Quizzes for Biology course by Wen-Chin Yang
3/3/2016
期中考 (楊文欽老師部分)
期中考時間 : 94 年 4 月 28 日(星期四)下午 5:30 至 7:00
範圍 : Compbell biology 6e, CH43, 44, 45
形式 : 35 題選擇 (一題 2 分), 6 題簡答(一題 5 分)
語言 : 英文
選擇及簡答題來自課本習題 (self-quiz 及光碟上之習題)
任何有關問題請問林雅真助教或楊文欽老師
Ch 43 Self-Quiz
1. An Rh-positive baby is born to an Rh-nagative mother. The mother is treated
with antibodies specific for the Rh factor in order to
a. protect her from an inappropriate immune response
b. prevent her from generating memory B cells specific for the Rh factor.
c. protect her future Rh-positive babies.
d. induce an immune response to Rh antibodies.
e. both b and c.
2. Which of the following results in long-term immunity?
a. the passage of maternal antibodies to her developing fetus.
b. the inflammatory response to a splinter.
c. the administration of serum obtained from people immune to rabies.
d. the administration of the chicken pox vaccine.
e. the passage of maternal antibodies to her nursing infant.
3. Which of the following is not part of the body’s nonspecific defense system?
a. natural killer (NK)cells
b. inflammation
c. phagocytosis by neutrophils
d. phagocytosis by macrophages
e. antibodies
4. Which of the following molecules is incorrectly paired with a source?
a. lysozyme-tears
b. interferons-virus-infected cells
c. interleukin-1-macrophages
d. perforins-cytotoxic T cells
e. immunoglobulins-helper T cells
5. HIV targets include all of the following except
a. macrophages.
b. cytotoxic T cells.
c. helper T cells.
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d. cells bearing CD4 and fusin.
e. cells bearing CD4 and CCR5.
6. Which of the following best describes the difference in the way B cells and
cytotoxic T cells respond to invaders ?
a. B cells confer active immununity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity.
b. B cells kill viruses directly; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells.
c. B cells secrete antibodies against a virus; cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected
cells.
d. B cells accomplish cell-mediated immunity; cytotoxic T cells accomplish
humoral immunity.
e. B cells respond the first time the invader is present; cytotoxic T cells respond
subsequent times.
7. Which of the following is a characteristic of the early stages of local
inflammation?
a. precapillary arteriole constriction.
b. fever
c. attack by cytotoxic T cells
d. release of histamine
e. antibody-complement-mediated lysis of microbes
8. An epitope associates with which part of an antibody?
a. the antibody-binding site.
b. the heavy-chain constant regions only
c. the variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined.
d. the light-chain constant region only.
e. the antibody tail.
9. Which of the following is not true about helper T cells?
a. they function in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses.
b. they recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules.
c. they bear surface CD4 molecules.
d. they are subject to infection by HIV.
e. when activated, they secrete IL-2 and other cytokines.
10. Indicate whether each of the following choices is descriptive of a B cell (B),
cytotoxic T cell (Tc), helper T cell (TH), or macrophage(M), A single feature may
be desicriptive of more than one type of cell.
a. develops into an antibodies-secreting plasma cell
b. is phagocytic
c. bears antigen receptors called immunoglobulins.
d. bears the surface molecule CD4
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e. bears the surface molecule CD8
f. is an important component of nonspecific responses.
g. produces cytokines such as interleukin-2 that boost both humoral and
cell-mediated responses
h. mediates specific recognition of and response to a particular antigen.
i. bears surface TDR and CD3.
j. kills virus-infected cells.
11. Indicate whether each of the following statement is consisitent (C) or inconsistent
(I) with your understanding of immune reactions.
a. When antibodies bind to a bacterium, they directly kill it within seconds.
b. Autoantibodies are a normal response to one’s own biological molecules.
c. Complement activation can result in bacterial cell lysis
d. Invertebrate immune systems can distinguish self from nonself.
e. The secondary immune response is slower and weaker than the primary
immune response.
f. One way that antibodies mediate the death of bacteria is by activating the
complement system.
12. Complete each of the following statements with the appropriate term or terma
from this list: helper T cells, cytotoxic T cell, antibodies, B cells, class I MHC, II
MHC, cytokines, complement. Some terms may be used more than once: others
may not be used at all.
a. Gamma interferon induces virus-infected cells to put more than the usual
number of class I MHC moleculse on their surfaces.
This improves the ability of____________to detect the infected cells.
b. The activation of ___________ in culture could be measured by testing how
much interleukin-2 they produce.
c. The activation of B cells in response to an immunization can be measured by
testing blood for increased levels of __________.
d. When macrophages phagocytose viruses, they present viral antigen-associated
with ________molecules to helper T cells.
e. A type of severe combined immune deficiency disease results from the hack of
functional interleukin-2 receptors. The severity of this disease is not surprising
given that ____________require both binding to foreign antigen and
interleukin-2 in order to be fully activated.
13. Matching:
a. Carries out humoral immunity
Neutrophil
b. Contains histamines that trigger allergy
Cytotoxic T cell
symptoms
B cell
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Lymphocyte
Memory B cell
Helper T cell
Mast cell
Quizzes for Biology course by Wen-Chin Yang
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c. Cell type most commonly infected by HIV.
d. Kill virus-infected body cells
e. A phagocytic white blood cell
f. A long-lived cell that provides for faster
secondary immune responses
g. A general term for leukocytes capable of
specific antigen recognition.
14. Indicate the kind of defense to which each of the following terms or phrases apply,
using N for nonspecific defense, H for humoral defense, and C for cell-mediated
defense.
a. the production of antibodies.
b. the specific recognition and direct killing of virus-infected cells.
c. phagocytosis by neutrophils
d. T cells are mainly responsible.
e. B cells are mainly responsible.
f. fever
g. inflammation
h. phagocytosis by macrophages.
15. For each statement about HIV and AIDS, indicate whether it is true (T) or false
(F)
a. Entry of HIV into T cell requires two coreceptors, CD4 and fusin.
b. Only T cell with CD4 are infected by HIV
c. HIV is a retrovirus.
d. CCR4 and fusin normally act as cytokine receptors
e. A person with HIV might transmit it to another person through a handshake.
f. Protease inhibitors block a step in the production of HIV.
g. Opportunistic infections occur when immune responses are diminished, as in
AIDS.
h. Donated blood is routinely screened for the presenceof antibodies to HIV.
Ch 44 Self-Quiz
1. Unlike an earthworm’s metanephridia, a mammalian nephron
a. is intimately associated with a capillary network.
b. forms urine by changing the composition of fluid inside the tubule.
c. functions in both osmoregulation and the excretion of nitrogenous wastes.
d. processes blood instead of coelomic fluid.
e. has a transport epithelium.
2. The majority of water and salt filtered into Bowman’s capsule is reabsorbed by
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a. the transport epithelia of the proximal tubule.
b. diffusion from the descending limb of the loop of Henle intothe
hyperosmotic interstitial fluid of the medulla.
c. active transport across the transport epithelium of the thick upper segment of
the ascending limb of the loop Henle.
d. selective secretion and diffusion across the distal tubule.
e. diffusion from the collecting duct into the increasing osmotic gradient of the
renal medulla.
3. The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following
except
a. diffusion of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
b. active transport of slat from the upper region of the ascending limb.
c. the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons.
d. diffusion of urea from the collecting duct
e. diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
4. Select the pair in which the nitrogenous waste is incorrectly matched with the
benefit of its excretion
a. urea - low toxicity relative to ammomia.
b. uric acid - can be stored as precipitate
c. ammomia - very solubole in water
d. uric acid - miminmal loss of water when excreted
e. urea - very insoluble in water
5. Which of the following is not a mechanism for reducing the rate of heat exchange
between an animal and its environment ?
a. feather or fur
b. vasoconstriction
c. nonshivering thermogenesis
d. countercurrent heat exchanger
e. blubber or fat layer
6. An animal’s inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs
a. if the animal is an endotherm, which must always take in more energy because
of its high metabolic rate.
b. if it is actively foraging for food
c. if it is hibernating
d. if it is gowing and increasing its biomass.
e. never -- homeostasis makes these energy and material budgets always balance.
7. Which of the following correctly describes a case of odmoregulation?
a. body fluids that are isoosmotic with the external environment
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b. dischange of excess water in a hypoosmotic environment
c. excrtion of energy to convert ammionia to lass toxic wastes
d. excretion of salt in a hypoosmotic environment
e. secretion of drugs and reabsorption of nutrients by the procimal.
8. Which process in the nephron is least selectve?
a. secretion
b. reabsorption
c. active transport
d. filtration
e. salt pumping by the loop of Henle.
9. You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and quite constant body
temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or
an ectotherm?
a. You know from its high and constant body temperature that it must be an
endotherm
b. You know that it is an endotherm because it is not a bird or mammal.
c. You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body
temperature and metabolic are changes with the ambient temperature. You
conclude that it is an ectotherm.
d. You note that its environment has a high and constant temperature. Because its
body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it
is an ectotherm.
e. You measure the metabolic rate of the reptile, and because it is higher than that
of a related species that lives in temperate forests, you conclude that this
reptile is an endotherm and its relative is an ectotherm.
10. The vertebrate liver functions in all of the following regulatory processes except
a. osmoregulation by varable excration of slats
b. maintenance of blood sugar concentration
c. detoxification of harmful substances
d. production of nitrogenous wastes.
e. caloric storage in the from of glycogen
11. why doesn’t your sleep qualify as a short hibernation?
12. Contrast osmoconforming and osmoregulating as mechanisms of homeostasis.
13. Why is ammonia safe as the main nitrogenous waste for most aquatic animals?
14. Some of the drugs classified as diuretics make the epithelium of the collecting
duct less permeable to water. How would this affect kidney function?
15. What role does the liver play in the body’s processing of nitrogenous waste?
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Ch 45 Self-Quiz
1. Which of the following is not an accurate statement about hormones?
a. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the
circulatory system.
b. Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions.
c. Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.
d. Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in endocrine glands.
e. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.
2. A distinctive feature of the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones and steroid
hormones is that
a. these hormones are regulated by feedback loops.
b. target cells react more rapidly to these hormones than to local regulators.
c. these hormones bind with specific receptor proteins on target-cell plasma
membranes.
d. these hormones bind to receptors inside cells.
e. these hormones affect metabolism.
3. The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysone and brain hormone
a. is an example of the interaction between the endocrine and nervous systems.
b. illustrates homeostasis achieved by positive feedback
c. demonstrates that peptide-derived hormones have more widespread effects than
steroidal hormones.
d. illustrates homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones.
e. demonstrates competitive inhibition for the hormone receptor.
4. Growth factors are local regulators that
a. are produced by the anterior pituitary.
b. are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth.
c. are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division.
d. are proteins that bind to cell surface receptors and stimulate target-cell growth
and development.
e. include histamines and interleukins and are necessary for cellular differentiation.
5. Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired with its action?
a. oxytocin—stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
b. thyroxine—stimulates metabolic processes
c. insulin—stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver
d. ACTH—stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex
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e. melatonin—affects biological rhythms, seasonal reproduction
6. An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is
a. thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance.
b. insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism.
c. progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation.
d. epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses.
e. oxytocin and prolactin in milk production.
7. Which of the following is not an example of the close structural and functional
relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems?
a. the secretion of hormones by neurosecretory cells
b. the multiple functions of norepinephrine
c. the stimulation of the adrenal medulla in the short-term response to stress
d. the embryonic development of the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus
e. the alteration of gene expression by steroid hormones
8. A portal vessel carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the
a. thyroid,
b. pineal gland,
c. anterior pituitary.
d. posterior pituitary.
e. thymus.
9. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothy-roidism in a patient
whose iodine level is normal?
a. a disproportionate production ofT3 to T4
b. hyposecretion of TSH
c. hypersecretion of TSH
d. hypersecretion of MSH
e. a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin
10. The main target organs for tropic hormones are
a. muscles,
b. blood vessels,
c. endocrine glands.
d. kidneys.
e. nerves.
11. Where do releasing hormones originate, and what is their general function?
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12. Alcohol inhibits secretion of ADH by the anterior pituitary prprf how this action of
1 1
alcohol would affect urination.
''
13. How does thyroxine turn off its own production?
14. How would a deficiency of receptors in the hypothalamus for adrenal steroids affect
levels of those hormones in the blood?
15. Estrogens are to ————————— as ————————
are to testes
光碟上之習題
CH 43
Nonspecific Defenses against Infection
1. Explain what is meant by nonspecific defense and list the nonspecific lines of
defense in the vertebrate body.
2. Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses.
3. Define phagocytosis and list two types of phagocytic cells derived from white
blood cells.
4. Explain how the function of natural killer cells differs from the function of
phagocytes.
5. Describe the inflammation response, including how it is triggered.
6. Describe the factors that influence phagocytosis during the inflammation
response.
7. Describe the typical sequence of cellular responses to a point of infection.
8. Describe the function of pyrogens.
9. Explain what occurs during the condition known as septic shock.
10. List and describe the roles of antimicrobial proteins.
How Specific Immunity Arises
11. Distinguish between antigens and antibodies.
12. Explain how B cells and T cells recognize specific antigens.
13. Explain how the particular structure of a lymphocyte's receptor is determined.
14. Describe the mechanism of clonal selection. Distinguish between effector cells
and memory cells.
15. Distinguish between the primary and secondary immune responses.
16. Describe the cellular basis for immunological memory.
17. Outline the development of B and T lymphocytes.
18. Describe the cellular basis for self-tolerance.
19. Describe the variation found in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
genes and their role in the rejection of tissue transplants. Explain the adaptive
advantage of this variation.
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20. Compare the structures and functions of cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.
21. Compare the production and functions of class I MHC and class II MHC
molecules.
Immune Responses
22. Distinguish between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
23. Describe the roles of helper T lymphocytes in both humoral and cell-mediated
immunity.
24. Describe the functions of CD4, cytokines, interleukin-2, and interleukin-1.
25. Explain how class I MHC molecules expose foreign proteins that are
synthesized in infected or abnormal cells.
26. Describe the functions of the proteins CD8 and perforin.
27. Explain how cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells defend against tumors.
28. Distinguish between T-dependent antigens and T-independent antigens.
29. Explain why macrophages are regarded as the main antigen-presenting cells in
the primary response but memory B cells are the main antigen-presenting cells in the
secondary response.
30. Explain how antibodies interact with antigens.
31. Diagram and label the structure of an antibody and explain how this structure
allows antibodies to (a) recognize and bind to antigens and (b) assist in the destruction
and elimination of antigens.
32. Distinguish between the variable (V) regions and constant (C) regions of an
antibody molecule.
33. Describe the production and uses of monoclonal antibodies.
34. Compare the processes of neutralization, opsonization, agglutination, and
complement fixation.
35. Distinguish between the classical and alternative pathways of lysis by
complement.
36. Describe the process of immune adherence.
37. Describe evidence that reveals the ability of sponges and sea stars to distinguish
between self and nonself. Describe other similarities and differences between
invertebrate and vertebrate immune systems.
Immunity in Health and Disease
38. Distinguish between active and passive immunity and describe examples of
each.
39. For ABO blood groups, list all possible combinations for donor and recipient in
blood transfusions, indicate which combinations would cause an immune response in
the recipient, and state which blood type is the universal donor.
40. Explain how the immune response to Rh factor differs from the response to A
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and B blood antigens.
41. Describe the potential problem of Rh incompatibility between a mother and her
unborn fetus and explain what precautionary measures may be taken.
42. Explain what is done medically to reduce the risk of tissue transplant rejection
due to differences in the MHC. Explain what is unique about using bone marrow
transplants to reduce the risk of immune rejection.
43. Describe an allergic reaction, including the roles of IgE, mast cells, and
histamine.
44. Explain what causes anaphylactic shock and how it can be treated.
45. List some known autoimmune disorders and describe possible mechanisms of
autoimmunity.
46. Distinguish between inborn and acquired immune dysfunction.
47. Explain how general health and mental well-being might affect the immune
system.
48. Describe the infectious agent that causes AIDS and explain how it enters a
susceptible cell.
49. Describe the early immune system response to HIV infection. Explain how this
reaction is used to detect infected individuals.
50. Describe the progress of an HIV infection prior to the onset of AIDS. Describe
the medical treatment of HIV infection and the likely prognosis for an infected
individual.
51. Explain how HIV is transmitted and describe its distribution throughout the
world. Note strategies that can reduce a person's risk of infection.
CH44
An Overview of Homeostasis
1. Distinguish between regulators and conformers.
2. Describe the special circumstances during which an animal's inputs of energy
and materials exceed its outputs.
3. Compare the fractions of energy and materials used for reproduction by humans
and mice.
4. Explain how homeostasis can be viewed as a set of budgets. Provide an example.
Regulation of Body Temperature
5. Describe the impact of rising temperatures on the physiology of an animal.
Explain the Q10 effect.
6. Describe the adaptive advantages of thermoregulation.
7. Describe and compare the processes of conduction, convection, radiation, and
evaporation. Explain the significance of these processes.
8. Compare the physiologies of ectotherms and endotherms, noting the advantages
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and disadvantages of each. Explain why the terms "cold-blooded" and
"warm-blooded" can be misleading.
9. Describe the four main categories of adaptations that help animals
thermoregulate. Distinguish between vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
10. Describe the thermoregulatory adaptations characteristic of animals in each of
the following groups: mammals and birds; amphibians and reptiles; fishes; and
invertebrates.
11. Describe the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation.
12. Compare the processes of acclimatization in endotherms and ectotherms.
13. Describe the specific functions of cryoprotectants and heat-shock proteins.
14. Describe the environmental conditions that induce torpor (hibernation). Note
the physiological changes associated with torpor and their adaptive advantages to
animals that undergo this phenomenon.
15. Describe the processes of estivation (summer torpor) and daily torpor, noting
the associated physiological changes and their adaptive advantages to animals that
undergo these phenomena.
Water Balance and Waste Disposal
16. Describe the ultimate function of osmoregulation. Explain how hemolymph and
interstitial fluids are involved in this process.
17. Explain how transport epithelia promote osmoregulation.
18. Describe the production and elimination of ammonia. Explain the need for its
elimination.
19. Compare the amounts of nitrogenous waste produced by endotherms and
ectotherms, and those produced by predators and herbivores.
20. Explain how an animal's nitrogenous wastes are correlated with its phylogeny
and habitat.
21. Compare the strategies to eliminate waste as ammonia, urea, or uric acid. Note
which animal groups are associated with each process and why a particular strategy is
most adaptive for a particular group.
22. Define osmolarity and distinguish between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
solutions.
23. Compare the strategies of osmoconformers and osmoregulators. Distinguish
between stenohaline and euryhaline animals.
24. Discuss the problems that marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organisms face in
maintaining homeostasis and explain what osmoregulatory adaptations serve as
solutions to these problems.
Excretory Systems
25. Describe the key aspects of the two-step process of urine production.
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26. Describe how a flame-bulb (protonephridial) excretory system functions.
27. Explain how the metanephridial excretory tubule of annelids functions.
Compare the structure to the protonephridial system.
28. Describe the Malpighian tubule excretory system of insects.
29. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each structure in the
mammalian excretory system.
30. Using a diagram, identify and describe the function of each part of the nephron.
31. Describe and show the relationships among the processes of filtration, secretion,
and reabsorption.
32. Explain how the loop of Henle enhances water conservation by the kidney.
33. Describe the countercurrent mechanisms of the loop of Henle.
34. Explain how the juxtamedullary nephron can be regarded as one of the clearest
examples of a structure-function relationship.
35. Describe the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the kidney.
36. Explain how the feeding habits of the South American vampire bat illustrate the
versatility of the mammalian kidney.
37. Describe the structural and physiological adaptations in the kidneys of
nonmammalian species that allow them those species to osmoregulate in different
environments.
38. Explain the significance of the liver in maintaining homeostasis.
CH45
An Introduction to Regulatory Systems
1. Compare the response times of the two major systems of internal communication:
the nervous system and the endocrine system.
2. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
3. Explain how neurosecretory cells, epinephrine, and the release of milk by a
nursing mother illustrate the integration of the endocrine and nervous systems.
4. Describe several examples of the essential roles of hormones in the maintenance
of homeostasis within invertebrate animals.
Chemical Signals and Their Modes of Action
5. Distinguish between the functions of local regulators and pheromones.
6. Describe the diverse functions of growth factors, nitric oxide, and
prostaglandins.
7. Define a signal-transduction pathway, noting the mechanism and main
components of action. Give several examples of its function.
8. Describe the nature and locations of intracellular receptors for hormones that
pass easily through cell membranes. Explain how their passage compares to the
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signal-transduction pathway noted just above.
9. Describe several examples of different physiological reactions in animals
exposed to the same hormone.
The Vertebrate Endocrine System
10. Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary glands interact and how they
coordinate the endocrine system.
11. Describe the location of the pituitary. List and explain in detail the functions of
the hormones released from the anterior and posterior lobes.
12. Describe the location of the pineal gland. Explain the significance of its
secretion melatonin.
13. List the hormones of the thyroid gland and explain their roles in development
and metabolism. Explain the causes and symptoms of hyperthyroidism,
hypothyroidism, and goiter.
14. Note the location of the parathyroid glands and describe the hormonal control
of calcium homeostasis.
15. Distinguish between alpha and beta cells in the pancreas and explain how their
antagonistic hormones (insulin and glucagon) regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
16. Distinguish between type I diabetes mellitus and type II diabetes mellitus.
17. Describe the development of the adrenal medulla. List the hormones of the
adrenal medulla, describe their functions, and explain how their secretions are
controlled.
18. List the hormones of the adrenal cortex, describe their functions, and explain
how their secretions are controlled.
19. List the hormones of three categories of steroid hormones produced by the
gonads. Describe variations in their production between the sexes. Note the functions
of each category of steroid and explain how secretions are controlled.
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