1
N
A.
Background of the study
Literature is a full creation of form, emotion and expression which designates imaginative ideas through language as the media (Welleck and Warren:
1993). As we know, literature is one of the most creative and universal means to communicate the emotion, spiritual and intellectual concern of mankind.
Sometimes most of the students feel that literature is the terrible subject and makes them nervous to study it. However, literature will be an interesting thing or not depends on their feeling of sensitivity and their imagination to enjoy the beauty of literature.
Literature has three main branches; they are prose, drama and poetry.
Literary work is result of human being thinking which tells about life deal with feeling, ideas and problem (Welleck and Warren: 1993)
Among those three branches, prose is the easier genre to be analyzed because in every line we can catch the detail information about every important thing appears in prose. A kind of prose is called novel . In defining the term
“novel”, Hawthorn (1985) asserts that novel is fictitious prose narrative or tale or considerable length in which characters and actions representative of the real life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.
In this study the writer chooses novel as the subject of study. Novel is a long narrative work that roots from medieval and early modern romance. It

2 portrays different characters and is presented on a sequential manner. It is a kind of literary works presenting many kinds of view and value and giving some fun and sadness for everyone who reads. By reading novel, the reader may find the psychology of the characters. In addition, the reader may acquire amusement that will lead them to a keen perception of beauty and make them sensitive to artistic work in general.
Novel has many constructing elements. Stanton (1965) argues that there are three prominent elements of novel; facts, theme and language. Facts here mean the fictitious structures appearing in the novel, such as the characters, plots and setting. Stanton adds theme, afterward, which is defined as the central idea of a work of literature that can be broadly applied both to the work itself and to situations outside the work. And the last language is the sequence of words, phrases and sentences that give meanings used by people to express their thoughts and feelings.
In addition, novel is part of literature. Novel also tells the story whether it happens today, later or in the past. By reading a novel, people not only know the information about the events that have happened but they will understand about what the impacts that influence to their idea of reality and history (Peck,
1986:102-103).
Moreover, Anjarwati (2006:2) states that novel may have characters, some of whom may even come in contacts with others. It was very worth depends largely on the ability of the novelist to get the reader to accept what he says. Here,

3 the researcher knows that it will take some understanding of human psychology to create believable characters.
Literature and psychology have a strong bond either from both objects and functions. According to Jatman (1985), literature and psychology have the same object; human, and do the same function as the study of human’s states of psyche.
What differs between them is only in the space. Jatman states that the object in the literary works is human, behavior, and mentality appear in the text as the imaginative world. But, for psychology, the object is human, behavior and mentality in the real world. In literature, psychology looks at the themes, conflicts, and characterizations of a work primarily as a reflection of the needs, emotions, states of mind and subconscious desires (Stanford: 2002).
In psychological theory, Freud (1886-1939) was the first psychoanalyst and a true pioneer in the recognition of the importance of unconscious mental activity. His theories on the inner workings of the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the century, are now widely accepted by most schools of psychological thought. In 1896, Freud coined the term “psychoanalysis” and for the next forty years of his life, he worked on thoroughly developing its main principles, objectives, techniques, and methodology ( Suroso: 2009:
41).Personality psychology studies enduring patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.
Personality is based on the dynamic interactions of the ego, superego, and id. Trait theorists, in contrast, attempt to analyze personality in terms of a

4 discrete number of key traits by the statistical method of factor analysis. The number of proposed traits has varied widely (Suroso, 2009 : 54).
In addition, the researcher takes several previous studies that have relevance point as a comparative study in order to get some important matters to help this study. Those are many students that analyzed personality’s main character from the novel and also using psychological approach. Such as research was conducted by Baratun Mubaroh with the title “The Monomania of The Main
Character, Dr. William Chester Minor, in Simon Winchester’s The Professor and
The Madman .
In this study, the writer chooses a novel entitled “Officially Dead” written by Richard Prescott. Then, this novel is very interesting to be analyzed as object of study based on some consideration. First, this novel reveals the simply family problem that usually occurs in family’s life. Second, Prescott creates a complicated character that make story more interesting.
It is the way how Colin Fenton tries to keep his business eventually he has less money. Collin has identical features with John. Colin is asked by Bentley’s wife to give alibi, and John is asked to rob he jewelry shop. Because of that, both of them have a dilemma in their life. It makes the reader curious what will happen in the next.
The researcher would like to analyze this novel by using psychological approach by focusing attention to the character in story, so we can get analyze internal conflict that maybe appears in the story. Without conflict, a novel will lose its sense.

5
Moreover the writer uses an approach with single basic theory
“Freudianism” is to make easy to interpret the text that illustrate the character’s personality based on basic principle of Freud’s psychoanalytic. It caused the
Freudianism become a comprehensive theory than others. Theory of Freud has large implication based on how to operate it. Moreover, psychology of Freud using fantasy, dream and myth, all of them are main problem of literature. The researcher focusing of internal conflict (dilemma) may be appears in the story.
As I know that emphasize and motivation of conscious or unconscious which can influence every human that is reflected by their action, behavior and thought.
B.
Problem of the study
Related to the phenomena above, the researcher formulated a question into: how do Colin Fenton’s and John Bentley’s id, ego and superego function in their psychological dilemma in Richard Prescott Officially Dead based on the basic principle of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
C.
Objective of the study
In relation to previous problem of the study, the objective of this study is aimed describing Colin Fenton’s and John Bentley’s id, ego and superego function in their psychological dilemma in Richard Prescott Officially Dead based on the basic principle of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
D.
Scope and Limitation
Actually there are many aspects of novel that can be analyzed in the aspects of the novel in the case of extrinsic study such as sociological, feminism and etc. but this study of Officially Dead novel Richard Prescott by relating to

6 the aspects of psychological the major characters ( Colin Fenton and John
Bentley) on novel by using the basic principle of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory ( the id, ego, and superego) and the researcher limits the study to two major characters of Colin Fenton and John Bentley as the major character of this novel.
E.
Significance of the study
This study is supposed to enrich the theoretical bases of literary studies, particularly in analyzing psychology circumstances using psychoanalysis and practically to give contribution for the next writer to understand and improve other aspects of psychoanalysis. In addition, the researcher hopes the findings and analysis of this research can give valuable inputs for the following:
1.
English student. It is expected that this research would be useful to improve knowledge about literary matters;
2.
English lectures; it is hoped that the result at this study would be useful for them, especially who concern in literary study to give additional empirical data
3.
further researcher; it is expected that this research can gives significant contribution for the ones who are interested on the extrinsic of literary study or other researchers who are interested in conducting similar studies. This research can become a foundation to the next researchers to indicate areas of the extrinsic study that have not been investigated yet.
F.
The Previous Studies
The literary research of Richard Prescott’s
Officially Dead was not the first. Binti Ma’rifatul Husna ever investigated this novel. She was the graduate

7 student of the Faculty of Education, the State College for Islamic Studies in
Tulungagung 2011. Although I analyze the same novel, but I have different perspective of analysis. In Binti’s research, she focused on conflict of main character and I focused on Psychology of main characters.
G.
Definition of Key Terms
1) Psychology: the study of the mind and human and animal behavior.
(Taniputera:2005)
2) Psychoanalysis: is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician
Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior. (Stanford,2002)
3) Character: someone who acts, appears, or is referred to as playing a part in a literary work. (Gordon: 1975)
4) Main character: the general character whose play and he or she has central roles as in a story. (Robert :2002)
5) Psychological Dilemma: psychological sense of person that in the difficult position to make decision. (Herawati: 2009)
6) Freudianism: a person who follows or believes in the basic ideas of
Sigmund Freud. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/freudian)

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Biography
Richard Prescott is an author with an unhealthy obsession with the horrific, the disturbing, the fantastical, the grotesque, and the cracks in the wall.
From his pen drips tales of fantastical terror populated with intriguing characters that usually exist upon the fringe of society. A young author from England,
Richard Prescott currently lives in a little town comprised of pubs and much greenery. You can usually find him running from the town-folk as they chase him with pitchforks and lit torches. Richard enjoys nothing more than disturbing his friends and family with nasty stories, having heated arguments with his reflection, manically laughing at absolutely nothing, replacing horror movie soundtracks with the benny hill music, watching footage of “real” exorcisms while eating popcorn, slaying goblins, dressing as a Greek God and riding around town upon the back of a unicorn, and performing black magic by chanting the lyrics to ’Barbie Girl’ as he dances nude around a cauldron in the local supermarket car park.
Richard Prescott is a very good author. He made clear points when he wanted to and also gave the story a bit of suspense when it was needed. The only thing I would change is the end of the book. The author’s style is also excellent because he made each paragraph more and more interesting.

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B.
Synopsis of Officially Dead
The story begins when Collin Fenton met with Bentleys in Pub. Collin and
John have the same looking, both of them like a twin brother. Collin has a company. He held his company with his wife “Julie Fenton”. His company’s name is CJF Company. At that time, that company actually in debt, he needed
10.000 pound in cash to safe his company.
Linda and John is a jewelry shopkeeper. Linda Bentley was happy with the meeting. She has an idea to get the much money with this condition. Linda proposed Collin to give alibi for John. She has an idea to rob the jewelry shop.
Collin has a dilemma because he doesn’t want become a prisoner but he must get much money as soon as possible to safe his company.
When Collin accept Linda’s plan, John deny with Linda’s plan. John wants to become a good man. He wants looking for the money with the right way.
Moreover, Linda pushes John to rob the jewelry. At that time, John also has dilemma. Finally, John wants to do Linda’s plan.
When they want to do the plan, Collin got the accident. At that time Collin used the John’s identity. John and Collin change their document to make John alibi. That accident make Collin die.
This accident makes Bentleys curious. John wants to cancel that plan, but
Linda asks him to continue the plan. Every day, many people visit Bentley’s home

10 to say sorry. This condition make John be worry and he must stay at his room every time.
Mark who passed at that street wants to help Collin. Before Collin had died, he wants to say sorry with his wife “Julie”. Then, Mark goes to Bentley’s home and tells about that accident to Julie, but he so surprised that there was another man in the house, a man who has some figure with dead man he met. And he can not stop thinking why the man calls her Linda not Julie.
Collin cannot make an alibi for John, but his dead make the situation better than before. John Bentley can do the robbery without anyone suspect him. How could a dead body do the robbery, it sounds impossible. So, Linda still on her plan to rob the jewelry shop. Before the robbery, Linda was made a permission to leave the shop. The robbery was done in the night, and it run well with the plan. John can do the robbery easily because he had known about the security in the shop.
Julie Fenton who doesn’t know the news started to worry to her husband.
She couldn’t make contact with her husband, she phone the police to report it. At the same time the contract that would be signed was lost. She surprise knowing that her company was in debt. She never knows about it, Collin didn’t tell her anything.
In the next day, he surprise seeing an ad in the newspaper, there is a photo of a man whose face he immediately recognized. Mark decides to phone Julie, wants to see her and told about the accident happen. Then they meet and Mark

11 tells her once more about accident. They decide to meet Linda and ask her the truth, but Linda was ready to leave. The Bentleys then run away to Spain.
In the end, the police officer visits the Julie’s house and gives statements about the attack. Linda and John Bentley were caught after seven years .
In order to conduct the research systematically, the researcher presents a brief explanation about novel and its elements as the object of the research, psychoanalysis framework as the tool for analyzing.
C.
Novel
As the researcher has known a predominantly fictional literary form, novel is often read for entertainment, although many can also be informative. Novel in written form, becomes an important part of literacy and reading education.
Modern novels cover a diverse range of genres, each of which exemplifies a particular subject matter: popular genres include romances, science fiction, fantasy, crime and horror.
In fact, novels tend to tell the same few stories. Novelist frequently focuses on the tensions between individuals and the society in which they live, presenting characters that are odd with that society. The readers will have made considerable progress in understanding the particular novel we are reading if we can see how it sets certain individuals against society or their family. The basic pattern is every one’s life –all of us have individual impulses and desires, but all of us have to face up to the fact that we are members of family and society.

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1.
Character
Characters, the “actors” in a story, are another element of fiction vital to the enjoyment of a story. How characters are depicted and how they develop in the course of the story are important to the reader. As readers, we often come to care about fictional characters, sometimes identifying with them, sometimes judging them. Two aspects to consider in studying a character are characterization and character development.
Characterization is the means by which writers present and reveal character. The method of characterization is narrative description with explicit judgment. The most obvious way an author do this is to describe the character’s physical appearance and personality. Portraying the character’s emotional and moral traits or revealing her/his relationship with other characters are more subtle and effective technique.
Character development refers to the changes, good or bad, the character undergoes during the course events in the story. If a character experiences significant, life-altering events, we, as readers, expect that the character will somehow be different as a result of those events. Tomlinson (2002: 25),
Character may well seem to be one of the least problematic term which has to deal in studying the novel. In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, character is a person appears in novel, play, and other genres of literary work. A novelist may use a character for many purposes, quite other than a characterization.

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Furthermore, character in fiction can be conveniently classified as major and minor
. A major character is an important figure at the center of the story’s action or theme. The major character is sometimes called a protagonist whose conflict with an antagonist may spark the story’s conflict. The protagonist is generally the roundest, most fully developed character in a work of fiction. The protagonist may also be the most sympathetic character. It means that the author has created a protagonist who arouses the readers concern and sympathy.
Characters other than major characters are classified as minor characters .
Robert (2002:55) stated that the minor character whose function is partly to illuminate and support the major character. The kind of minor character, often known as a foil, typically contrast physically and/or in personality with the main character. The contrast itself serves to emphasize the protagonist’s characteristic.
2.
Conflict
Conflict is divided into three types; the internal or psychological conflict, the external conflict, and the physical or social conflict. The internal or psychological conflict is the struggle within an individual or single character in the story. The external conflict is the struggle in which a character will forward against another character. The physical or social conflict is the struggle of a certain character against the setting, the nature, or the society.
D.
Literature and Psychology

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Literature is traditionally described as the body of writing that exist because of inherent imaginative and artistic qualities (Lukens, 2005:3). In the most general terms, then, literature is reading that, by means of imaginative and artistic qualities, provides pleasure and understanding.
The term literature is literally derived from the Latin literra, meaning an individual character (letter). The England word literature, Germany literature, and
French literature are kinds of language used in the form of writing. The terms have generally come to identify a collection of text or works of art, which is western culture, are mainly prose, drama, poetry, and non-fiction. The text itself can be oral, and it includes some genres such as epic, legend, myth, ballad, and other forms of oral poetry (Peck and Coyle, 1984: 2).
The term literature has various meaning. Literature is human beings’ expression of their thought, felling, idea, experience, spirit, and belief in the form of a congruity illustration which use language as its instrument. Then, literature is simply another way people can experience the world around them through their imagination. It means that literature will contribute a lot of information about events happening in other places or countries although the readers probably never undergo there. In short, literature can be applied broadly to mean any symbolic record, encompassing everything of images and sculptures to letter.
Moreover, to cover and understand literature Endaswara (2003 :10) said, “ literary criticism in that way becomes an important point of view that will reveal to the whole content and purpose of the work of literature. “literary criticism

15 explain what a work of literature means. It has important role for human life and the development of literature itself. It means that literary criticism is important in developing knowledge and understanding the values outside literary itself such religion, philosophy, moral, and so on. The purpose in analyzing a literary work is to understand what it tries to communicate. Furthermore, analysis help us through reading and through reflection, understand the way ideas and feelings are talked in the work.
The relationship between literature and psychology is showed by term of psychology of literature. What means by “psychology of literature” is psychological studies that are applied in literary work. One of them is the study of psychological types and laws present within work of literature. Rene Wellek and Warren (1956 : 81) states that psychological of literature, we may mean psychological study of the writer, as type and as individual, or the study of the creative process, or the study of the psychological types and laws present within work of literature, or finally, the effect of literature upon its readers (audience psychology).
The term “psychology” is divided from two Greek words: psyche, which mean soul, and logos, which mean study of. If the soul is interpreted as self, then psychology connotes the study of the self. The self is a dynamic (active) organism or living being that constantly affect and is being affected by other selves.
Taniputra (2005 : 17)

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Therefore, the term, psychology can be defined better as the scientific study of human behavior and human relations. It is also in accordance with what Davis and Paladino say about psychology in Siswantoro’s book that psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Siswantoro, 2005:26).
Psychology is an academic and applied discipline which involves the scientific study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors Reuben Osborn (2005).
Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund
Freud and continued by others. It is primarily devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior, although it also can be applied to societies.
Psychological knowledge is applied to various spheres of human activity including the family, education, employment, and to the treatment of mental health problems. Psychology includes many sub-fields that span areas as diverse as human development, sport, health, industry, media and law. Psychology incorporates research from the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities
(Sobur, 2003 :17-18).
Learning psychology means an effect to learn the understanding of individually and its aspect to understand another person who has a unique and specific attitude, which differentiate him or her from other. Since a long time, literature and psychology have close relationship and cannot be separated, because psychology is a part of literature, support and influence each other.

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Generally, aspect of humanity is the main object in psychological literature.
Psychological study, here, is the method of observation which placed the literature as a dynamic problem (Ratna 2009: 343-344).
Psychological study on literature may take the form of the psychological study on the writer as an individual, psychological study of the creative process, psychological study of the work, or psychological study of the reader (Wellek and
Warren, 1993 : 90). In studying psychological literary, the researcher will try to depict psychoanalysis of personality that is viewed including three psychical elements, they are: id, ego, and superego.
1.
Id
In psychoanalytic theory of personality, Freud assert that the id is the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires. Freud gives explanation about the id as below:
It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality, what little we know of it we have learnt from our study of the dream-work and of the construction of neurotic symptoms, and most of this is of negative character and can be described only as a contrast to the ego. We all approach the id with analogies: we call it a chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations. It is filled with energy reaching it from the instinct, but it has no organization, produce no collective will, but only a striving to bring about the satisfaction of the instinctual needs subject to the

18 observance of the pleasure principle. (Freud, New Introductory in Psychoanalysis ,
1993).
Freud names the “cauldron of seething excitement” the Id, a primitive evil character brewing an overflowing potion of insatiable desire. The Id is addicted
“pleasure”, sexual, sensual, selfish, libidinal erotic pleasure. As Freud wrote, “
The
Id knows no values, no good and evil, no morality, no time.
“ The Id is our animal nature, something finding pleasure in releasing pure animal aggression, rage and destruction (Freud, 1979:25).
The Id is selfish, aggressive and pleasure-seeking; is irrational, emotional and jealous; is aggressive, destructive and violent. In the Id lie the polarities of love and hate, life instinct ( eros ) and death instinct ( Thanatos ), contrastive energy
( libido ), and destructive energy ( mortido ). Often they consort. We may, for example, enjoying the pleasures of smoking or drinking while unconsciously indulging in self-destructive behavior. We may get a “thrill” and surge of life energy by risking death as we skydive, race our car or climb mountain. The thrill of such sensation-seeking activities may be the brush and death.
The Id is the only part of the personality present at birth. All energy comes from the Id. Instinct reside in the Id. When activated by needs such as hunger, the
Id demands and insists that its needs be met. Energy is increased as pain increases and pleasure results when the high energy tension is reduced through need satisfaction and the organism returns to a balanced energy state homeostasis. A satisfaction result in an organism tension-discharge and the release of tension is

19 experienced as pleasure. The goal of the id is to reduce tension, minimize discomfort, and to increase pleasure by gratifying inner desires, wishes and impulses. The energy of the id, the libido, is the motivating force he powers all your thought, feelings and behaviors. Repressing these drives leads to painful tension and anxiety. The id seeks to fulfill your deepest needs, feelings and desires and goes in relentless pursuit of pleasure.
The id is largely unconscious and unorganized. Logical laws of thought do not apply to the id. It does not think only wishes or acts in a very immature way.
The id is the spoiled brat of the personality, selfishly demanding its own need satisfaction. The id is blind, demanding, insistent and amoral. The source of all psychic energy, the id is the “blind king” of the personality who has absolute power and authority. A person is all Id at birth and all energy for life comes from the id even in the adult.
Freud connected the id with instinct which has the characteristic of animal or primitive that becoming not formed motivation yet or not influenced by culture.
In this case, included of motivation for live and sustain life (life instinct) or eros or motivation for die (death instinct) or thanatos . The id took act based on the pleasure principle.
The Id is the lowest physical layer. In the id is being found natural instinct
(sexual and aggressive) and repressed desires . The id becomes the basic composition in forming live of the physic more continuously and mot influenced

20 by control of ego side reality principle. In the id isn’t known order of time, and the pleasure being the almighty.
The id has content of things are brought from born (biological elements) included the instinct. The id is the reservoir of psychical energy that moving the ego and superego. The psychical energy in the id can be increasing because there is stimulus even from internal or external of individual (Muhari, 2004: 7).
Layer of unconscious or id always want to satisfaction. The satisfaction of human is the basic instinct as pleasures. This layer has the biggest influence to the human life if compared than the ego and superego. The id is the part of hidden personality and can’t be entered. Just as small part is known. An only function of the id is to try sooner the channeled of energy’s collections or stresses those channeled by stimulations into the body, even from inside or outside. The principle is a effort to prevent the suffering and doing pleasure. The id doesn’t think, only to imagine o took action (Hall, 1978).
2.
Ego
According to Freud, the ego is part of personality that mediates the demands of the id, the superego and reality. The ego prevent us from acting on our basic urges which created by the id, and also works to achieve a balance with our moral and idealistic standards which created by the superego. It directs individuals to the realistic world, thenceforth; it works based on the reality principle. The reality principle weighs the cost and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon an impulse. Conscious awareness resides in the

21 ego, although not all operations of the ego are in conscious. In other words, it also operates in the unconscious as the attempt for tying id’s wildness.
“The ego is that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world. The ego represents what may be called reason in common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions. In it relations to the id it is like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse; with this difference, that the rider tries to do with his own strength, while the ego uses borrowed forces”. (Freud, 1923)
The ego is psychological aspect then personality, and it emerges because the need of organism for related well with the reality world. People are hungry of course need to eat or losing stresses in theirs. It means that the individual must have different between the fantasy and the reality about food; here is the position of basic different between the id and the ego. The id just to know the subjective world (the inner world), on the other side the ego can difference something are being in the internal and external (the objective world, the reality world). Be different with the ego, in the function of the ego is based on the reality principle and related with secondary process. The purpose of the reality principle is to seek the right object agree with the reality to reduce the stress is being in self of individual. This secondary process is the process of realistic thought and by using the secondary process, the ego formulates a plan for satiation of need and examine it by an action for knowing does its plan success or not (Suryabrata, 2003 : 126)

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The ego is the “mediator” between inner demand and external reality. The goal of the ego is to make decisions as to what to do that will maximize the pleasure of the id while avoiding punishment and guilt of the superego. The ego respond to the “ reality principle” and decides what will you do. The ego use conscious rational thought and formulates plans of action to satisfy needs. The ego construct a rational plan to obtain pleasure consistent with moral codes, leading to feelings of pride and self-love while avoiding feelings of guilt and inferiority.
The reality principle is operated through the secondary process. It means that the ego will discharge the tension between the ego itself and the id that it caused by unmet urges or needs. The secondary process functions through the ego’s action of looking for an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id’s primary process.
The ego has no small task for the will of the id strong and insistent and superego presses the ego with a strong moral imperative. Often the superego gives mixed message due to melting pot of moral codes that compose the superego.
Often what our parents say conflicts with peer or culture values. Sources of socialization such as television, teachers, book and friend may clash with opposing moral prescription for behavior.
When we cannot decide what to do, we are in a state of anxiety. Freud called the anxiety that arises between the impulses of the id pressing for satisfaction while the ego is unable to come up with a solution that satisfies the

23 need of the superego to be “good” as “neurotic Anxiety.” Our desires and our moral thoughts collide, creating great tension and frustration in the psyche.
The ego’s job is to act in accordance with reality. When there seems to be no obvious resolution for the conflict between the id and superego, the ego denies or distort reality so that it can act and reduce tension and anxiety. This process is unconscious. The tools we use to deny and distort reality and to defend our ego against anxiety are called “Ego Defense Mechanism.”
Many kind of defense for the ego confronting the id’s demand and he superego restriction is described as the following table:
2.1 Ego Defense Mechanism Table
Defense
Denial
Displacement
Description Example
Arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn’t exist.
Denying that your physician’s diagnosis of cancer is correct and seeking a second opinion.
Taking out impulses on a less threatening target.
Slamming a door instead of hitting as person, yelling at your spouse after an argument with your

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Intellectualization
Projection boss.
Avoiding unacceptable Focusing on the details emotions by focusing of a funeral as opposed on the intellectual aspect. to the sadness and grief.
Placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else.
When losing an argument, you state you are just stupid; homophobia.
Rationalization
Supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason
Stating that you were fired because you didn’t kissed up the boss, when the real reason was your poor performance.
Reaction-formation
Taking the opposite belief because the true
Having a bias against a particular race or culture and then belief causes anxiety. embracing that race or culture to the extreme
Regression
Returning to a previous stage of
Sitting in a corner and crying after hearing bad news, throwing a

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Repression
Sublimation
Suppression development
Pushing into the unconscious temper tantrum when you don’t get your way.
Pulling into the unconscious
Forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety.
Acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way.
Sublimating your aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer; becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut; lifting weight to release pent up energy.
Trying to forget something that causes you anxiety
Freud (1923) stated the ego is the part of personality that helps us deal with reality by mediating between the demands of the id, superego, and the environment. The ego prevents us from acting on every urge we have (produced by the id) and being so morally driven that we cannot function properly. The ego

26 works according to the reality principle that helps us direct our unacceptable sexual and aggressive urges to more acceptable targets. For example, when you walk down the street and see an extremely attractive person, the ego working on the reality principle, helps us realize that it isn’t socially acceptable to cross the street, grab the person, and have sex with them. Instead the ego tells us that there will be other, more appropriate people, places, and times to fulfill these needs.
3.
Superego
Freud explores that the superego is the judicial branch of personality. It operates according to the “morality principle”. This moral arm of the personality tells us what is right and wrong, good and bad. The superego is the joy-stopper, the brake to control the wild impulses of the id.
The superego is emerged by two influential sources, the conscience and the ego-ideal. Both the conscience and the ego ideal standards are approved of by parental and other authority figures such as teacher and leader. The conscience is the part of the superego that includes ideologies, doctrines, norms, and information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments, or feelings of guilt and remorse. All ideologies, doctrines, norms, and information form the individual’s ego-ideals as a righteous and devout man. It leads to feelings of pride, value, and accomplishment.
The superego threats the Id as a small child who needs discipline. Indeed the superego was created from and consists of strict parental demands for

27 behavior. The superego interrogates and asks questions as to whether we are being good and doing what is right.
Each individual in the world has the ability to put all ideologies, doctrines, norms, and information into his or her psychological development. It is called introjections. Introjections let individual captures about the precious traits among the society. It is the traditional way for individual to process both the conscience and the ego-ideal become his or her moral justice in society.
The superego has an inner life of its own and if the superego becomes too strong, it can rule over the personality. The personality, dominated by the rigid, moralistic superego, may become repressed, neurotic and depressed. The superego can demand repression of all wishes and desires to avoid punishment and guilt.
Repressing id desires and energy can lead to a feeling-less, robot like existence.
We need the superego to control our animalistic, selfish drives. A psychopath is raw id, seeking selfish pleasure, uncontrolled by conscience and guilt. The superego is learned. Antisocial personalities have simply not learned a sense of morality and literally may not have a conscience. We need our superego to rein our lustful, selfish id.
Superego is the sociological aspect of personality. It is the representation of traditional values and society ideas as how interpreted by parents to their children who be learned by many kinds of the command and the prohibition. The superego is more as the perfection of pleasure. Therefore, the superego also can be considered as the moral aspect, which is for determining what something is

28 right or wrong, proper or not, moral or immoral. Thus, the personality can be act agree with the moral of society.
Establishment of the superego persisted in the internalization process of the moral where guides exist in the external self the individual to the moral where guides exist in the internal self of individual. Then it is described that this internalization process besides persisted by the way of individual identification.
But by using other way too, that is by displacement (to change the object) sublimation, and defense mechanism of the ego. These ways are done by individual in effort to compromise about impulses from the id with demand of the superego. By playing the role of the ego as executive of personality, the individual creates the balance in personality.
E.
The Structure of Human Mind
Freud’s primary interest was in understanding how influential the mind may be in shaping our personalities and behaviors. His fundamental belief was that the mind was the most powerful influence on an individual’s actions. Although this could not be studied in an objective and scientific way, he propounds the concept that our mind has three components. They are the conscious, preconscious and unconscious.
1.
Conscious
Conscious, many have argued, is what separates human from other animals. Conscious refers to our awareness of own mental processes, such as our

29 thought, feelings, and sensations. It is possible that we are the only beings on this planet that have this type of self-awareness or level of consciousness and the ability to introspect, or look inward and examine these processes.
It is the part of the mind responsible for dealing with our everyday actions at any given moment of the present. It is what you aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, feeling what we have. Conscious is a quality of mental life of the ego. For example, if you are angry, you can try to understand your anger, why you are angry?
2.
Preconscious
According to Freud, preconscious is the area that lies between conscious awareness and the unconscious. In the preconscious, they aren’t at the conscious level nor are they are buried in the unconscious but they are in between and can be retrieved or called into consciousness. This is an area where thought stay temporary, not permanently.
Preconscious is that which upon reflection could become conscious voluntarily. For instance, remembering your boyfriend’s name when you where not thinking about him. The ego’s inner layer, that which is unconscious repressed and therefore it held out of awareness.
3.
Unconscious
We may define the unconscious, as a pool of unwanted or unacceptable ideas, whish or desires, memories, and emotions. These unwanted things are

30 pushed down into the unconscious so that we do not have to deal with them and so they do not interfere or cause problems in our daily lives. However, they can be traumatic if they surface and enter either the preconscious or the subconscious.
Unconscious is the part of mind that storing all of our experiences, especially those f traumatic or unpleasant nature. It is the largest part of mind structure. It includes all things that are not easily available to awareness, including many things that have their origins there such as our drivers or instinct and things that are put there because we can’t bear to look at them, such as the memories and emotions associated with trauma.

31
Method is a way to get the objective of the research, and how the researcher arranges his steps of work. In brief, method is not only the way to work in good order but also the way to give clarification of what the writer has done. Therefore, using the appropriate method in conducting a research is very important, so that in this chapter covers research design, data sources, data collection, and the last is data analysis.
A.
Research Design
Research design is the most important thing in conducting the research.
Here, the researcher performed the research as a literary criticism research. It is the planning of how the researcher gathers the data collected into a certain appropriate literary theory (Stanford: 2002)
The problem of the study has been formulated clearly to specify the type of important formulation needed. The research design, here, means the arrangement of condition for collecting and analyzing data which are taken from the “ Officially Dead ” novel written by Richard Prescott. In this thesis, the approach to be used in the process of analyzing the novel is Psychoanalysis. The approach relates to the extrinsic element of literary work with the fictional aspect made by the author in the story. Here, the researcher criticizes the novel by describing the function of id, ego, and superego of the main characters reflected on the novel.

32
B.
Data Sources
The researcher got the data from the novel “Officially Dead” by Richard
Prescott published in 2003 published by Dian Rakyat Jakarta. It contained 112 pages in 15 chapters. To support the main data of this study the researcher needs much information from textbooks and other sources, such as internet, encyclopedias, and some relevant written materials which mainly discuss the extrinsic element of literature, specially, about psychology study
C.
Research Instrument
Qualitative research is the primary instrument in collecting and analyzing the data. It is therefore, the main instrument in succeeding this research is human being that is researcher herself. She is the one determines research planning and the collection of data resources. She is also the one investigates and analyzes the data. Creswell (1994:145)
D.
Data Collection
The data in this research are taken from the novel of “Officially Dead”.
Since the data are in the form of words, phrases, sentences paragraph within the novel, detailed reading, careful reading, and deep understanding are the most appropriate data collection techniques in this study. The researcher collects the data by reading the novel in details several times.
E.
Data Analysis
The researcher conducted many ways in analyzing Richard Prescott’s
Officially Dead. At the beginning, the researcher read the novel carefully determined many elements of the novel and classified them based on the topic.

33
The researcher began to analyze the novel by tried to find the ideas and spirit aspect of psychology by the reading novel carefully. Then she marked the statements or paragraphs, which is claimed containing them and kept looking the connection among the dominant problem in the novel.
The researcher then tries to analyze them by using the psychoanalysis.
This theory claims that we can understand the text of literature by interpreting, understanding, and evaluating the work of literature. After she succeeds analyzing the data by using above theory, she puts them into the result and discussion in which we can find the finding of the analysis. Then, after all are in good order, she makes the conclusions and suggestions based on the all previous chapter.
Moreover, the steps of analysis are the process of working with the data, organizing the data, breaking the data into manageable units, searching for patterns, and deciding what is going to tell to others. The process of data analysis as follows:
1.
Organizing the data from the novel into three categories reflected in the objectives of the study.
2.
Exploring and describing the data finding with the psychoanalysis.
3.
Drawing and describing the conclusion.

34
Before I going on the psychology, the writer will present the character first. It is necessary to be known, because the character has main part in a literary work. Character is the fictional people, animals or things which are take part of the action of literary work. There are main and minor characters. Main character is the prominent actor who acts, appears, or is referred to as playing a part in a literary work, he or she has great role in developing the story, often appear in the story. Main character has many relations with other characters and needed many times of story, it involved on the theme and meaning. Sometimes called the protagonist. Character other than main character is classified as minor character.
Based on the explanation above, the writer analysis two main characters in the novel, they are:
1.
Collin Fenton: a businessman, developer and owner of C.J.F software solution.
2.
John Bentley: an ex-prisoner, works at a jewelry shop.
A.
Id
The id is the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires. The Id is our animal nature, something finding pleasure in releasing pure animal aggression, rage and destruction (Freud, 1979:25).

35
1.
Collin’s Id
The letter could be embarrassing for him, Colin thought. He didn’t want
Julie to see it. ( Officially Dead :17)
It was almost six o’clock already, and he had agreed to meet his friends at the pub at six-thirty. He would have to go to the pub, eat his meal at their home as quickly as he could, and leave early. ( Officially Dead: 20 )
It was late when they finished they finished their meal. Then they sat in armchairs, drinking coffee. After the second cup, Linda leant back in her chair and said calmly, ‘Collin, do you want to earn £10,000 for one evening’s easy work?’
She got up and come to sit on the floor next to his chair. She smiled at him and touched his hand. ‘I’m talking about £10,000 in cash. It’s your, if you want it.’ ’(
Officially Dead: 22-24 ).
Colin sat up straight and removed Linda’s hand from his own hand.
‘What’s going on? ‘He said nervously.’ What do you want from me?’(
Officially Dead: 22-24 ).
2.
John’s Id
‘John, do you remember our fried Colin?’ she said.
‘Who?’ John said, not looking up.
‘You know, the guy who looks just like you,’ Linda said.
‘What about him?’ John turned the page of the newspaper and folded it.
‘He’s agreed to give you an alibi.’ (Officially Dead: 28)
John didn’t answer.
B.
Ego
The ego is that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world. The ego represents what may be called reason in common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions. The ego use conscious rational thought and formulates plans of action to satisfy needs. (Freud: 1923)
1.
Collin’s ego
‘My husband is going to need an alibi,’ she said. ‘You can provide one for him. It’s as simple as that.
‘What do you mean?’

36
‘You and John are identical. All you have to do is pretend to be John for night.
‘While John does a robbery, am I right? (Officially Dead: 25).
‘I have to know what risk’ I’ll be taking. I don’t want anybody to get hurt.
And I don’t want to spend years of my life in prison.’ (Officially Dead:
25).
2.
John’s ego
“I don’t need an alibi!” John shouted. ‘No alibi! Forget it! I told you before I’m not going to rob the shop. I’m going straight now.’ (Officially
Dead: 28)
C.
Superego
Superego is the sociological aspect of personality. The superego also can be considered as the moral aspect, which is for determining what something is right or wrong, proper or not, moral or immoral. Establishment of the superego persisted in the internalization process of the moral where guides exist in the external self the individual to the moral where guides exist in the internal self of individual.
1.
Collin’s superego
A few weeks later, Linda Bentley got the phone call she had been expecting. She was hurrying back to the jewelry shop after her lunchbreak. It was nearly Christmas and the London streets were crowded with shoppers. Linda’s mobile phone rang inside her bag. She opened her bag and lifted the phone to her ear. She heard Collin say, ‘All right, I’ll do it.’
2.
John’s superego
John realized that he had no choice but to agree to his wife’s plan for the robbery. And after that, they would both have to leave the country as soon as possible. (Officially Dead: 56)

37
It has been noted previously that this study is aimed at finding out the answer how is the id, ego, and superego on major characters’ of novel Officially
Dead by Richard Prescott. Here, the researcher tries to describe detail the personality of the main characters, Colin Fenton and John Bentley. Because of the plot and the way of telling the story straight from the beginning to the end, the researcher serves the data by follows the story page by page.
Moreover, in analyzing the id, ego and superego of the character’s personality, the researcher just take two main characters in the novel. It is caused both of them take most act in the novel and being an interested topic in as long as the story. Based on those, this chapter is divided into three main part; they are the id of Colin Fenton and John Bentley, the ego of Colin Fenton and John Bentley and the last the superego of Colin Fenton and John Bentley.
A.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Approach on Novel “Officially Dead”
Psychologically, the characters in novel “Officially Dead” are always haunted by anxiety, psychological conflict, powerless to face reality in external of their self (environment). Moreover, in data analysis, the writer focuses on certain characters who are dominating the plot of the story on novel Officially Dead.
Beside that, they fulfill rules and regulations to be analyzed from Freudian psychoanalytic theory because having tragic and dramatic psychological process.

38
Freud assert that the id is the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.
The ego is that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world. The ego represents what may be called reason in common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions. The ego use conscious rational thought and formulates plans of action to satisfy needs. (Freud: 1923)
Superego is the sociological aspect of personality. The superego also can be considered as the moral aspect, which is for determining what something is right or wrong, proper or not, moral or immoral. Establishment of the superego persisted in the internalization process of the moral where guides exist in the external self the individual to the moral where guides exist in the internal self of individual.
B.
Collin Fenton’s Id, Ego, and Superego in “Officially Dead”
Collin Fenton is illustrated as a businessman who has a company which was hold with his wife Julie Fenton.
Their company’s name is C.J.F. Software
Solution , which developed computer programs and sold them to a number of large businesses. Nevertheless, this time the company has problem in financial. So, he must arrange a loan at a bank to survive his company.
In the beginning of the story, Prescott describe that Collin Fenton had financial problem in his company. He must try to make his business survive. In

39 this story Collin had has an almost identical features, with someone who had met in a pub “
John Bentley
”. They like twin brother. John had a wife, name’s Linda
Bentley. The writer explores the story in the form of how Collin takes an action over to survive his company and he didn’t want his wife know about this problem.
In addition, the human instinct of Collin comes up in the form of what he should be done and how he must do to survive his company without being known by his wife. The writer describes as follows:
Colin sat down and pushed a folder of financial documents across the desk. Booker slowly raised his head, opened the folder and glanced briefly through the documents.
‘You’re going to lose money for the second year running’, Mr. Fenton,’ he said. ‘You’ve got to do something about this quickly or you’ll go out of business.’
‘I know the situation isn’t good at the moment,’ Colin replied. ‘We’re short of cash. But the situation’s only temporary. (
Officially Dead:14 )
The writer describes above how the strongest unconscious drive (the id) of
Colin appears by looking for answer about his problem. In this case, Collin just keeps asking to himself every time.
This condition appears more complex when he had listened that he need very much money to make their company survive but that time he didn’t know what he should be doing . The inner conflict of id and ego, here, rise up in the form of human responsibility with his job and with his wife. The writer describes as follows:

40
‘Well,’ booker said, ‘the facts are clear enough. This year, you’ve earned around £40,000 so far. But last year you spent more that £150,000. And you’ll spend more or less the same this year. Your business won’t survive unless there are some large orders coming soon.’
Colin was silent. He looked down at the floor. ( Officially Dead:14 )
The unconscious power (id) appears too in the form Collin’s confuse when he got the letter from Linda Bentley. It is natural for human because in the world of his/her mind has a lot of characteristic like confuse. Here, he didn’t know what actually of Linda’s mean. He is one of good people in sociality, but he loves his wife very much. The writer data as follows:
Dear Collin,
You’ll probably be surprised to get a letter from me. I found your company’s address in the Yellow Pages. I just wanted to remind you that we’d love to see you when you next come to Brentwood. I think you said you would be here again in a few weeks’ time. Perhaps this time you could have dinner with us at our house?
We really enjoyed that evening we spent together. Your funny stories made us laugh so much. Please phone me on 0033 23456 before your next visit, so that we can arrange to meet.
Hoping to see you again soon.
Best wishes,
Linda Bentley
The letter could be embarrassing for him, Colin thought. He didn’t want
Julie to see it. ( Officially Dead: 17 ).
The data above give us illustration that Collin is a kind people although he didn’t tell about the Linda’s letter to his wife. Actually he doesn’t want his wife know about his company’s problem very much. He didn’t want make his wife be

41 worry and make her depressed. Collin is responsible man. He tried to finish his company’s problem with himself.
Then in the next data, the writer describes how Collin’s inner conflict arises over the act after he felt so tired after he met his client. He didn’t know what the best choice that time. Actually he wanted to cancel his meeting with
Linda, but that time he couldn’t cancel it. The data as follows:
The next evening, after a day spent with the administrative staff at Sutton
Chemicals, he was beginning to regret his agreement to meet the Bentleys.
He was tired, and he decided to phone them to say he couldn’t meet them after all. But when he looked at his watch he saw that it was too late.
( Officially Dead: 20 )
Then, in the next data, the writer explores the reason of Collin decision about filling to meet with his friend, as follows:
It was almost six o’clock already, and he had agreed to meet his friends at the pub at six-thirty. He would have to go to the pub, eat his meal at their home as quickly as he could, and leave early. ( Officially Dead: 20 )
Here, the case begins more conflict when Collin met his friend because he is in the both side (psychological dilemma) between he must do Linda’s asking or he didn’t get much money to save his company. In addition, the psychological conflict here, won by impulse of Collin id, it is indicated the petition that was received by Linda.
Moreover, to make the conflict of the story more complicated and interested, the writer illustrates the plot by other point of view of human basic impulse. On the other hand Collin not capable to make decision by himself. The data as follows:

42
It was late when they finished they finished their meal. Then they sat in armchairs, drinking coffee. After the second cup, Linda leant back in her chair and said calmly, ‘Collin, do you want to earn £10,000 for one evening’s easy work?’
This simple question took Colin completely by surprise. He’d been expecting a proposal, but a very different one. He laughed. ‘I don’t buy lottery ticket, ‘he said.
‘I’m serious, Colin, ‘Linda said. ‘And I’m not talking about buying lottery ticket.’
She got up and come to sit on the floor next to his chair. She smiled at him and touched his hand. ‘I’m talking about £10,000 in cash. It’s your, if you want it.’
Colin sat up straight and removed Linda’s hand from his own hand.
‘What’s going on? ‘He said nervously.’ What do you want from me?’(
Officially Dead: 22-24 ).
The data above give us indicates how Collin tries to explain to the judge that what he has done just for the good condition both of them, Collin and Linda.
This supporting data of the inner conflict of Collin unconsciousness being cleared and the people who think Collin as a husband confused with his mind and the condition being dramatic because the C.J.F company problem. The writer has succeeded making everyone who read this story be anxious and the condition being dramatic because of Collin’s wife.
Moreover, when Prescott is going to the ending of the story, he brought us
(the readers) to the rational and logic problem solving as in the real life. Here,
Collin lost his contract but he didn’t want his wife know, and he must do his plan with Linda. Suddenly, in unpredictable and unexpected problem come up, it is happen when Linda waiting the Collin phone to make an alibi, in other place
Collin get car accident.

43
Above description is supporting data to the id of Collin that makes psychological conflict of Collin complicated and the data is collected from a random place in the novel although the writer told the story straightway from beginning to the end.
In the case of human’s ego, the tools we use to deny and distort reality and to defend our ego against anxiety that are called by “Ego Defense Mechanism” protect us from excessive neurotic anxiety and insure the health, safety and sanity of the personality.
The conflict of Collin’s ego begins when he has known about his company’s problem and she met Linda. He was confused about himself; he want to be free from the company’s problem. In addition, his ego pushes himself to take an action for himself:
‘I’ve arranged a loan at the bank,’ Collin said
‘Bank loans are trouble,’ Booker said, pushing the heavy drawer shut.
‘And you need real orders now, not possible orders in a few months’ time.
You need cash now, or you’ll go out of business.’ (Officially Dead: 14-
16).
Finally Collin’s ego presses on the make decision what will act to save his company and make everything comfortable. This inner conflict arises when he listened Linda’s planning, his ego begins coming up and takes place in the form of his act meeting with Linda in Linda’s home. His decision is clearly comes from the impulse of his ego.

44
‘My husband is going to need an alibi,’ she said. ‘You can provide one for him. It’s as simple as that.
‘What do you mean?’
‘You and John are identical. All you have to do is pretend to be John for a night.
‘While John does a robbery, am I right?
‘Right.’
‘What’s he going to steal?
I can’t tell you that.’
‘Linda, I need to know,’ Colin said. ‘It won’t be an armed robbery, will it?
Nobody will carry a gun? (Officially Dead: 25).
The quotation above shows us how the ego of Colin presses his on having himself utterly. In that way, his argument about Linda planning to give an alibi is unperceivable. Then, Prescott describes extend by the following data:
‘What the plan?’ Colin asked. ‘Is John going to rob a bank?
‘No,’ Linda said. ‘And you Don’t need to know any more about it.’
‘Yes I do, Linda.’ Colin insisted. ‘I have to know what risk’ I’ll be taking.
I don’t want anybody to get hurt. And I don’t want to spend years of my life in prison.’ (Officially Dead: 25).
Linda thought for a moment. ‘All right, Colin,’ she said. ‘I’ll tell you the plan. John and I work in a jewelry shop. We know all about the security systems there. John will be able to get inside the shop at night without setting off the alarm. He’ll smash a window and set off the alarm as he’s leaving. We hope that the police will think it’s an ordinary break-in. but
John has a criminal record, and the police might suspect him if he doesn’t have an alibi. He’ll need a really good alibi. You can provide him with it.
‘You’ve planned this all very carefully, haven’t you?
‘When I want something, I make sure I get it,’ Linda said.
‘Yes, you do,’ he agreed in a cold voice. ‘What about the money – the
£10,000’
‘We can pay you a few thousand in advanced,’ Linda said. ‘You’ll get the rest soon after the robbery.’
I might be able to help you. But I need some time to think about this,’ said
Colin. (Officially Dead: 26).
Here (I need some time to think about this), indicates that actually Collin cannot make decision yet, because he is so labile and inconsistent in his attitude and his decision. The quotation above describe an inconsistent attitude of Collin, after he gives a statement that he changes his mind to Linda, he thinks he will be to make decision when he was being at home.

45
Then in the next data, Prescott illustrates Collin confession in the phone and the case being clearly cause of it. Collin tells his judgment that he agree to give alibi to Linda’s husband.
A few weeks later, Linda Bentley got the phone call she had been expecting. She was hurrying back to the jewelry shop after her lunchbreak. It was nearly Christmas and the London streets were crowded with shoppers. Linda’s mobile phone rang inside her bag. She opened her bag and lifted the phone to her ear. She heard Collin say, ‘All right, I’ll do it.’
The conflict of id and ego of Collin comes up when his company has a financial problem and he must get money as soon as possible and in other side
Linda asked him to give an alibi to her husband who want robbing a jewelry shop.
Therefore, he doesn’t wants to receive of Linda request because he was known that it is a criminal and he didn’t want spent his life in the jail. The unconscious mind (id) of Collin pushes him to save his company and get the much money without doing a criminal act. His ego pushes him to get much money as soon as possible.
Actually, this mental process cannot be separated each other even the superego as a next process of human mentality and as a moral compass of id and ego of human. This will be explored in the end of this research analysis - the human attitude and act caused her/his impulse from id (unconscious mind), ego as a medium of reality, and superego as a moral compass, the right or wrong thing, in every attitude process of human kind.
In the previous description is explored that the superego is the basic of inner self. The superego activity manifest itself in conflict with the ego what is

46 felt in emotions such as feel, guilty, regret, etc. mental outlooks like self observation, critical itself, and inhibition are from the superego.
Establishment of the superego persisted in the internalization process of the moral where guides exist in the external self the individual to the moral where guides exist in the internal self of individual. Then it is described that this internalization process besides persisted by the way of individual identification.
But by using other way too, that is by displacement (to change the object) sublimation, and defense mechanism of the ego. These ways are done by individual in effort to compromise about impulse from the id with demand of the superego. By playing the role of the ego as executive of personality, the individual creates the balance in personality; so that it enables to deal with external world well and effective.
Here, Prescott describes a character of Collin as the main character of this story, in the place of considering the right thing she assumed based on his personality and inner impulse to act as a conclusion from the whole aspect of his life. In this context, Collin as an identical features people of John, begins to make choice in his life.
By considering anything that has happened, Collin comes to the pub to meet Linda, it caused his desire of superego pushes him to take a right thing according to him to make a voice in his life, the data as follows:
That’s fine,’ Colin said. ‘I’ll be in Manchester in about four weeks’ time.
That’ll be the second week in January. We can arrange John’s alibi for then. (Officially Dead: 27)

47
The data describe that it as a final decision of Collin. The decision has taken makes Linda is so happy, because in the early Collin refuse to give alibi for
John. This quotation shows us how in the beginning he was consistent of his decision and he takes the risk for it.
The inner conflict of this case involves an id, ego and superego of Collin at that time. The id will push him unconscious mind to save his company, and the ego then respond it by meet with Linda, and the last by considering the right or wrong, moral and humanity, the Collin makes decision for himself.
C.
John Bentley’s id, ego, and superego
In this part, Prescott explores the case of John’s id in the form of defense mechanism psychologically. It indicates when John and Linda met Colin in Pub and known that Colin and John have identical features and Linda has planned to rob. It makes John confuse and fear, here the data:
‘John, do you remember our fried Colin?’ she said.
‘Who?’ John said, not looking up.
‘You know, the guy who looks just like you,’ Linda said.
‘What about him?’ John turned the page of the newspaper and folded it.
‘He’s agreed to give you an alibi.’ (Officially Dead: 28)
Furious and confused what to be done is the human habitual action when get the problem beyond their self. He has no idea of his problem. This unconscious mind, the act to prevent the Linda’s planned, is so strong for John, but he can’t do something to prevent it. It usually finds from many husband in the earth, because he loved Linda very much.

48
In addition, if we look around us whoever does not want to do something wrong, it is the human basic characteristic. It is happened in John life. Here, the id of John pushes him to reject the Linda’s planning. This covers in this data:
After half an hour, Linda said quietly, ‘We mustn’t waste any time,
John. Tomorrow, you’d better go and see Frankie Simpson at the Red
Lion. Talk to him about the jewelry. He’ll fence’ it for us. Don’t tell him where you’re getting it from. Just tell him you want him to sell more than a million pounds’ worth of jewelry. Okay?’ (Officially Dead: 29)
Then the push of id can we see in the next data, when Linda forced her planned to John. The husband instinct comes up as a husband who wants to make his wife happy to get much money as soon as possible.
Moreover, when John agreed to rob the jewelry shop, suddenly, Collin got an accident. The accident makes Collin dead. He never thinks everything will change in unpredictable manner. It is make John fear and want to cancel to rob.
The data as follow:
‘Everything’s changed now, John,’ she said. ‘But it’s good. Everyone will think you’re dead, not Collin Fenton. We’ve got to make sure that they go on thinking that.’
‘We can’t do that!’ John said. ‘The police will find out. And what about
Fenton’s wife? She’ll soon start looking for him. (Officially Dead: 43).
For the reason of anything, John never gives up to reject the Linda’s planned. His unconscious mind always comes up when his wife force him to rob the jewelry, it describe as follows:
‘This is madness,’ John said.
‘Just do as I say, John, and everything will be all right,’ Linda said again.
(Officially Dead: 44)

49
Here, so clear that John can’t make decision for himself. Nevertheless,
John so fear when the policeman knows about their plan. Then, Prescott makes the story mere interesting when John be a prisoner in his home. The description above covers, here:
He tried to imagine his future, but he couldn’t find anything to believe in. he had slept most of the earlier part of the day. But his sleep had been troubled by bad dreams and he had been woken from time to time by ringing the phone. (Officially Dead: 50).
The id above shows us the id of John. He looks terrible and he doesn’t believe that he become a prisoner in his home. However, his wife didn’t want change her plan although Collin was dead. Finally, John only stays at home and waiting for Linda, his wife finished the Collin’s (use identity of John) cremation.
Here, the id of John came up how is so panic and hate.
In this part, the researcher will describe and analyze the ego of John that appears in the story and gives the effect of John attitude and act in any case of problem happened. Before, the researcher gets any result of the id colonized.
As described before, when John heard the Linda’s planned, he was so surprised and confused to face Linda (his wife), he didn’t think Linda prepared all well. Moreover, John’s ego responds this with anxiety, confused, angry, and fear.
It can be viewed as:
John was furious. He stood up suddenly and his chair fell back and hit the floor. Linda cried out in pain as John grabbed her arms began shaking her.
‘I don’t need an alibi!’ John shouted. ‘No alibi! Forget it! I told you before. I’m not going to rob the shop. I’m going straight now. (Officially
Dead: 28).

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John told to Linda about what will happen and the consequences of that plan. He tries to realize her about the risk of this case. In addition, John explains more about what will be happen with them.
The angry of John can be seen also when Linda planned all when he didn’t stay at home. The ego of John so clear responds the Linda decision with the angry, now he must do the Linda’s idea.
John put the newspaper down and pushed his chair back. ‘When did you speak to him?’ he said.
‘A couple of weeks ago,’ Linda said, filling the sink with water. ‘I met him in the pub. He was teaching a course at that chemical company.’
Linda knew that John was angry and jealous. She didn’t answer him.
‘You waited for me to be out of the way!’ John shouted. ‘I expect you had a great time together, didn’t you? Come on answer me!’
As stated before, John is angry to Linda, it is not only caused he confused to do a criminal action, but also about Linda’s meeting with Collin. Moreover, he has no a choice for his problem, because Linda emphasize him to do her plan to make their life more comfortable when have much money.
On the other hand, when John agreed to rob, Colin got accident. This complicated problem was happened when many people went to his home. It is caused when Collin got accident, he use the identity of John. So, many people think that Colin’s dead is John’s dead. Because of this accident, John must be a prisoner in his home. The data about that chronology is follows:

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‘You’ll have to stay hidden for a while,’ Linda replied.’ Then, when the funeral is over and everything’s quiet again, you’ll do the robbery just as we planned. After that, we’ll get away to Spain. It’ll be alright, you’ll see.’
They drank their tea in silence. Then Linda said, ‘Tomorrow I’m going to be busy. The police are coming to collect me at ten o’clock. I’ve got to go to Oxford to identity “your” body! All you have to do is keep quiet in here.
You’ll have stay in the back bedroom, with the curtains closed. If anyone sees or hears you, we’re finished. Is that clear?’ (Officially Dead: 44).
As the illustration above, when they known that the planned actually got the problem but Linda stills want to continue her planned, it means that John should be ready to rob the jewelry shop. In this case his ego refuses this as an ordinary mental process of the respond the reality unpredictable. Therefore, his ego pushes him to ask Linda to cancel her decision.
Then, Prescott make the story more interesting and make us (the readers) be anxious about what will happen with John if many people known that he was died and everyday went to his home to give sympathy. The data as follows:
The next few days were difficult for Linda. She couldn’t stop visitors coming to the house. John had to stay inside his room most of the time and be very quiet. He felt like a trapped animal. Often, he wanted to run outside and scream, but he knew he had to stay hidden. (Officially Dead:
53).
The quotation above indicates that John want to escape from his problem.
John tries to defend from unpredictable matter that was happened to him. In the psychoanalysis, it is the ego defense mechanism that emerged in john mentality.
He want do anything to refuse and deny it will work to him.
In addition, the instinct of human is strong comes from John but he couldn’t do anymore for his inner emphasizes his mind, such as refusing and

52 asking Linda to cancel her planned. Moreover, the story tells us that John didn’t have independent life.
The case of a complicated story begins when Collin got an accident and he was died. This accident made Linda to change her planned and ask John to continue the plan. This decision make John be worried and angry with the Linda’s program. These conditions make John like a prison in his life because he can’t do anything at his home expect slept anytime. The description as below:
‘I’ve had enough of this, Linda,’ he said angrily. ‘I can’t stay here anymore. You’ve made me a prisoner.’ (Officially dead: 55).
The exploration above shows us how the superego of Collin takes place in the form of his refusing. Of course, the readers cannot separate the id, and his ego the impulse and medium of his reality happened to him. The id comes up by pushing John as a husband to make his wife happy- he will do anything to do it.
While, her ego presses him to act something whether it is right or wrong, and the final decision as the result of his id and ego, John decides to rob the jewelry shop based on that consideration before.
In the next step, the superego can be viewed when John decides to continue the Linda’s plan and hide in his home like a prisoner. This decision made when he was in very difficult position and confused to what will be doing to change his wife’s idea. One side he has to make his wife happy, other he has walk in the right side. Finally, he gives up facing this problem that impossible to face for him.

53
On the other hand, Linda emphasizes him to continue to rob the jewelry shop. As a husband, John must make decision for this. Of course, it is impulse of husband’s instinct that came from id. So that, he asks to his wife wants to change his mind to act a criminal. He has done everything for her, but the result is worst and let him to stay at home anytime.
‘Why have you done this to me?’ he said. ‘You’ve taken my life away from me. I’m trapped.’
‘John,’ she said softly, ‘we’ve got to be patient. We need to wait just a couple of weeks, that’s all. Then we’ll do the robbery and we’ll get away.
No one will ever find us. And we’ll have all the money we could want.
Two more weeks and we’ll be free, John. We’ll be free forever. (Officially
Dead: 55).
This quotation indicates how John gives up with his condition. Moreover,
Linda gives spirit to him to continue the plan. So that, the only best he must hide more time although it is impossible for him.
John realized that he had no choice but to agree to his wife’s plan for the robbery. And after that, they would both have to leave the country as soon as possible. Meanwhile, he was happy with the idea of leaving the house for a few hours. (Officially Dead: 56).
This story comes more complex psychologically at this condition where
John has to face dilemmatic problem in his life. His id emerges in the form of husband’s instinct and his ego has to do anything to respond the impulse of his id as a husband, so that, he decides to ask his wife’s to cancel her plan as can as possible. This psychological process was happened when Linda decide to continue her idea to plan although Collin got accident and he was dead.

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In the climax of this story, Prescott comes out from complex of the story with an interested way. Here, he brings the readers to be anxious. When Collin got an accident he wanted to say sorry with Julie. He said that with someone who saw the accident (Mark Ashwood). Mark was an accountant and business consultant.
When he got the instruction to deliver a message from Collin, he decided to say the message for Julie. “He knew that he would have to carry out the dying man’s last wish. (Officially Dead: 45). Nevertheless, Mark went to Linda’s house, it is caused at that time Colin used the identity of John.
You don’t know me,’ Mark went on. ‘I’ve got to talk to you about your husband, Mrs. Bentley. I was there when he died. He asked me to give you a message.’
Linda unlocked the front door. ‘Come in,’ she said.
As they stepped into the house, a voice called out, ‘Linda, is that you?’
Linda stopped suddenly. For a moment, Mark saw a figure at the top of stairs. But almost at once the man turned and disappeared into one of the upstairs rooms. Suddenly, Mark’s body was trembling with shock, as though he’d seen a ghost! The man’s face had been exactly like the face of
John Bentley, the man he’d seen die near Thame, (Officially Dead: 66).
This condition made John and Linda were excited and nervous. After
Mark Ashwood’s unexpected visit to Brentwood, it was clear to the Bentleys that
John couldn’t stay hidden in the house any longer. This is dilemmatic of John to continue to rob. Finally, based on the good of Linda’s persuasion and little emphasize, he decided to do robbing the jewelry shop.

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This chapter is divided into two parts, conclusion and suggestion. The conclusion is dealing with the summary of the discussion. And the suggestion is pointed out to the next researchers who are interested in investigating the same field and the literary lovers in order to improve their understanding about language itself.
A.
Conclusion
Id, ego and superego have different function or mechanism. Id, ego and superego influence to behaviors, thought and soul of Collin and John in building their personality. Conflict of the id, ego and superego also happened in their psyche. It comes up in psychological dilemma both of them in making decision to do something.
In this case, psychological dilemma takes place when the id of Collin which has financial problem of his business and he didn’t want lost his company.
At that time he met John and Linda in pub. He and John have similar identical features. Because of it, he must do something worst and it will be dangerous for his life. Here, he feels confused, his id drives his mind- he wants to survive his company and he want to save himself. Therefore, based on any consideration from

56 id drives and superego, his ego is guided by reality principle presses to responsible of his family, it deal with him consideration in making decision.
On the other hand, the husband instinct (id drives) of John tries to denial her wife’s idea and become the right people. The id and superego of John have important roles in establishing John psychological dilemma and personality.
Finally, by using the basic principle of psychoanalytic approach, the researcher can interpret and illustrate the human personality even in literary works or reality life. In addition, based on the data analysis, conscious and unconscious drives influence and establish human personality (behavior, thought, action, soul, etc.) both of them.
B.
Suggestion
The analysis of the literary works can be done from various points of view.
This thesis an example of an analysis of literary works from psychoanalytic
(psycho text) approach, it will be much better to enrich the analysis when done from other approaches. For example analysis of sociolinguistic of literary works.
Moreover, for those who are interested in studying literature, this study may contribute to the students in enjoying literary works, especially the novel.
However this study is still far from perfection since it actually discusses only a small part of the whole aspects that a literary study can cover. Therefore the writer of this thesis proposes the following suggestion for other researchers who might conduct further research on the same novel or the same topic:

57
First, this research was limited on the study of two main characters. The study related to the personality, the id, ego, and superego as the aspect of building the personality, the analysis can be also done in other types of personality as deep as possible, it would be better to add the analysis with other aspects of personality.
Second, the writer also suggests others to have further study in comparing this novel with other work of Richard Prescott. This is due the fact that Prescott is a creative author, whose may work inter-related with others.
Third, related to the contribution of the study to literary criticism, it is suggested that the result of this study can be used, especially to teaching and learning novel. Besides, it is expected that the teachers of literature can teach not only about the elements of novel in surface such as character, point of view, conflict etc. but also in depth such as moral value, social value, etc. This is believed to b able to reach the essence of education.
Finally, the writer hopes, this study will be useful for the writer herself.
For the other researcher who is interested in analyzing this study, he or she will do better than writer because the thesis is still far from being perfect. Besides, it will increase their knowledge. The literary teachers should give many books and other reference about literature. By reading this thesis, the reader will get benefit and experience of life, which content in the novel Officially Dead. The researcher herself hopes some comments and criticisms from the readers related to this analysis of psychoanalytic (psycho text).