied
the insurgents _____ money and weapons. 11. Nothing could divert
her thoughts _____ her sad loss. 12. Teachers called on the
government to divert the extra money _____ schools. 13. Mr.
Jackson is not very tolerant _____ criticism. 14. Tumour cells can
develop a resistance _____ certain drugs. 15. We are all fed _____
_____ your lies. 16. According to the minister’s report, serious
crime is _____ the rise.
30. Develop the ideas.
1. Children must study the past in order to understand its links with
the present. 2. London is remarkable for its cultural and ethnic
diversity. 3. Shakespeare’s work is an enduring monument to the
triumph of the human spirit. 4. The world community must find
ways to meet the enormous environmental challenges that lie ahead.
5. The EU’s educational policy is to instil tolerance in the new
generation. 6. Measures should be taken to ease racial tensions in
the multiethnic capitals of Europe.
HOME ACTIVITIES (5)
31. Translate into English. 
1. На протяжении жизни одного поколения произошли
поистине драматические изменения в среде обитания человека
и других живых существ на нашей планете. Научно34
технический прогресс достиг такого уровня, что поставил под
угрозу само существование Земли. Сегодня мы, как никогда
ранее, осознаем неразрывную связь человека с природой, его
зависимость от природы и уязвимость природы от
деятельности человека. Бывшее море-озеро Арал исчезло с
карты Средней Азии. Такая же судьба может постигнуть и
Азовское море, которое с каждым годом уменьшается в
размерах. Строительство электростанций на крупных реках
Сибири сопровождалось затоплением обширных территорий,
что вызвало массовую миграцию не только людей, но также
животных, птиц, рыб.
2. Сегодня для человечества исключительно важно
использовать альтернативные источники энергии, чтобы
противостоять процессу глобального потепления. С одной
стороны, мы все зависим от углеродосодержащего топлива. С
другой стороны, выбросы углекислого газа в атмосферу
увеличивают парниковый эффект. Во многих странах Европы
и в США уже активно используются ветротурбины. Несколько
аэрогенераторов образуют электростанцию, которая может
снабжать электроэнергией даже большой город. Хотя
ветротурбины
немного
дороже
обычных
тепловых
электростанций, они имеют и некоторые преимущества: не
производят выбросов в атмосферу вредных веществ.
35
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (6)
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
32. Answer the questions using must and the phrases given in the
box.
Model: T – Why was Mike so depressed?
St – He must have quarreled with his girlfriend.
to book sth in advance to be delayed
rock singer
to deliver by plane
to be ill-tempered
to separate
thirty-two
to be exhausted
33. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the
Infinitive.
1. These shoes are very good quality. They must __________ very
expensive. 2. I was woken up by loud music last night. My nextdoor neighbours must _________________ a party. 3. Don’t worry
that Betsy is late, she might ________________ the train. 4. Look,
Kate is putting on her new dress and high heels. She must
_______________ to a party. 5. The burglar might ____________
back, so change all the locks. 6. He couldn’t _________________
the painting without anyone knowing. 7. Let’s find my glasses. I
must _______________ them somewhere on the terrace. 8. The
weather has changed dramatically. It must __________ _________
for at least three hours. The city has come to a standstill. 9. Can
Anna really ________________ for a job? Her husband earns
enough to keep the family. 10. You may _______________ your
wallet in the shopping mall. Or you may ________________ it in
the car. 11. It rained every day during the weekend they spent in the
country, so they can’t _______________ a good time. 12. Why is he
red in the face? – He might ___________________.
34. Develop the situations using the hints given in brackets.
Model: – Jill didn’t come to the party last night. (might / not
want)
36
– Jill didn’t come to the party last night. She might not
have wanted to see us. Perhaps she found some of our jokes
offensive.
1. How on earth did the burglar get in? (must / break) 2. Harry
didn’t look surprised when I told him the news. (may / know) 3. We
haven’t seen Marian for over a week. (may / go) 4. Look, there is no
one at the bus stop. (must / miss) 5. I wonder how they got to know
about our plans. (might / guess) 6. I can’t understand why Pete
didn’t look me up when he was in the office. (may / have) 7. It’s
odd that they didn’t speak about their plans to move to New
Zealand. (might / change) 8. I wonder why Alice hasn’t written to
me for so long. (must / forget)
35. Paraphrase using the modal verbs may / might, can / could,
must.
1. I’m sure that you haven’t met this woman before. 2. Nick can’t
open the door. It seems to have got stuck. 3. I’m sure Val took your
mobile phone by mistake. 4. It is possible that the two parties will
not reach agreement tomorrow. 5. I doubt that she is trying to avoid
Greg for fear of being asked personal questions. 6. Pay no attention
to what the manager said. I’m sure he wasn’t serious. 7. It’s a pity
you didn’t tell me the truth at once. I even felt a little hurt. 8. Let’s
not wait any longer. It’s possible that Bill and Wendy won’t turn up
at all.
VOCABULARY EXTENSION
36. a) Read the text filling in the gaps with the proper words.
JFK – John Fitzgerald Kennedy airport in New York
VP – Vice President
The NY-Lon Life
Ron Kastner is a classic New Yorker: first off the plane, first
out of the airport. Carrying a single small bag, he walks straight
through ________________ (1 – emigration / immigration) and
customs. He doesn’t look like he’s spent six hours in the air
37
(business class will do that to you). He owns a(n) ______________
(2 – apartment / flat) in the East Village in Manhattan, but tonight
London is home: a flat in Belgravia, London’s wealthiest
__________________ (3 – neighbourhood / suburb). Kastner is a
_____________ (4 – citizen / resident) of a place called NY-LON,
a(n) ____________ (5 – only / single) city _________________ (6
– inconveniently / uncomfortably) separated by an ocean. He flies
____________ (7 – among / between) the two cities up to five times
a month. David Eastman lives there too. A Londoner who is a VP at
Agency.com in New York, he travels the JFK-Heathrow
__________ (8 – flight / route) so often he’s on a first-name basis
with the Virgin Atlantic business class cabin __________ (9 – crew
/ team).
As different as New York and London are, a _____________
(10 – shrinking / growing) number of people are living, working and
playing in the two cities as if they were one. The cities are
____________ (11 – connected / drawn) together by a
_____________ (12 – shared / diverse) language and culture, but
mostly by money – more of which flows through Wall Street and
the City each day than all the rest of the __________ (13 – global /
world’s) financial centres combined. The boom in financial
services attracted advertising agencies, accounting firms and
management consultancies to __________ (14 – both / either) cities.
Then came hotel and restaurant businesses, architecture and design,
real estate and construction, air travel, tourism and other service
industries.
Trevor Beattie, the London-based creative director of an ad
agency says ‘New York and London are both so trendy and so
modern now _______________ (15 – regardless of / in terms of)
fashion, art, photography, music.’ ‘We dream about each other’s
cities,’ says a New Zealander who after twenty-five years in London
bought a penthouse on New York’s Fifth Avenue. ‘If you’re in New
York your dream is London, and if you’re in London your dream is
New York.’
b) Answer the teacher’s questions.
38
37. Translate into English.
Глобальное потепление, вызванное накоплением в
атмосфере парниковых газов, проявляется в различных частях
земного шара: ураганы, землетрясения, наводнения, засухи,
пожары наносят непоправимый ущерб человеку и природе на
всех континентах. Таяние снегов на горных вершинах уже
привело к нехватке пресной воды в Африке. Подъем уровня
моря приведет к затоплению огромной части суши.
Проблема имеет глобальный характер. Во многих странах
некомпетентность политиков и ученых привела к тому, что
там, где когда-то стояли полные жизни города, сейчас пустыня.
Но пустыни не появляются из ниоткуда. Они тоже – результат
деятельности человека. Шестьдесят лет назад был популярен
лозунг: “Покорим природу!” Человек бросил вызов природе в
надежде улучшить мир. Все это время мы были ужасно
расточительны, а наша планета стойко сносила все
эксперименты. Наконец пришло время подумать о ближайшем
будущем.
HOME ACTIVITIES (6)
38. Read the text Deception Point and get ready to discuss it in
class.
39. Give a brief summary of the following article in English. Use
the suggested key words and word combinations. 
39
to go back to
invasion
to settle
to found a town
to replace
to charge a fee (for sth)
treasury
haven
to sail up/down the river
to (un)load
the merchant class
to challenge sb
nobility
to play a vital role
to flourish ['flArIS]
to give way to
to diminish
a drawbridge
below
to meet the demands
to remove (beyond)
terraced houses
semidetached houses
to migrate
mansion
office blocks
high-rise blocks of flats
neglected
road transport
to breathe new life into
Лондон
История Лондона прослеживаК востоку от Лондонского
ется до эпохи Древнего Рима.
моста
расположен
так
Раньше историки считали, что он
называемый Пул – лондонская
существовал еще до первого
гавань.
Морские
корабли
вторжения войск Юлия Цезаря в
поднимались по реке лишь до
54 году н.э., но современные
этого места, и здесь же разархеологи
считают,
что
гружались речные суда идущие
Лондиниум был основан позже,
от
из
верховьев
Темзы.
когда
римляне
прочно
Торговля приносила большие
утвердились на Британских остродоходы,
и
здесь
прочно
вах. Город заложили у построенукрепилось купеческое соного здесь моста, по которому дословие,
бросившее
вызов
рога вела на север.
власти
монархов
и
В 460 году, после распада Римаристократии.
ской империи, римляне покинули
Дворянство
селилось
в
Лондиниум. На смену им пришли
западной
части
города.
англо-саксы, построившие более
Фактически,
на
северном
примитивное поселение рядом с
берегу Темзы рядом друг с
римским городом. История Лондругом выросли два крупных
дона нашла свое продолжение в
го-рода:
Сити,
ставший
районе, известном сегодня под
центром
торговли,
и
названием
Олдуич
(“Старый
Вестминстер – политическая и
город”). Каменный мост через
культурная столица Англии. В
Темзу, построенный в 1029 году,
Сити были сосредоточены
был
достопримечательностью
деньги, а в Вестминстере –
города в последующие восемь
власть.
столетий. В то время на нем
В XVIII веке обе части
строили дома и лавки, за проход
Лондона – Сити и Вестминстер
по мосту взималась плата, которая
– соединились на северном
шла в казну города.
берегу Темзы. Река играла
40
жизненно важную роль в развитии
города. Начиная примерно с 1750
года, Лондон рос быстрее других
городов Европы. Сити процветал.
До 1850-х годов многие торговцы
жили
в
так
называемой
Квадратной миле, но позже население этого района резко сократилось в связи с вошедшей в моду
привычкой селиться в пригородах
Лондона. Когда Сити превратился
в финансовый центр, ряд промышленных предприятий переместили
в
восточную часть
города.
Разводной
Тауэрский
мост,
сооруженный
в
1894
году,
обеспечил дорожное движение
через Темзу, не препятствуя
проходу судов.
В начале XIX века старый речной порт, находившийся ниже
Лондонского моста, уже не
отвечал требованиям времени, и
компании начали строить новые
доки. В течение последующих ста
лет разрослась крупнейшая в мире
системы доков. С переводом на
восток города промышленности из
Сити и началом строительства
первых доков Ист-Энд стал
интенсивно заселяться рабочим
классом. Здесь же селились
иммигранты из Европы и других
уголков мира. И хотя промышленные предприятия давно
уже выведены за пределы британской столицы, местное население
все
так
же
ютится
в
переполненных домах ленточной
постройки,
резко
контрастирующих с особняками
Вест-Энда.
В 20-30-е годы XX столетия
вокруг
старого
Лондона
выросли пригороды с плотной
застройкой из домов на две
семьи. Сам город стремительно
развивался:
этому
способствовало
появление
предприятий
американского
типа
с
использованием
электроэнергии и массовое
переселение жителей из бедных
районов Британии. После 1945
года викторианские здания в
центре столицы уступили место
высотным офисам, гостиницам
и жилым домам.
Хотя после 1939 года
Лондон перестал расти и
утратил былое промышленное
значение, он остается одним из
крупнейших городов мира. В
1970-х годах, с появлением
крупных судов и развитием
автодорожного
транспорта
старая система доков утратила
свое значение. Более десяти лет
огромные
территории
оставались
заброшенными.
Однако сегодня этот старый
район
города
обрел
современное
лицо.
Реконструированный в начале
1980-х
годов
Канарский
причал, где раньше разгружали
помидоры
с
Канарских
островов, вдохнул новую жизнь
в столицу.
(По материалам журнала
Древо Познания, 2006 г.)
49
Step
IV
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (7)
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
40. Complete the sentences choosing the proper modal.
1. If the doctors give her a blood transfusion they … be able to save her
life. (can / may / must) 2. Notice above petrol pump: All engines … be
switched off. (must / should / are to) 3. I wonder who broke the vase
yesterday. – It … not have been me as I was out all day yesterday. (can /
might / must). 4. I’ve bought two pounds of carrots. – You … have
bought carrots, we’ve got enough to last a month. (didn’t have to /
needn’t / shouldn’t) 5. You … at least have thanked him for helping you
out of trouble! (could / must / might) 6. The man … be intelligent but he
has no common sense. (may / can / has to) 7. Gigantic cities like London
and New York … be difficult to administer. (might / are to / must) 8.
“What else … we have done under the circumstances?” Fiona exclaimed
in despair. (could / might / should) 9. Sydney doesn’t often go to the
opera. He … appreciate the new soprano. (must / can’t / may) 10. Being
homeless … lead to frustration and alcoholism. (can / may / must) 11.
Diane doesn’t answer the phone. What … she be doing? – She … be
sleeping for all I know. She had a sleepless night. (can / may / must)
TEXT 2
Cross-cultural Notes:
1. the Ivy League – a group of universities in the north-east of the USA
(Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Brown, Princeton, University of
Pennsylvania, Dartmouth College) with a very high academic
reputation, status and prestige. The name comes from the ivy that
grows on the old buildings of colleges.
2. the Wild West – the western part of the USA, where many European
settlers moved during the 19th century to establish new farms and
50
cities. It is thought of as a violent place where the law was not
generally respected.
3. a manila envelope (folder) – an envelope (folder) made of strong
brown paper.
4. to lynch sb – to take hold of a person thought to be guilty of a crime
and kill them, especially by hanging, without a legal trial. Many
people think of lynching in the context of the American Wild West
and with the illegal killing of blacks in the South by the Ku-KluxKlan.
5. Wal-Mart [‘wO:lLmQ:t] – any of a very large group of shops in the
US selling a wide range of goods at low prices. The first Wal-Mart
Discount City was opened in 1962 by Sam Walton, who became one
of the richest people in the US.
Deception Point
(an extract)
By Dan Brown (abridged)
Sedgewick Sexton – a senator running for presidency.
Gabrielle Ashe – 24 years of age, a New York Ivy Leaguer, personal assistant to
Senator Sexton, with dreams of being a senator herself one day.
Marjorie Tench – the President’s senior advisor, blessed with the brains of a
supercomputer and the warmth of one, at fifty-one, she looks seventy. She arranges a
meeting with Gabrielle Ashe in her White House office.
***
Gabrielle Ashe gazed at Marjorie Tench and felt a growing
uneasiness. This woman was smart as hell and she was an unexpected
twist. Tench leaned back in her chair, her hard features seeming to
radiate pleasure with Gabriele’s discomfort.
“Ms. Ashe, what do you know about a bill called the Space
Commercialization Promotions Act?”
Gabrielle had never heard of it. She shrugged, lost.
“Really?” Tench said. “The bill was proposed back in 1996 by
Senator Walker. It calls for the privatization of NASA by immediately
selling off NASA assets to private aerospace companies and allowing
the free-market system to explore space more efficiently, thus relieving
the burden NASA now places on taxpayers. Congress has passed the
space commercialization bill all four times it has seen it. Thankfully, the
51
White House1 has vetoed it on all occasions. I have reason to believe
Senator Sexton will support this bill if he becomes President.”
“I’ve heard the arguments against privatizing space,” Gabrielle said,
“and I understand your concerns.
“Do you?” Tench leaned toward her. “Which arguments have you
heard?”
Gabrielle shifted uneasily. “Well, the standard academic fears mostly
– the most common being that if we privatize NASA, our current pursuit
of scientific space knowledge would be quickly abandoned in favor of
profitable ventures.”
“True. Space science would die. Instead of spending money to study
our universe, private space companies would strip-mine asteroids, build
tourist hotels in space, offer commercial satellite launch services. Why
would private companies bother studying the origins of our universe
when it would cost them billions and show no financial return? But the
abandonment of science in favor of profits is a side issue,” Tench said.
“Hardly relevant compared to the utter chaos that would result by
permitting the private sector to run free in space. We would have the
wild west all over again. We would see pioneers staking claims on the
moon and on asteroids and protecting those claims with force. I’ve heard
petitions from companies who want to build neon billboards that blink
advertisements in the nighttime sky. I’ve seen petitions from space
hotels and tourist attractions whose proposed operations include ejecting
their trash into the void of space and creating orbiting trash heaps. In
fact, I just read a proposal yesterday from a company that wants to turn
space into a mausoleum by launching the deceased into orbit. Can you
imagine our telecommunications satellites colliding with dead bodies?
Last week, I had a billionaire CEO in my office who was petitioning to
launch a mission to a near-field asteroid, drag it closer to earth, and mine
it for precious minerals. I actually had to remind him that dragging
asteroids into near earth orbit posed potential risks of global catastrophe!
Ms. Ashe, I can assure you, if this bill passes, the throngs of
entrepreneurs rushing into space will not be rocket scientists. They will
be entrepreneurs with deep pockets and shallow minds.”
“Persuasive arguments,” Gabrielle said, “and I’m sure the senator
would weigh those issues carefully if he ever found himself in a position
to vote on the bill. Might I ask what any of this has to do with me?”
1
The White House – (here) the President
52
Tench’s gaze narrowed. “Do you know how much Senator Sexton
spends on media advertising? More than three million a month.”
Gabrielle shrugged. “If you say so. Come to your point, or I’m
leaving.”
Tench reached for a manila folder, pulled out a small stack of stapled
papers and handed them to Gabrielle. “Sexton’s financial records.”
Gabrielle studied the documents in astonishment. She sensed this
data was authentic – banking accounts, credit card accounts, loans, stock
assets, real estate assets, debts, capital gains and losses. “This is private
data. Where did you get this?”
“My source is not your concern. But if you spend more time studying
these figures, you will clearly see that Senator Sexton does not have the
kind of money he is currently spending.”
“We have a lot of donations.”
“Yes, some of them legal.” Tench leaned across the desk. “Gabrielle
Ashe, are you aware that Senator Sexton is accepting enormous illegal
campaign bribes from aerospace companies who have billions to gain
from the privatization of NASA?”
Gabrielle stared. “That’s an absurd allegation!”
Tench smiled coldly. “Gabrielle, I understand that Senator Sexton has
shared a lot of himself with you, but I assure you there is plenty you do
not know about the man. Your candidate’s illegal funding is a fact. I’m
sorry. I know you trust him. I’d like to offer you a chance to do the right
thing. If you can do what I am about to ask, perhaps you could even earn
yourself a place on the President’s team.” She lowered her voice. “Look,
here’s the point. The President and I will go public with the funding
issue if we must, but this scandal involves several major U.S.
corporations breaking the law. A lot of innocent people will pay the
price. What the President and I are hoping for here … is some other way
to discredit the senator’s ethics. Simply put, we would like you to
publicly admit that you had an affair with the senator.”
Gabrielle’s entire body went rigid. Tench sounded utterly certain of
herself. Impossible, Gabrielle knew. The sex had happened only once.
Gabrielle fought to retain her steady tone. “You assume a lot, Ms.
Tench.”
“Which? That you had an affair? Or that you would abandon your
candidate?”
“Both.”
53
Tench walked to her wall safe and returned with a red manila folder.
It was stamped with the White House seal. As dozens of color
photographs spilled out onto the desk, Gabrielle saw her entire career
come crashing down before her. She
stormed out of Marjorie Tench’s
office.
Marjorie Tench caught up with Gabrielle outside the room. The
President’s senior adviser was carrying the red envelope of photos.
“Senator Sexton swore to the world that you two are platonic associates.
He looked the American people in the eye and told a lie. The public has
a right to know. And they will know. The only question is how the
public finds out. We believe it’s best coming from you.”
Gabrielle was stunned. “You really think I’m going to help lynch my
own candidate?”
Tench’s face hardened. “I’m giving you a chance to save everyone a
lot of embarrassment by holding your head high and telling the truth.
My offer is simple: sign a statement admitting your affair, and these
photos never need to see the light of day. We’ll deal with the Senator
quietly. You’ll need to decide fast, Ms. Ashe,” Tench said as they neared
the exit. “A statement on my desk by eight o’clock tonight. Be smart.”
She tossed Gabrielle the folder of photographs on her way out.
***
I’ve got to talk to Sexton! Gabrielle thought. She dug out her
cellphone and called the senator’s private number. His voice mail
answered. Puzzled, she phoned the senator’s office. The secretary
answered.
“It’s Gabrielle. The senator is not picking up his private line. Is he in?
I need to talk to him right away.”
“He’s at Westbrook. He blocked off tonight as a P.E.”
Personal Event. In all the excitement, Gabrielle had forgotten Sexton
had scheduled himself a night alone at home. He was very particular
about not being disturbed during his P.E. blocks. Bang on my door only
if the building is on fire, he would say. Other than that, it can wait until
tomorrow. Gabrielle decided Sexton’s building was definitely on fire.
***
The doorman at the front desk of the Westbrook Place Apartments
looked surprised to see Gabrielle. “Ms. Ashe? I didn’t know you were
stopping by tonight. The senator gave me a list, but you weren’t –”
“They always forget the people who help them most.” She gave a
smile and strode past him toward the elevator.
54
Riding the elevator to the ninth floor, Gabrielle exited and made her
way down the elegant hallway. At the end, outside Sexton’s doorway,
she could see one of his bodyguards sitting in the hall. He jumped to his
feet as she approached.
“I know,” Gabrielle called out. “It’s a P.E. night. But it’s an
emergency.”
The guard physically blocked the doorway. “He’s in a private
meeting.”
“Really?” Gabrielle pulled the red envelope from under her arm. She
flashed the White House seal in the man’s face. “I was just in the Oval
Office. I need to give the senator this information. If I don’t talk to him
immediately, we can all start looking for jobs tomorrow morning. Do
you understand?”
The guard unlocked the door and Gabrielle entered the apartment.
Now inside the foyer, she could hear men’s voices in Sexton’s den. As
Gabrielle moved down the hall toward the den, she passed an open
closet with half a dozen expensive men’s coats and several briefcases
inside. One of the briefcases caught her eye. The nameplate bore a
distinctive company logo. A bright red rocket.
She paused, kneeling down to read it: SPACE AMERICA, INC.
Puzzled, she examined the other briefcases. BEAL AEROSPACE.
MICROCOSM, INC. ROTARY ROCKET COMPANY. KISTLER
AEROSPACE.
Marjorie Tench’s voice echoed in her mind. Are you aware that
Sexton is accepting bribes from private aerospace companies?
Gabriel’s pulse began racing as she moved to the senator’s den. She
stood soundlessly in the shadows … listening to the conversation
beyond.
“As you know,” Sexton said, “over the past months, I have met with
many men in your same position. You are the only ones I have ever
brought into my home. You are extraordinary men, and I am honored to
meet you.”
Establish trust. Let them know you understand their problems. He let
his eyes circle the room, making personal contact with each of his
guests. “I am well aware,” the senator said, addressing everyone now,
“that several of your companies have offered to launch private space
shuttles for as little as fifty million dollars per flight. And yet NASA
undercuts you by charging only thirty-eight million dollars per flight …
55
even though their actual flight cost is over one hundred and fifty million
dollars!”
“It’s how they keep us out of space,” one of the men said. “The
private sector cannot possibly compete with a company that can afford
to run shuttle flights at a four hundred percent loss and still stay in
business.”
“It has become painfully clear,” Sexton said, his voice darkening,
“that NASA is working very hard to stifle competition in space. They
crowd out private aerospace businesses by pricing services below
market value.”
“It’s the Wal-Marting of space,” the Texan2 said.
Damn good analogy, Sexton thought. I’ll have to remember that.
Wal-Mart was notorious for moving into a new territory, selling
products below market value, and driving all local competition out of
business.
“Gentlemen,” he said, stopping dramatically in front of the fire. “It’s
time Americans understand that NASA is not leading us skyward, but
rather is stifling space exploration. Space is no different than any other
industry. We should put space exploration into the hands of the private
sector where it belongs. I believe we should let the free-market system
spur us to the new heights in space.”
Sexton lifted his snifter of cognac. “My friends, you came here
tonight to decide if I am someone worthy of your trust. My message to
you tonight is simple: Invest in me, and I will never forget you. With
your help, my friends, soon I will be in the White House … and you will
all be launching your dreams.”
Only fifteen feet away, Gabrielle Ashe stood in the shadows, rigid.
From the den came the harmonious clink of crystal snifters and the
crackle of the fire.
COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
41. Give the Russian for:
to radiate pleasure; to shift uneasily; profitable ventures; to show no
financial return; a side issue; neon billboards; to have an affair with sb;
doorman; to stop by; to drive (sb) out of business.
2
The Texan – (here) the man representing Space Industries of Houston, Texas.
56
42. Find the English for
пожать плечами; заниматься добычей драгоценных металлов;
усопший; убедительные доводы; ближе к делу; это не ваша забота;
абсурдное
измышление;
сделать
(что-то)
достоянием
общественности; это срочное дело; продавать ниже рыночной
стоимости; печально известный;
43. Answer the questions:
1. How does the writer characterize Gabrielle Ashe? How does his
description change when he speaks about Marjorie Tench? How does
Ms. Tench’s behaviour at the beginning of their meeting testify to her
description? 2. What made Marjorie Tench invite Gabrielle Ashe to the
White House? What did she start the conversation with? Why? 3. What
stand did the White House take on the problem? What made Marjorie
Tench believe that if NASA was privatized, space science would die?
What arguments did she give to support her fears? Why did she make
reference to the wild west? Why wasn’t the expression capitalized?
What did it signify? 4. How did Marjorie Tench come to the point of the
meeting? What made Gabrielle think the senator’s financial records
were authentic? What did they indicate? What did Marjorie Tench
accuse the senator of? 5. What was it that Ms. Tench suggest Gabrielle
should do? What lay at the root of her suggestion – disgust, political
intrigue or an attempt to recruit a new member for the Presidential team?
6. If the senator’s financial records could prove that he received bribes,
why didn’t Marjorie Tench want to go public with it? Why did she
decide to resort to blackmailing Gabrielle? How could Senator Sexton’s
ethics be discredited? Why did Ms. Tench say that the President and she
wanted to deal with the senator quietly? Was that the real reason for her
actions? 7. What did Gabrielle feel like when she left the White House?
Did she still stand by her candidate or was she ready to abandon him?
What did she decide to do? 8. Why couldn’t Gabrielle get the senator on
his private line? Why did she decide to break his orders and go to
Westbrook? 9. What facts prove that Senator Sexton was having a top
secret private meeting? How did Gabrielle manage to get inside his
apartment? What made her realize who the senator’s guests were? 10.
What arguments did his guests give to support the idea of private space
projects? What did they accuse NASA of? Why did the Texan call
NASA’s policies the Wal-Marting of space? What psychological tricks
57
did Senator Sexton resort to in order to convince his guests of his loyalty
to their cause? What promise did he give to them? 11. Can you guess
what Gabrielle Ashe felt like? What, in your opinion, was the next thing
for her to do?
HOME ACTIVITIES (7)
44. Give a brief retelling of the text and express your viewpoint on
the problems raised by the writer.
58
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (8)
WORD BUILDING
45. a) Complete the sentences with the derivatives of the words given
in the right-hand column:
Sour times
The sea is becoming more (1) ____________. That is not
good news if you live in it. At the moment, the world’s
oceans absorb a million tonnes of carbon dioxide an hour.
(2) __________ that is only a third of the rate at which (3)
___________ dumps the stuff into the atmosphere by
burning fossil fuels, but it helps to slow down (4)
__________ warming. However, what is a blessing for the
atmosphere turns out to be a curse for the oceans. When
carbon dioxide (5) ___________ in water it forms carbonic
acid. At the moment, sea water is (6) ______________
alkaline (щелочной) – but it is becoming less so all the
time. Many sea species have shells or skeletons made of
calcium carbonate, just like chalk. If you drop chalk into
acid it fizzes away to nothing. Marine (7) ___________
worry that some species will soon be unable to make their
(8) ______________ homes. Dr. Andrew Knoll, of Harvard
University, drew a (9) _____________ that the species
most at risk are corals. (10)______________ suggest that if
today’s trends continue, the alkalinity of the ocean is likely
to fall (11) _____________ in the near future. That may
make some places, such as the Southern Ocean,
(12)
________________________ for corals.
(13)
______________ evidence suggests that the
(14)
______________ of corals may
(15)
_________________ effect the marine food web.
acid
admit
human
globe
solve
nature
biology
protect
conclude
calculate
consider
inhabit
experiment
extinct
drama
(After The Economist, February 2008.)
b) Answer the questions.
59
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Might (just) as well
suggestion
unpleasant
comparison
You might as well call Mike’s office tomorrow. There’s nobody in
there now. – Вы с таким же успехом можете (вы вполне могли
бы) позвонить на работу Майку завтра. Там сейчас никого нет.
с таким же
успехом,
вполне,
почему бы не
46. Translate into Russian.
1. You might just as well say that everyone is wrong but you. 2. It’s too
late to go out, we might as well have a quiet evening at home. 3. Susan
has spent only a month in Paris but for her it might as well have been a
whole life. 4. The pop-star’s bodyguard didn’t look competent enough.
He might as well have traveled alone. 5. If you believe his words, you
might as well believe in ghosts and alien invaders. 6. It was a waste of
time to ask Steve for help. You might as well have approached a stone
wall. 7. Neither Greg nor Sondra liked the movie. They might just as
well have stayed at home and watched an old comedy. 8. They charge so
much for repairs that we might as well buy a new DVD player.
47. Develop the situations as in the model:
Model:
– No one will eat this food. (to throw away)
– No one will eat this food. It might as well be thrown away.
1. Milly cannot find a good job in London. (to return to her home town).
2. Vera spends days in the laboratory working at the project. (to
promote). 3. Nina looks very nervous and frustrated. (to leave in peace)
4. Though the tickets were very expensive, the musical turned out to be
a complete failure. (to give money to charity) 5. Our trip to Italy was
spoiled by snow and frost. (to go to the Arctic Circle) 6. Joyce works
long hours for very little money. (to stay at home) 7. The travel agency
will be closed by the time you get there. (to go tomorrow) 8. You call
that wine? (to use sth as vinegar)
60
CAN
COULD
MAY
MIGHT
MUST
HAVE TO
NEED
SHOULD
OUGHT TO
TO BE TO
SHALL
WILL
physical and mental ability
possibility due to circumstances
request
permission
prohibition
doubt
disbelief
request
permission
prohibition
supposition with a shade of doubt
supposition with stronger doubt
reproach
duty, obligation, necessity
request
prohibition
strong advice
near certainty
forced necessity
absence of necessity
absence of necessity for a performed action
necessity in form of advice
criticism of a past action
necessity in form of an arrangement
asking for instructions
in rulings and laws
polite request
48. Gabriel Ashe has just told the news to her friend Yolanda Cole.
Act as Yolanda expressing your attitude to the information and give
advice wherever necessary.
Model: G – Just imagine, the person who called me to the White
House was Marjorie Tench! (surprise / doubt)
Y – Can it have been Ms. Tench? It can’t have been her,
she’s the President’s senior adviser. What did she need
you for?
1. She spoke about a bill called the Space Commercialization
Promotions Act. I had never heard about it before. (supposition with a
61
shade of doubt) 2. Imagine, Congress has passed the Space
Commercialization Bill all four times it has seen it. (surprise / doubt;
near certainty) 3. Tench thinks that if NASA is privatized, space science
will die. (strong advice) 4. She has heard petitions from companies who
want to build neon billboards that blink advertisements in the nighttime
sky. (doubt / disbelief; advice) 5. In fact, there have been petitions from
space hotels and tourist attractions whose proposed operations include
ejecting their trash into the void of space and creating orbiting trash
heaps. (supposition with a shade of doubt; advice) 6. Then Ms. Tench
showed me Sexton’s financial records. (disbelief / doubt; near certainty)
7. She claims my candidate is accepting bribes from aerospace
companies. (surprise; supposition with a shade of doubt) 8. That terrible
woman suggested that I should help her discredit the senator’s ethics.
(duty / obligation / necessity; advice) 9. And what if she goes public
with compromising photos? (forced necessity; absence of necessity) 10.
The awful thing happened later, I overheard the senator’s conversation
with aerospace men. He is really involved with them. (disbelief;
supposition with a shade of doubt) 11. Shall I phone Tench? I am to
give her a written statement by 8 o’clock. (advice; absence of necessity)
49. Express your opinion and support it using the vocabulary of the
unit.
Who do you side with?
Marjorie Tench:
Private companies won’t study the origins of our universe if it costs
them billions and shows no financial return. They will abandon science
in favour of profits. Permitting the private sector to run free in space
may bring back the wild west again. There will be pioneers staking
claims on the moon and on asteroids and protecting those claims with
force.
Senator Sexton:
Space is no different than any other industry, and keeping the private
sector grounded verges on a criminal act. Consider the computer
industry, in which we see such an explosion of progress that we can
barely keep up from week to week! Why? Because the computer
industry is a free-market system: It rewards efficiency and vision with
profits. Imagine if the computer industry were government-run? We
would still be in the dark ages. We are stagnating in space. We should
62
put space exploration into the hands of the private sector where it
belongs. Americans would be stunned by the growth, jobs and realized
dreams.
I find sb/sth...
I have the impression that...
In my opinion, ...
pragmatic
trustworthy
broad-minded
practical
enterprising
(un)reliable
Personally, I...
I feel that...
I think that...
(un)reasonable
ambitious
irresponsible
HOME ACTIVITIES (8)
50. a) Complete the sentences with phrases made of noun
combinations given in the box.
environmental disaster / threat
authors / report
century / middle
challenges / urgency
earth / health
destruction / environment
group / latest report
organization / Sims
population / world
The Earthguard Institute has issued a report warning of the threat of
environmental disaster by (1) _________________________ unless we
do something soon. “ (2) _________________________ facing us
requires action now,” said Dennis Sims, one of (3) _________________
_______________ . (4) _______________________ is a watchdog
group that regularly issues reports on (5) _________________________
and its people. According to (6) __________________________ , rising
temperatures, falling water supplies and shrinking forests are problems
that will only get worse as (7) __________________________ increases
to 9 billion by 2050. “People’s optimism about the future is blinding
them to the potential for worldwide disaster,” Sims warned. “We must
try to reduce global warming by replacing coal and oil with renewable
energy sources such as wind and solar power. If we continue (8) ______
________________, our grandchildren will inherit a wasteland.”
63
51. Prepare a three-minute talk on “Scientific and industrial
development – curse or blessing for the planet”.
64
Step
V
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (9)
Give it another brush
52. Match the beginning of each sentence with a suitable ending.
1. You must have met some
celebrities
2. You can’t have lived in Tokyo
for ten years
3. Joe shouldn’t hang out in clubs
a. when he has a job interview
the next day.
b. when she was supposed to
stay in bed.
c. our business partners were
arriving earlier than scheduled.
4. Mr. Tolland may find it
d. without learning some
difficult to settle down
Japanese.
5. You don’t have to get up yet if e. she has just had a two-week
holiday.
6. Mary shouldn’t have gone out f. she had never had a single
road accident.
7. You needn’t have taken so
g. during your stay in
many warm clothes as
Hollywood.
8. Sharon can’t be tired when
h. after sailing the oceans for so
many years.
9. You might have warned us that i. you are not going to
university today.
10. Zoe was able to get an
j. as it is always warm and
insurance discount as
sunny in these parts.
53. Choose the correct phrase to complete the situation.
1. You don’t have to stay unless it’s necessary / if you don’t want to. 2.
Firefighters must feel afraid sometimes. They are supposed to. / It’s only
natural. 3. Customers can’t come in here. It isn’t allowed. / I don’t think
it’s a good idea. 4. All motorcyclists must wear crash helmets. It’s a
good idea. / It’s the rule. 5. You should leave now. That’s my advice. /
That’s an order. 6. The maid must have stolen the pearl necklace. She
was ordered to. / There is no other explanation. 7. You needn’t have
65
bought any wine. There isn’t any. / There is plenty. 8. Julius can’t have
spent all the money he has just inherited. He wasn’t able to. / I’m sure
he hasn’t.
54. Choose the correct grammar form.
1. The morning was dull and rainy, but the sun had appeared by the time
the travellers reached the foot of the mountain and they … (could / were
able to) climb it quite quickly. 2. I … (couldn’t have found / haven’t
been able to find) my organizer for two days. It’s terribly inconvenient.
3. I have no idea where my cousin is now. He … (can / might) as well be
in the Himalayas for all I know. 4. Jenny … (must / can’t) be very proud
of her husband winning the Pulitzer Prize. 5. We expected our American
partners to visit us when they were in Glasgow last week, but they
didn’t. I suppose they … (might be / must have been) too busy. 6. I
wonder what made you stay at that party. You … (might / can’t) have
enjoyed mixing with all those boring people. 7. Please check your report
again. These figures are not accurate. You … (must / can’t) have been
distracted when you added them up. 8. You … (should have been / must
be) thirsty after moving this heavy piano. Shall I make you a cup of tea?
55. Complete the letter with proper phrases based on the hints in the
box.
may / to see
may/ to leave
could / to come
may / not / to do
could / not / to leave
may / to find
could / to fall
may / to visit
Sophie,
It was good to see you last week and to get your e-mail yesterday.
Sorry to hear you lost that rare Celtic folk music CD on the
journey home. I’ve looked for it, but it definitely isn’t in my car. I think
you (1)________________________ it on the train. Why not phone the
lost property office? It (2)________________________ down the side
of your seat. Someone (3)_________________________ it and handed
it in. Of course, if they like Celtic music, they
(4)______________________! Anyway, as far as I remember, you
(5)________________________ it here, because you were listening to it
on the way to the station.
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And
now
my
news.
Guess
what?
I
(6)____________________________ to your part of the country next
week! There is a conference in your town which my boss wanted to
attend, but now he’s heard that some important clients
(7)__________________ our office at that time.
So, we (8)_____________________each other sooner than we expected.
Let’s hope so. Of course it’s not settled yet. I’ll email you as soon as I
know for certain.
See you,
Stella
56. Complete the sentences.
1. Steve nearly overslept this morning. He should have… 2. The plane
lost one engine, but fortunately the crew were able… 3. The streets are
clogged with traffic today, so I may … 4. My husband doesn’t really
like his new job, so he might … 5. Most of my peers have passed that
exam, so it can’t be … 6. I don’t know why our partners haven’t arrived.
They may have… 7. If you want to get fit, you should… 8. The tourists
were so short of money that they had to… 9. The taxi broke down on our
way to the airport, but luckily we were able to… 10. Jess could… when
she was six, but she couldn’t…
57. Translate into English.
1. Ты был не так уж сильно занят. Ты мог бы мне помочь с
составлением отчета. Это было исключительно важным для моей
дальнейшей карьеры. 2. Не может быть, чтобы он до сих пор
зависел от своих родителей. Ему уже далеко за тридцать. 3.
Компания, скорее всего, не смогла поставить топливо в этот
отдаленный северный город из-за некомпетентности нового
руководства. 4. Вам следовало быть более терпимым к мнению
своих коллег. Различия во мнениях иногда могут привести к
неожиданно удачным решениям. 5. Неужели территория этой
страны постепенно уменьшается? Чем это может быть вызвано? –
Это, вероятно, вызвано глобальным потеплением и повышением
уровня моря. 6. Местным властям следовало лучше подумать об
объектах социально-культурного и бытового обслуживания, когда
они планировали строительство этого района. 7. Павел, возможно,
был подавлен и расстроен, но ему не следовало так грубо
разговаривать с секретарем. Она явно сыта по горло его
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поведением. Интересно, сколько она еще выдержит, прежде, чем
уволится. 8. Вы зря потратили столько времени, объясняя Джеку и
Стиву подробности нашего плана. Первому уже были даны
необходимые инструкции, а второй не принимает участия в
проекте.
58. a) Open the brackets using the proper forms of the verbs.
All
those
people
who
say
that
the
weather
______________________ (1 – not/to be) normal recently are right.
However, since there is really no such thing as normal weather, they
probably mean something else. If they ________________________ (2
–
to
mean)
that
average
summer
temperatures
________________________ (3 – to get) warmer, then they are
certainly correct. In fact, it is not just the summer temperature, but the
general average temperature of the whole world that
_________________________ (4 – steadily/to move up).
The signs are everywhere. There are small signs. For example,
butterflies in North America _______________________ (5 – to move)
about 60 miles north of where they used to live. There are also very
large signs. Huge masses of ice in mountain glaciers and the Arctic
___________________ (6 – to melt). The famous snow cap on Africa’s
Mount Kiliminjaro is known ___________________________(7 –
almost/to disappear). Actually, ice or snow doesn’t really disappear, it
turns into water, flows into the ocean and makes sea levels
______________________ (8 – to rise).
Why __________________________ (9 – this/happen)? One
answer is that it could simply be part of a natural process. After all, there
__________________________ (10 – to be) long periods of warmth in
the planet’s history. So we could just__________________________
(11 – to experience) another warming trend. This kind of answer
_____________________ (12 – to have) more supporters a few years
ago. What scientists now believe is that human activity is the cause. For
more
than
two
hundred
years,
humans
are
believed
____________________________ (13 – gradually/to change) the
atmosphere, mainly as a result of industrial pollution. We
_________________________ (14 – to create) an atmosphere around
the earth that, like a giant glass container, lets heat from the sun through
and holds it inside.
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Will temperatures and sea levels keep __________________ (15 –
to rise)? ______________ (16 – modal) we just move to higher ground
and throw away our winter coats? The answer depends on where you
live. If you ____________________(17 – to live) on the coast of
Florida, the answer _________________(18 – to be) a definite yes.
However,
if
you
live
in
northern
Europe,
your
temperatures___________________(19 – modal) soon be on the way
down. All that fresh water _____________________(20 – to pour) into
the Atlantic _____________________________(21 – to change) the
circulation patterns in the ocean. As a consequence, the current of air
that flows towards Europe _______________ (22 – to become) much
cooler. According to one prediction, winter in London
_______________________ (23 – to be likely/to become) much more
like winter in Copenhagen.
b) Discuss the text.
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