An Assessment Of The Effects Of Television Programmes
On Youths (A Case Study Of Campus Circuit On Minaj
Broadcast International)
1
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
II
Approval page
III
Dedication
IV
Acknowledgement
V
Abstract of contents
VII
Table of Contents
X
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
1
1.1
Background of the study
1
1.2
Statement of the Research Problem
10
1.3
Objectives of the study
12
1.4
Significance of the study
13
1.5
Research Questions
15
1.6
Research Hypotheses
16
1.7
Conceptual and Operational Definition
18
2
1.8
1.9
Assumptions
Limitation of the study
20
21
CHAPTER TWO
2.1
Sources of Literature
22
2.2
The review
23
2.3
Functions of Nigerian Television
25
2.4
The Influence of Television
29
2.5
Campus Circuit
35
2.6
Review of Opinions
36
2.7
Summary of Literature Review
41
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Research Methodology
45
3.1
Research Design
46
3.2
Research Sample
46
3.3
Measuring Instrument
47
3.4
Sampling Technique
48
3
3.5
Sources of Data
49
3.6
Method of Analysis / Presentation
49
3.7
Expected results
50
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1
4.2
Introduction
51
Presentation of findings
52
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
Summary and conclusion
79
5.2
Recommendations
81
References
91
4
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The birth of television in Nigeria was out of political
dissection. “ The politics of Nigeria just before independence
placed more emphasis on developing the regions than the caters”,
Television became the innovation that was to enhance the pace of
regional development “ The global history of television shows that
this mass medium came into existence in the discernible in the
nineteenth century. In 1956, the Federal Government dried late
Obafemi Awolowo Leader of opposition in the Federal House of
parliament the right to reply on air the allegations leveled against
his party by the colonial government. Late Chef Awolowo had
telephoned the director of Nigeria Broadcasting service (NBC)
requesting the sue of the broadcast facilities to refute what he
claimed was a misrepresentation of the actions group point of view
5
in the house of representations. But rather than grant the request.
The chief secretary turned down the request.
This action was highly resented by chief Awolowo who
started conceiving the idea of having his own broadcasting service
in the Western region from the moment.
Television broadcasting, began in Nigeria in October 1959,
when government of the former Western region started the first
television service in both Nigeria, and Africa the Western Nigeria
Television (WNTV) in Ibadan, other Television station established
included, the Eastern Nigeria broadcasting service)ENBC) - Radio /
TV which was created on October 1, 1960, also Radio / Television
Kaduna (RTK) in 1961.
Today, Nigeria can broad of several radio and television
stations. Most of which are owned and operated by the state and
Federal government with the numerous television stations in the
6
country, it is necessary to find out what effects this system of
communication has on youth.
Television is widely acknowledged as “ a powerful medium
of our age “ (TV journal, 1985:3) The power of television in
shaping our lives is astounding its visual immediacy gives its
audience a feeling of participation more than any other medium.
What youths see and Lear influence their attitudes, manners,
speech and often their daily habits. Television has uniqueness in its
intimacy, immoderacy and mass communication qualities. In
Nigeria , its development is viewed in the height of a multiplicity of
personal, social cultural and political needs.
Through children obtain much of their parents and other non
media to help socialize and education them, the importance or
interest in the relative impact that the media have on children
(Youths), aseptically the television medium. Wibur Schramm.
(1971) reacting to this, put it that
7
for some children, under some conditions
Some television programmes are harmful ,
For other children, under the same conditions,
It may be beneficial, while for
Most children, under most conditions,
Most television programmes are probably neither harmful nor
beneficial.
Therefore, it would not be out of place to suggest that youths learn
behaviours, norms, and attitudes through film and television
presentations.
Televisions has served the masses in its entailment aspect. It
has been a more convenient alternative to social custom of going
out cinema. A point to be born n mind in any discussion of the
television effect, is that it gives different physical environments,
personal
prejudices,
group
attitudes,
social
norms
and
8
psychological needs, the same programme can act as a positive
reinforcement for one person and a negative one for another.
Television has brought us in living colour the sights and
sounds
of
entertainment,
political
conversions
elections,
assassinations, was and debates. A group in 1969 (sponsored by
the united states government) That studied television effect on
children suggested that” television violence might influence
children who have violent tendencies to act violently”
3
They
however did not reach a definite conclusion about the effect of
television violence on the majority of children.
Wilbur Scramm, an American researcher, on the way youth
use television, has suggested one view point.
We are talking a needless chance with our children’s welfare
by permitting them to see such a parade of violence across our
picture tubes. It is a danger to which we need expose to tetanus
or bacteria from unpasturised Milk
4-
.
9
From the above standard schramum is trying to cautim not
only parents but also producer who handle programming in
television industries.
Programming for youth is one of the areas of great problems
seem to arise primary from lack of knowledge about the target, the
potentials of broadcast media communication theory and the
objective of broadcastings.
Nevertheless, the viewers interpretation of his
own
experience after watching a programme may be reinterpreted
when he funds the programme in which he watch discussed by
friends, radio commentators and newspaper commentates. If the
significance of the event is magnified, even casual viewer assumes
importance.
The fact of having been there is remembered not so much
because the event itself has left a impression, but because the
event has been recorded by others. Although television is anew
10
medium, that is the third medium to arrive after the inception of
newspaper and radio in Nigeria it a obtained to fulfill the function
of educating informing the public though cultural, economic and
entertainment
presenting
promotions.
The
Nigerian
television
aims
it
the types of programmes that would help create
awareness, especially the youths.
According to Akpan (1987) ‘”
Television is an ubiquitous
medium “5 although it is a view communication medium yet in
Nigeria no one can dispute the fact hat television is the greatest
theatre of the air. Television differ from host of the other theatres.
The sketches of the television image requires the viewing audience
to full in the picture. Consequently, the medium becomes an
extension of touch for it is the sense of touch that control the
interplay of the sense. The secret of television tactile power is that
the video image is one of low intensity and definition and thus,
unlike either the photography film, offers no detailed information
11
about specific object but instead involves the active participation of
the viewers.
The objectives of any television station is not only
communicate to the target audience but also to receive favourable
responses. The realization of this objective will depend primarily on
the performance of the communication media, their types of
progarmmes and view patronage level most on the entertainment
aspects rather than informative. aspects.
In this study, I assessed the effect of television programmess
on youths especially the recent invention of home video.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Campus circuit” a television
programme showm on Minaj
Broadcast international (MBI) 5.5.30pm anchored by Ikediobi Jude,
which is basically shown in the interest of the student and youths
in general.
12
The program on the 3rd October, 1999 with the intention of
keeping students (youth) it talks on the fun life, the academic
successes , the admission graduations and ceremonies.
Campus circuit highlights the
ills on our campuses ,like
sorting attitude of students as requested by some lecturers sexual
harassment of female students, cultism examination malpractice’s
gun schooling incessant strikes and a host of others.
It focuses on the profile of a given school., it also x – ray’s
like on our campus and youths in general through captivating real
life stories designed to educate students and lecturers.
Most often, it offers the most valuable tips or how to run
successful academic activities. Again it show cases latest gossips
on campus, pus other extra campus hummour and tip cracking test
for your delight keeps you informed about what is going on in the
fashion industry in campus.
13
Therefore it would d be out of place to support that youths
learn behaviour, norms, and attitudes through film and television
presentations.
S, campus circuit as a television programme has gone a long way
in influencing the youth attitudes. Managers, speech and often
their daily.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
It will be discovered that some youths that watch television
programmes (home videos) no engage in armed rabbery,
rape, promiscuity and other activities which may be as a
result of that exposures to violent films where thy tend to
imitate the behavuour of the characters.
One of the primary motives of television is to foster
national programmes which influenced some youths to
appreciate stars who include in anti – social activities and
14
maintenance
of peace hereby causing problem in our
immediate environment and nation.
Very often the critics suspect that parents uplect of the
youths are responsible for their aggressive behavuours rather than
violent television programmes This of course, has to be looked into
because before the advert of television, youths used to be under
the influenced and the dance of their parents so they obtain much
of their information from them.
Whenever television is used it affects the lives of the people
in definite ways. This could be positively like the areas of
knowledge and civil acquisition of relatively which is a cue to anti –
social activities. As can be seen in Neustein;s book, some you this
exposed to television have a way of stimulating them to copy
certain practices and actions they see on the tube. They will even
try to see if it work at home or else where in the neighborhood.
15
So, the values of television can make an impact if they touch idea
or value for which the viewer is emotionally ready.
Therefor in this research study, efforts have been made to
assess the extent television programmes especially a particular
progreamme on MBI Campus Circuit affect the behaviour of you
this in our environment.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
It is necessary to find out what
effects television has on
youths. I ant to observe whether the youth watching television
programme learn behaviours, norms and attitudes through film
and televised presentations.
Again, to assesses whether television violence
might
influence youths who have violent tendencies to act violently.
Also, to know how far campus circuit a popular programme
on MINAj Broadcast International (MBI) anchored by Jude, at
16
about 5.30pm every Thursday, have affected youths watching it
because the programme is concentrated on youths on campus.
Some of the primary objectives of television in Nigeria are to
foster National unity and to supplement education programmes
which can be achieved the use of films.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The television as a medium of communication has effect on
youths, some of the effects are positive while some are
negative and their behaviour depend on he type of
programme that they were exposed to.
Television
broadcast
exposed
both
foreign
and
local
programmes in their areas of operation view of the criticisms on
the limited time slot for local programmes and predominance of
foreign programmes on our television stations which leads to
certain effects of television programmes.
17
The national propensity for parents, education’s, and some
organization to protect children and youths from the hazards of
media dysfunctions has mobilized forces to questions critically what
youths precisely learn when they watch such violent programmes.
This study will help to know how various programmes on television
influence the behaviour and life styles of youth from how best to
model the programmes to meet social norms or patters of
bahaviour and to reduce most of the violent propgrammes that
appears on our screen especially from our home movies.
This researcher does not intend to influence negatively the
goals and objectives of television rather to assess
television
effects whether positive or negative and provide possible solutions
for the improvement in television programmes.
18
1.5 RESEARCHER QUESTIONS
(1)
Is there any correlation between youths engagement in
armed robbery, promiscuity and other atrocities as a result of
exposure to violent films ?
(2)
Are television stars who indulge in anti – social activities, like
crime violence, murder, drug abuse more appreciated than
those
who
participate
in
educational
activities
and
maintenance of peace ?
(3)
Are parents neglect of the youths activities responsible for
their aggressive behaviours rather than violent television
programmes ?
(4)
Has television viewing positive or negative effect on the life
style of youths ?
19
1.6 HYPOTHESIS
H1: Youths are mostly moved by certain exposures whether
negative or positive so, it is a danger to which we need not expose
our children (youth) anymore to some violent films because it
affects their lives negatively which can move them to engage in
armed robbery, promiscuity and other atrocities.
H0: There is no correlation between youths engagement in
armed robbery, promiscuity and other atrocities as a result of
exposure to violent films, youths so much like violent films because
it exposes them to some current weapon’s invoke and some
defensive tactises.
H2: Television stars who participate in educational activities and
maintenance of peace are more appreciated because they don’t
expose youths to violent films that can affect their behaviours
negatively rather than impacting some knowledge in them that will
help in building their way of life.
20
H0: Television stars who indulge in anti –social activities like
crime, violence murder etc, are more appreciated because, they go
along way in exposing some “ills in the society which youths and
every viewer should be mindful of.
H3: Some parents neglect certain activities which their children
indulge in, consciousness of some parents towards some activities
of their children helps in correcting some with violent tendencies
but some parents facts that their children are grown –pus and
allow the youth negatively.
H0: Parents neglect of the youths activities are not responsible
for their aggressive behaviours, they have freedom to some extent,
so they should be allowed to see the negative and positive aspect
of life and decide on one to choose.
H4: Willbur Schramn (1971) in reacting to the effect of television
programmes said that television programems to some children
(Youths) under some condition are harmful while to some under
21
same condition are beneficial, so television viewing has both
negative and positive effect , it all depends on the interpretation.
H0: Youths so much Cherish violent films more than educational
films so it use to have negative effect n their life style.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
EFFECTS: This is the impression born on the mind of the youth
due to their viewer ship of television programmes.
YOUTH: The period between being a child and being fully grown
which is always the most active period of every human being.
TELEVISION:
This is the audio – visual electronic medium used
to transmit programmes by bribing to us the scene as it happens
or as it is recorded.
VIOLENCE:
This is an act of attacking some one or words
which are intended to hurt people extreme force.
VIEWERS: Persons who watch television programmes.
22
PROGRAMMING: This is a list of items, events for a concert, or
to be broadcast for radio or television or sports meetings.
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
EFFECTS: This means the result of an outcome of an action.
YOUTHS: The state or time of being young, having the qualities
and appearance of young people.
TELEVISION:
This is the process of transmitting a view of
events, plays and while these are taking place or from films or
tapes on which records have been made.
VIOLENCE:
This is any physical or psychological injury, hurt or
death addressed to living things.
VIEWERS: Person who view or watch the broadcast media be it
television or cinema.
PROGRAMMING corded collection of information an electronic
computer or gadget.
23
1.8 ASSUMPTIONS
Television as a medium of communication has affect on
youths, some of the effects are positive while some are negative
and their behaviour depend on the type of programmes that they
were exposed to.
Television
broadcast
consists
both
foreign
and
local
programmes in their areas of operation view of the criticisms in the
limited time slot for local programmes on our television stations
which leads to certain effects on the audience, we set out to see
the effect of television programmes.
The essence of this study is to find out those negative impact
and give certain corrections to youths and remind the media their
primary objectives which they are deviating from.
I strongly believe that this study will go along way in
correcting some ills in our contemporary society, because some
violent films or programmes have on them, and also to remind the
24
media that many people especially youths, their conception of
reality is observed or distorted mostly by the media.
1.9 LIMITATION AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Research entails careful and objective approach to the
subject under study. Mass communication media have either
positive or negative impact on it audience. The analysis in this
study would have extended to all media of communication at least
for effective comparison of findings, but because of time limit and
financial constraints , it is not possible. That is why the study is
limited to youths within the campus “ a active viewers of “Campus
Circuit’
a
Television
programme
on
MINAj
Broadcasting
international (MBI)
25
*** INSTRUCTIONS ***
Please Read The Below Instructions Carefully.
*********
*********
*********
***
26
HOW TO ORDER THIS COMPLETE MATERIAL
If you want to order the complete materials
(
Chapter One
to Five,
27
Including
Abstract,
References,
Questionnai
28
res, Proposal
(where
applicable)
) of the
above mentioned topic, please visit
www.freeplace.org and click on “Order” (i.e.
www.freeplace.org/order)
******************************
29
HOW TO BECOME OUR PARTNER
To become our partner, visit www.freeplace.org and
click on partnership.
******************************
TERMS OF USE
This Material is for Academic Research Purposes only. On
no account should you copy this material word for word.
Copying this material “Word for Word” is against our
“Terms of Use”. That you ordered this material shows you
have agreed Our ‘Terms of Use’.
******************************
Better is not good enough, the best is yet to come!
Endeavour to be the best!!
30