Unit 7 – Homeostasis – Chapter objectives
2015
p. 1
Unit 7 – Homeostasis - Chapter Objectives
Ch 36 – Transport in Plants p. 748- 761
Ch 38 – Flowering plants, p. 783-4, 788- 94
Ch 39 – Plant responses to internal & external signals
Ch 40 – Animal Form and Function p. 839-47, Ch 44 p. 925-35
Ch 45 – The endocrine system p. 955- 72
Ch 36 – Transport in Plants p. 748- 761
1. Describe how is water transported across plant cells, addressing the following
selective permeability, proton pumps, water potential, aquaporins
2. Describe how is water & mineral absorption by roots enhanced by:
root hairs, mycorrhizae, cortical cells
3. Describe the symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizae and plants
4. Distinguish between xylem and phloem
5. Define transpiration, and describe how transpiration is the force pulling xylem sap upwards
6. Describe the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism and distinguish how the various properties of
water interact
7. Describe the role, structure and function of stomata, how they open and close, and their responses to
environmental stresses
Ch 38 – Flowering plants, p. 783-4, 788- 94
1. Give a general explanation of how fertilization takes place and the life cycle of an angiosperm
2. Describe how pollen can be transferred between flowers
3. Define and describe self-incompatability in flowering plants, and explain the evolutionary benefit
4. Define double fertilization, and describe how this increases the survival rate of the zygote
5. Describe what part of the flower develops into a fruit, and describe the adaptations of the fruit for seed
dispersal
6. Describe the evolutionary adaptations of seed germination that contribute to seed survival (dormancy,
germination requirements)
- Describe coevolution between flowering plants and animals – pollination, seed dispersal
7. Describe mechanisms and timing of seed germination and seedling development
Ch 39 – Plant responses to internal & external signals
p. 802-805, also lecture
1. Compare the growth of a plant in darkness to the characteristics of greening.
2. Describe the signal pathways associated with greening.
3. Describe the role of second messengers in the process of greening.
4. Describe the two main mechanisms by which a signaling pathway can activate an enzyme.
p. 806- 823
5. Define hormone,
6. Define phototropism, and describe the mechanism and the plant hormones involved.
7. Explain how plant hormones (auxin, cytokinin, ethylene) can cause an effect on plant growth and
development
8. Describe two categories of photoreceptors, and how they initiate responses from plants.
9. Describe the structure and function of a phytochrome.
10. Define circadian rhythm and explain what happens when an organism is artificially maintained in a
constant environment.
11. List some common factors that entrain biological clocks.
12. Define photoperiodism.
13. Explain how night length controls flowering. Explain what factors other than night length may control
flowering and what is necessary for flowering to occur.
Unit 7 – Homeostasis – Chapter objectives
2015
p. 2
Ch 40 – Animal Form and Function p. 839-47, Ch 44 p. 925-35
Explain how physical laws constrain animal form.
1. Explain how the size and shape of an animal’s body affect its interactions with the environment.
2. Define homeostasis. Describe the three functional components of a homeostatic control system.
3. Distinguish between positive and negative feedback mechanisms.
4. Define metabolic rate and explain how it can be determined for animals.
5. Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic animals.
6. Describe the relationship between metabolic rate and body size.
7. Define thermoregulation. Explain in general terms how endotherms and ectotherms manage their heat
budgets.
7. Name four physical processes by which animals exchange heat with their environment.
8. Discuss the role of hair, feathers, and adipose tissue in insulation.
9. Explain the role of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in modifying the transfer of body heat with the
environment.
10. Describe animal adaptations to facilitate evaporative cooling.
11. Describe thermoregulatory mechanisms utilized by endothermic invertebrates.
12. Explain how ectotherms and endotherms may acclimatize to changing environmental temperatures.
Ch 45 – The endocrine system p. 955- 72
An Introduction to Regulatory Systems
1. Compare the response times of the two major systems of internal communication: the nervous system
and the endocrine system.
2. Explain how neurosecretory cells, epinephrine, and control of day/night cycles illustrate the integration
of the endocrine and nervous systems.
3. Describe an example of a negative feedback loop in an endocrine pathway involved in maintaining
homeostasis.
4. Explain why the neurohormone pathway that regulates the release of milk by a nursing mother is an
example of positive feedback.
Chemical Signals and Their Modes of Action
5. List the three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in vertebrates.
6. Explain the role of local regulators in paracrine signaling. Describe the diverse functions of growth
factors, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins.
7. Name the three key events involved in signaling by vertebrate hormones.
8. Describe the nature and location of cell-surface receptors. Explain what changes may be triggered by a
signal transduction pathway initiated by the binding of a water-soluble hormone to a receptor in the plasma
membrane of a target cell.
9. Describe the nature and location of intracellular receptors for hormones that pass easily through cell
membranes. Explain how their role compares to the signal-transduction pathway , and describe the changes
they are likely to trigger within the target cell.
The Vertebrate Endocrine System
10. Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary glands interact and how they coordinate the endocrine
system.
12. Describe the location of the pituitary. List and explain the functions of the listed hormones released from
the anterior (FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH) and posterior lobes (oxytocin, ADH).
13. List the hormones of the thyroid gland and explain their roles in development and metabolism. Explain
the causes and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter. Describe the feedback control
loops regulating the secretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
14. Distinguish between alpha and beta cells in the pancreas and explain how their antagonistic hormones
(insulin and glucagon) regulate glucose homeostasis.
15. Distinguish between type I diabetes mellitus and type II diabetes mellitus.
16. List the hormones of the adrenal medulla, describe their functions, and explain how their secretions are
controlled. Describe the fight or flight response and the hormones involved.