UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
PIA 2490
GOVERNANCE, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN
ASIA, LATIN AMERICA, EASTERN EUROPE AND AFRICA
Professor Louis A. Picard, Instructor
Spring Semester, 2003
Room: 3N51 Posvar Hall
Time: Friday, 9-00 -12:00
Office Hours:
ThursdayFridayOffice:
12:00 - 2:00
12:00 - 2:00
3R26 Forbes Quadrangle
Office Phone:
Research Office Phone:
University Fax:
Cell Phone
Washington: Phone/
Fax:
Public Administration
Service
1-412-648-7659
1-412-682-2399
1-412-648-2605
1-412-260-9709
1-202 547-1135
1-703-734-8970
E-Mail: Picard+@pitt.edu
Jim Leaman (GSA) jml19@pitt.edu
Background to the Course
The state as an analytical concept refers to an idea or set of ideas as to how government
relates to society. The state system, by the nineteenth century, had acquired its modern
form as a steering mechanism over societal forces and an institutional apparatus with
human and structural characteristics. The contemporary capitalist state makes and
influences investment decisions and it is often the mission of the state to sustain conditions
in its economic management conducive to investment, while simultaneously pursuing
revenue-consuming distribution policies indispensable to its legitimation.
The institutional state can be defined as the set of structures and processes; including the
public service, the nature of social relationships, and internal organizational dynamics
which—though it evolves over time—is a permanent part of the dynamics of government.
Formal institutions are organizationally based units which have effective authority over
aspects of policy and implementation and are based on formal rules, common values, and
standard modes of behavior and regulations that are widely accepted. For the state to
serve society, the bureaucracy must see themselves as parts of the institutional system.
Distorted institutional relationships occur when groups and individuals identify only with
their own immediate interests. This disjointed institutionalism, once installed, is difficult to
change. A state, once institutionalized, has a formidable capacity for its own reproduction
across time. Often systematic efforts by new regimes to uproot prior forms and build new
blueprints over state and society can fail.
Critics of state analysis complain of the "black box" problem. Rather than reifying the state
as a single actor, the argument here is that the state is characterized by both a structural
complexity and an institutional fragmentation of the government of the day. Institutional
approaches have suggested that it is important to analyze issues of personnel and the
psychological influences that circulate within the state and its bureaucracy. It is my
position that the state is not as a unitary actor but is made up of human and organizational
components which cooperate and compete and which link up with and influence civil
society. To repeat: the state is no unitary instrument. Rather, it is a complex system
shaped by the integration of political officials, civil servants, external actors, and social,
ethnic and racial divisions.
Stable democracies require social strength to maintain a civil society and a bureaucracy
that sees itself as part of an institution, as having interests wider than its own
organizational or class interests. It is important that "institution building" rather than "nation
building" take precedence, particularly in an ideologically divided or a multi-ethnic country.
Democratic stability requires both a strong state and societal strength based upon the
values of civil society and democratic institutions imbedded in a wider network of state and
social organizations. The "local state" is not synonymous with local government. The
former reflects the local control mechanisms of the central authority. The latter reflects a
bottom up process of political influence and control based on principles of democratic
government.
Development management theorists and practitioners need to be careful that their formulas
for social and economic change do not do more harm than good. A balance exists
between the extremes of the command economy and centralized planning on the one hand
and the libertarian approach advocated by radical public choice theorists on the other.
Throughout, it is not possible to divorce development issues from issues of governance
and civil society. Nor can the debate and selection of policy choices be detached from the
capacity of institutions to implement policy. This course will attempt to define this balance
by looking at issues of local government, governance and civil society in Latin America,
Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa.
Course Requirements
The basic source of our understanding about micro-politics will be the reading list assigned
below. It is lengthy and various. The categories under which it is assigned are somewhat
arbitrary and as we go along the re-examination of earlier readings will be essential when
we get further into the course. Because of the length of each week's reading assignment,
it is essential that students keep up with the reading from week to week. Failure to do so
will result in academic "overload" as the course draws to an end.
There are no required readings as such. Each individual will have to decide how much and
which readings are most important for him or her in any given week. However, participants
are expected to do as much of the reading as possible each week. Clearly, mastery of the
literature will be a major measure of how I assess your class performance.
In order to help you order your thinking, I have noted that the reading covers "governance,"
(G), “local government," (L) and "civil society" (C). Many readings of the course overlap.
Each week I will be passing out a specific assignment sheet, including discussion
questions, exercises, etc., which will guide the way you approach the reading. At a
minimum, each student should read materials in one of the three areas (governance, local
government, civil society), and a set of case study materials. Students may read in
different issue areas from week to week but should be prepared to discuss in one of the
three areas defined in the class.
The course will be a mixture of in-class discussions, lectures and paper presentations.
Since this is a research seminar, each of you will be presenting a research paper to the
class at the end of the semester. Seminar papers should either focus on governance, local
government or civil society and may have a conceptual, regional or case study focus.
Students in order to fulfill the regional seminar requirement must follow the reading for one
of the four geographical areas covered in the course: Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe
or Africa. or each student registered for the course, there will be three assessed activities.
These are:
1. In-Class Discussion - 40% of Grade;
2. Individual research paper and presentation - 40% of Grade;
3. End of Semester Oral Interview with instructor - 20% of Grade.
Additional Information will be provided on assignments by the end of the third week of
class. Please be sure that all readings have been read by the beginning of the date for
which they are assigned.
Books
These books have been ordered in the University Bookstore. They should also be
available in the GSPIA library on reserve. These plus all other readings are listed at the
end of this syllabus and are on reserve in the GSPIA library. I would suggest sharing
books whenever possible with other members of the class. A number of other books we
are using in the course are of recent publication (last three years) and can also be
purchased by special order from the bookstore or through the internet at amazon.com or
other book ordering sites.
John Clark, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (Hartford:
Kumarian Press, 1991).
Andrew Clayton, NGOs, Civil Society and the State: Building Democracy in Transitional
Societies (London: INTRATEC, 1996).
Robert A. Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1956). Any Paperback Edition.
Milton Esman and Norman T. Uphoff, Local Organizations: Intermediaries in Rural
Development (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984).
Graham Greene, The Lawless Roads (London: Penguin, 1982).
Thomas Keneally, To Asmara (New York: Warner Books, 1989).
V.S. Naipal, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (New York: Knopf, 1981).
Andrew R. Nickson, Local Government in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
George Orwell, Burmese Days (New York: Signet, 1963). Any paperback edition.
Elinor Ostrom, Crafting Institutions for Self-Governing Irrigation Systems (San Francisco:
Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1992).
Course Schedule
January 10
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
January 17
THE LOCAL STATE, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND DEMOCRACY
Governance (G)
Picard, State, Chapters 1-2
Dahl, Chapter 1
Emerson, Chapters 2-3
Berger, Chapter 1
Orwell, Chapters 1-6
Local Government (L)
Piekalkiewicz, Chapter 1
Mawhood, Chapter 1
Wunsch and Olowu, Chapter 10
Esman and Uphoff, Preface and Chapter 1-2
Cheema and Rondinelli, Chapter 1
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 1
Civil Society (C)
Reilly, Chapter 1
Clark, Chapters 1-2
Dawisha and Parrot, Chapters 1-2
Wunsch and Olowu, Chapter 10
Picard, State, Chapters 1-2
Clayton, Chapter 1
Case Studies
Picard, Botswana, Chapter 1-2 (Africa)
Mawhood, Chapter 4 (Africa)
Wunsch, Chapter 2 (Africa)
Yansane, Chapters 1-2 (Africa)
Reilly, Chapters 2-3 (Latin America)
Klaren and Bossert, Chapter 1 (Latin America)
Nickson, Chapters 10-12 (Latin America)
Isabel Allende, “Clarisa,” Solomon, Other Voices, Other Vistas
(Latin America)
Coulson, Chapter 2 (Eastern Europe)
Dawisha and Parrott, Chapter 3-4 (Eastern Europe)
Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts, Part 1 (Eastern Europe)
Lerner, Chapter 1 (Eastern Europe-Turkey)
Holmes, Chapters 1-2 (Eastern Europe)
Lu Wenfu, "The Man from a Peddler’s Family," in Solomon,
Other Voices, Other Vistas (Asia)
Karnow, In Our Image, Chapters 3, 4 and 5 (Asia)
Allen, Plain Tales from the Raj, pp. 54-64, pp. 109-121 (Asia)
Reeves, Passage to Peshawar, pp. 108-120 (Asia)
Lerner, Chapter 1 (Asia)
January 24
HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF CONTROL
Picard, State, Chapters 5-7 (G)
Dahl, Chapter 2 (G)
Orwell, Chapters 7-12 (G)
Grindle, Chapter 1 (G)7
Lord Hailey, "Administrative Services" (G)
Emerson, Chapters 5-6 (G)
Nickson, Chapter 1 (L)
Piekalkiewicz, Chapter 2 (L)
Wunsch and Olowu, Chapters 2-3 (L)
Coulson, Chapter 1 (L)
Mawhood, Chapter 2 (L)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 1-2 (L)
Harbeson, Chapters 1-2 (C)
Allen, Dark Continent, Chapters 5-6 (C)
Gordimer, "City Lovers" and "Oral History" (C)
Holmes, Chapter 10 (C)
Emerson, Chapters 5-6 (C)
Case Studies
Picard, Botswana, Chapters 3-4 (Africa)
Harbeson, Chapter 4 (Africa)
Manning, Chapters 1-4 (Africa)
Garrity and Picard, "Dependency Avoidance, Dependency
Reversal and Economic Development..." in Africanus (Africa)
Klaren and Bossert, Chapter 10 (Latin America)
Nickson, Chapters 13-15 (Latin America)
Reilly, Chapter 4-5 (Latin America)
Garrity and Picard, "Dependency Avoidance, Dependency
Reversal and Economic Development..." in Africanus (Latin
America)
Goodwin and Nacht, Chapter 8 &12 (Eastern Europe)
Dawisha and Parrott, Chapters 5-6 (Eastern Europe)
Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts, Parts 2 and 3
Lerner, Chapters 2-3 (Eastern Europe)
Glenny, Rebirth, Chapter 1)
Karnow, Vietnam, Chapters 3 and 4 (Asia)
Storry, Introduction and Chapters 1-3 (Asia)
Huntington, Chapters 4-5 (Asia)
Garrity and Picard, "Dependency Avoidance, Dependency
Reversal and Economic Development..." in Africanus (Asia)
Kaplan, Chapters 23-29 (Asia)
January 31
CIVIL SOCIETY: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Picard, State, Chapter 3 (G)
Dahl Chapter 3 (G)
Orwell, Chapter 13-17 (G)
Emerson, Chapter 5 (G)
Hancock, Parts 3 and 4 (G)
Nava, Forward and Chapter 1 (G)
Esman and Uphoff, Chapter 3 (L)
Cheema and Rondinelli, Chapter 7 (L)
Picard, Botswana, Chapter 5 (L)
Resler and Kanet, "Democratization" in Depth (L)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 3 (L)
Nava, Forward and Chapter 1 (L)
Clark, Chapter 3-4 (C)
Oliver, Chapters 1,2 and 5 (C)
Greene, Chapters 1-4 (C)
Gies, Ott and Shafritz, Chapter One, Introduction and Articles
1-2 and 27-28 (C)
Nava, Forward and Chapter 1 (C)
Project Document
Picard, Regionalisation in Ethiopia: Preparation of a Strategic
Action Plan
February 7
THE PROBLEMS WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Picard and Garrity, "Let the Punishment fit the Crime" (G)
Grindle, Chapter 2 (G)
Diamond, et al, chapter 1 (G)
Picard, Botswana, Chapter 8 (G)
Mawhood, Chapter 6-10 (G)
Mawhood, Chapter 6-10 (L)
Nickson, Chapter 2 and 9 (L)
Wunsch and Olowu, Chapters 1 and 4 (L)
Goodwin and Nacht, Chapters 10 and 11 (L)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 4 (L)
Berger, Chapters 2 and 31 (C)
1
Note: Read Prelude, Interludes and Postlude along with the chapter that precedes it.
Greene, Chapter 5-8 (C)
Picard, State, Chapter 4 (C)
Holmes, Chapter 3 (C)
Grindle, Chapters 3-4 (C)
Case Studies
Wunsch and Olowu, Chapter 6-7 (Africa)
Yasane, Chapters 3-6 (Africa)
Clayton, Chapters 6-7 (Africa)
Goodwin and Nacht, Chapter 6 and 7 (Eastern Europe)
Coulson, Chapters 3 and 4 (Eastern Europe)
Kaplan, Chapters 7-9 (Eastern Europe)
Nickson, Chapters 17-20 (Latin America)
Reilly, Chapters 6-8 (Latin America)
Clayton, Chapters 9-10 (Latin America)
Bruhns, et. al., Chapters on Japan and India (Asia)
Myrdal, Part 8 (Asia)
Bhatt, et. al., vol. 1, Chapters by Siedentopf, Bhatt, and
Sosmena (Asia)
February 14
LAND, TRADITIONAL SOCIETY AND ECONOMIC CHANGE
Picard, State, Chapters 8-9 (G)
Palmer, Chapters 2 and 3 (G)
Orwell, Chapters 18-end (G)
Ostrom, Crafting Institutions, Chapter 1 (G)
Picard, Local Government, Picard, Chapter 5 (G)
Wunsch and Olowu, Chapter 12 (L)
Nickson, Chapters 4 and 5 (L)
Montgomery, Chapters 1-2 (L)
Rondinelli and Ruddle, Chapters 2 and 3 (L)
Clayton, Chapters, 2-4 (L)
Picard, "Traditionalism, the Bureaucracy..." (C)
De Soto, Chapters 1-4 (C)
Greene, Chapter 9-11 (C)
Goodwin and Nacht, Chapters 4 and 9 (C)
Picard, Botswana, Chapter 10 (C)
Wunsch and Olowu, Chapter 5 (Africa)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 7 (Africa)
Manning, Chapters 5-8 (Africa)
Picard, Botswana, Chapter 10 (Africa)
Clayton, Chapters 10-11 (Latin America)
Goodwin and Nacht, Chapter 5 (Latin America)
Nickson, Chapters 21-24 (Latin America)
Goodwin and Nacht, Chapter 12 (Eastern Europe)
Holmes, Chapter 7 (Eastern Europe)
Clayton, Chapter 12 (Eastern Europe)
Glenny, Fall, Chapters 1-2 (Eastern Europe)
Pye, Chapters 10 and 17 (Asia)
Pye, Chapter 12 (Asia)
Harris, Chapters 2, 6 and 7 (Asia)
Asmerom and Jain, Chapter 8 (Asia)
Bhatt, vol. 3 (Chapters by Zainun, Leong, Agrawal and
Vorathepputipong) (Asia)
February 21
NGOS, RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT
Picard, State, Chapter 10-12 (G)
Paul and Israel, Chapter 2 (G)
Grindle, Chapters 5-6 (G)
Mawhood, Chapter 6-10 (G)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 6 (G)
Esman and Uphoff, Chapter 4 (L)
Cheema and Rondinelli, Chapter 9 (L)
Picard, State, Chapter 10-12 (L)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 6 (L)
Mahasweta Devi, “Dhowli” in Solomon, Other Voices, Other
Rooms (L)
Berger, Chapters 4-6 (C)
Clark, Chapter 5-7 (C)
Picard, State, Chapter 10-12 (C)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 6 (C)
Clayton, Chapters 14-16 (C)
Project Document
Picard, Eritrean Community Rehabilitation Fund
February 28
INTERNATIONAL DONORS AND CIVIL SOCIETY
Keneally, pp. 1-66 (G)
Esman and Uphoff, Chapter 5 (G)
Berger, Chapters 7-8 and through end (G)
Paul and Israel, Chapters 1 and 4 (G)
Picard, State, Chapter 16 (G)
Clark, Chapters 10-11 (C)
Cernea, "Non-Governmental Organizations and Local
Development (entire) (C)
McCarthy, et al., Chapter 1 (C)
Clayton, Chapter 14
Carrol, Chapter 9
Project Document:
Picard, Operational Analysis...Eritrea
March 14
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL SOCIETY
Picard, State, Chapter 13-15 (G)
Grindle, Chapters 7-7 (G)
Keneally, pp. 67-142 (G)
Paul and Israel, Chapter 3 (G)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 7
Nickson, Chapter 6 (L)
Wunsch and Olowu, Chapters 11-12 (L)
Esman and Uphoff, Chapter 6 (L)
Montgomery, Chapters 4-5 (L)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 7 (L)
Clark, Chapters 8-9 (C)
Naipal, Part One (C)
McCarthy, Chapter 28 (C)
Goodwin and Nacht, Chapters 13 and 14 (C)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 7 (C)
Project Document
Connerley, et. al., Support for Local Government
March 21
INSTITUTION BUILDING
Keneally, pp. 143-209 (G)
Ostrom, Crafting Institutions, Chapter 2(G)
Nickson, Chapter 7 (G)
Montgomery, Chapter 3 (G)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 8 (G)
Clark, Chapter 14 (C)
Naipal, Part Two (C)
Esman and Uphoff, Chapter 7 (C)
Moser and Peake, Chapter 1 and 6 (C)
De Soto, Chapters 5-7 (C)
Picard, Local Government, Chapter 8 (C)
Project Document
Picard, District Administration Training...Botswana
March 28
THE WEAKNESS OF GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS
Esman and Uphoff, Chapter 8 (L)
Paul and Israel, Chapter 5 (L)
Nickson, Chapter 8 (L)
Cheema and Rondinelli, Chapter 8 (L)
Ostrom, Crafting Institutions, Chapter 3 (L)
Clark, Chapters 12-13 (C)
Naipal, Part 3 (C)
Keneally, pp. 210-end (C)
Bryson, Chapter 1 (C)
Salole, "Not Seeing the Wood..." (C)
Project Document
Picard and Endresen, A Study of the Manpower and Training
Needs
April 4
THE STATE, THE LOCAL STATE AND CIVIL SOCIETY
Esman and Uphoff, Chapter 9 and Afterward (G)
Dahl, Chapter 4 (G)
Ostrom, Crafting Institutions, Chapter 4 (G)
Uphoff, Chapters 1 and 8 (G)
Naipaul, Part Four (C)
Ostrom, Commons, Chapters 1-2 (C)
Harbeson, Chapters 4 (C)
Clark, Chapter 9 (C)
Panel Presentations and Papers Due-1
April 11
PROSPECTS FOR GRASSROOTS DEVELOPMENT
Dahl, Chapter 5 (G)
Ostrom, Commons, Chapter 5 (G)
Montgomery, Chapter 6 (G)
Cheema and Rondinelli, Chapter 10 (L)
Ostrom, Crafting Institutions, Chapters 5 (L)
Montgomery, Chapter 6 (L)
De Soto, Chapter 8, Preface and Introduction (C)
Naipaul, Reprise (C)
Clark, Chapters 10, 14 (C)
April 18
THE LOCAL STATE: THEORY AND PRACTICE REVISITED
PANEL Presentations and Papers Due-2
April 25
(To be Scheduled)
Final Oral Examination
Materials Available on Reserve
Africanus, vol. 23, Nos. 1 & 2 (1993) (Picard and Garrity, "Dependency Avoidance,")
Allen, Charles, Plain Tales from the Raj (London: Futura/Rupa, 1975)
Allen, Charles, Tales from the Dark Continent (London: Futura, 1979)
Asmerom, H.K. and R.B. Jain, Politics, Administration and Public Policy in Developing
Countries (Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1993)*
Peter L. Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice (New York: Anchor Books, 1976).
Anil Bhatt, et. al., Building From Below: Local Initiatives for Decentralized Development in
Asia and Pacific (Kuala Lumpur: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung and Asian and Pacific
Development Centre, 1988), vols. 1-3.
F.C. Bruhns, F. Cazzola and J. Wiatr, Local Politics, Development and Participation
(Pittsburgh: University Center for International Studies, 1974)
John M. Bryson, Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations (San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass, 1988).
Thomas F. Carroll, Intermediary NGOs: The Supporting Link in Grassroots Development
(Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian, 1992).
Michael M. Cernea, Non-Governmental Organizations and Local Development
(Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1988).
G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli, Decentralization and Development (Beverly
Hills: Sage, 1983).
John Clark, Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (Hartford:
Kumarian Press, 1991).
Anrew Clayton, NGOs, Civil Society and the State: Building Democracy in Transitional
Societies (London: Intrac, 1996).
Ed Connerley, Carol Lynn Martin and Louis A. Picard, Support for Local Government in
Southern Africa: Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa (Johannesburg: Report
Submitted to the Ford Foundation, August 2, 1998).
Andrew Coulson, ed. Local Government in Eastern Europe (Aldershot, Brookfield: E.
Elgan, 1995).
Robert A. Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1956). Any Paperback Edition.
Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
Hernando De Soto, The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World (New York:
Harper and Row, 1989).
Larry Diamond, et al., Democracy in Developing Countries, vol. 2 Africa (Boulder: Lynne
Rienner, 1988).
Rupert Emerson, From Empire to Nation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960).
Milton Esman and Norman T. Uphoff, Local Organizations: Intermediaries in Rural
Development (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984).
David Gies, J. Steven Ott and Jay M. Shafritz, The Nonprofit Organization (Pacific Grove:
Brooks/Cole, 1990).
Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War (London: Penguin, 1992).
Misha Glenny, The Rebirth of History: Eatern Europe in the Age of Democracy (London:
Penguin, 1993).
Craufurd D. Goodwin and Michael Nacht, Beyond Government: Extending the Public Policy
Debate in Emerging Democracies (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995).
Nadine Gordimer, Six Feet of the Country (London: Penguin, 1983).
Graham Greene, The Lawless Roads (London: Penguin, 1982).
Merilee S. Grindle, Challenging the State: Crisis and Innovation in Latin America and Africa
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Lord Hailey, "Administrative Services," An African Survey- Revised 1956 (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1957), pp.359-379.
Graham Hancock, Lords of Poverty (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989).
John W. Harbeson, Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan, Civil Society and the State in
Africa (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994).
Nigel Harris, The End of the Third Word: Newly Industrializing Countries and the Decline of
an Ideology (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986)
Leslie Holmes, Post-Communism: An Introduction (Durhan: Duke University Press, 1997).
Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New
York: Simon and Schuster, 1996)
Robert Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History (New York: Vintage, 1994)*
Robert Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century (New
York: Random House: 1996).
Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Viking, 1983)
Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines (New York: Ballantine
Books, 1989).
Thomas Keneally, To Asmara (New York: Warner Books, 1989).
Peter F. Klaren and Thomas Bossert, Promises of Development: Theories of Political
Change in Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986).
Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (New York:
The Free Press, 1958 or latest edition).
Patrick Manning, Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1988)
Philip Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World (Chichester: John Wiley, 1983).
Kathleen D. McCarthy, et al., The NonProfit Sector in the Global Community (San
Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1992).
John D. Montgomery, Bureaucrats and People: Grassroots Participation in Third World
Development (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
Caroline Moser and Linda Peake, Women, Human Settlements and Housing (London:
Tavistok Publications, 1987).
Jan Myrdal, Report from a Chinese Village (New York: Vintage, 1965)
V.S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (New York: Knopf, 1981).
Maria Nava, Public Administration in Mexico Today (Mexico City: Foundation for Cultural
Economics, 1993).
Andrew R. Nickson, Local Government in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
Roland Oliver, The Missionary Factor in East Africa (New York: Longmans, 1952).
George Orwell, Burmese Days (New York: Signet, 1963). Any paperback edition.
Elinor Ostrom, Crafting Institutions for Self-Governing Irrigation Systems (San Francisco:
Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1992).
Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Monte Palmer, Dilemmas of Political Development (Itasca, Il.: Peacock, 1988).
Samuel Paul and Arturo Israel, Non-Governmental Organizations and the World Bank:
Cooperation for Development (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, ISBN 0-8213-1924-8.)
Louis A. Picard, District Administration Training in Botswana (Gaborone: Government
Printer, 1983).
Louis A. Picard, Eritrean Community Rehabilitation Fund: Program Support for Capacity
Building (Asmara, World Bank and United Nations Development Programme, April 10,
1995)
Louis A. Picard and Michele Garrity, Let the Punishment Fit the Crime.
Louis A. Picard, The Politics of Development in Botswana: A Model for Success? (Boulder:
Lynne Rienner, 1987).
Louis A. Picard, Politics, The Bureaucracy and the Local State: Prospects for Civil Society
in Southern Africa (Pittsburgh: Typescript, 1995).
Louis A. Picard, Operational Analysis of the Eritrean Financial Management Program
Secretariat and Programming Development Division of the Ministry of Finance and
Development State of Eritrea (Asmara: Government of Eritrea, December 16, 1994).
Louis A. Picard, Regionalisation in Ethiopia: Preparation of a Strategic Action Plan (May
12, 1993).
Louis A. Picard, The States Within the State: Institutional Transformations and Political
Changes in South Africa (Pittsburgh: Typescript, 2000)
Louis A. Picard, A Study of the Manpower and Training Needs of the Unified Local
Government Service, 1982-1992 (Botswana) with Klaus Endresen. (Gaborone:
Government Printer, 1981), vol. 1, 118 pp., vol. 2, pp. 268.
Louis A. Picard, "Traditionalism, the Bureaucracy and Local Administration: Continuity and
Change in Swaziland," Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 13, no. 4 (Winter, 19861987), pp. 116-125.
Jaroslaw Piekalkiewicz, "Communist Local Government: a Study of Poland," (Pittcat call
number JS6132.P53).
Lucian Pye, ed. Communications and Political Development (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1963).
Richard Reeves, "Who Runs Pakistan," from Passage to Peshawar (New York: Simon and
Shunter, 1984).
Charles A. Reilly, New Paths to Democratic Development in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne
Rienner, 1995).
Tamara J. Resler and Roger E. Kanet, "Democratization: The National-Subnational
Linkage," in In Depth, vol. 3, no. 1 (Winter, 1993), pp. 5-22
Dennis A. Rondinelli and Kenneth Ruddle, Urbanization and Rural Development: A Spatial
Policy of Equitable Growth (New York: Praeger, 1978).
Gerry Salole, "Not Seeing the Wood for the Trees: Searching for Indigenous NonGovernment Organizations in the Forest of Voluntary Self Help Associations," Journal of
Social Development in Africa vol. 6, no. 1 (1991).
Barbara H. Solomon, Other Voices, Other Vistas (New York: Mentor, 1992)
Richard Storry, A History of Modern Japan (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968)
Norman Uphoff, Local Institutional Development (Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1986).
James S. Wunsch and Dele Olowu, eds. The Failure of the Centralized State (Boulder:
Westview Press, 1990).
Yansane, Aguibou, Decolonization in West African States With French Colonial Legacy
(Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1984).