Section III Outline
Nationalism
The End of the American Revolution
1781 -- Last Land Battle at Yorktown
1783 -- Peace of Paris: John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin
United States Receives:
1. All British lands West of the Mississippi River
2. All land south to the 31st parallel (not recognized officially by Spain)
3. All land to the north to about the current Canadian border
Britain: Keeps Gibralter (which Spanish had sought)
Spain: Gains Minorca Island, East and West Florida
War’s outcomes:
1. Tory Abandomnment of U.S.A. and property
2. Economic Dislocation
3. Social Upheaval
4. “Republican” Ideology (That tricky word Republican)
5. Constitutional Experimentation
The FORMING OF A NEW NATION
CONSTITUTIONS and the American Conception
1. English conception of “Constitution” -- not one document!
Magna Carta 1215
Glorious Revolution of 1688 (James II flees England)
English Bill of Rights, 1689
2. Colonial Charters
3. Mayflower Compact of 1620
4. Social Contract
May 10, 1776 -- The Second Continental Congress call for new STATE constitutions (Historiography:
Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic 1776-1787 (1969)
Characteristics of State Constitutions of 1770s (compare with 1780s)
1. Weak Executive Office (Governor)
2. Strong Legislature
3. Expanded Electorate
4. Separation of Powers
5. EXPANSION OF RIGHTS
Expansion of Rights
Virginia Bill of Rights (1776) followed by:
1776: Pennsylvania, Delaware, North Carolina
1777: Vermont 1780: Massachusetts
1784: New Hampshire
Three Concepts and Sources of Rights:
1.
2.
3.
Traditional Rights of Englishmen
English Bill of Rights
The Revolutionary Experience
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Older English Traditional Rights:
Use of militia (vs. standing army)
Speedy trial
Trial by Jury
Humane punishment of crimes
THE ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS
Freedom of speech
Free assembly* (Also under Revolutionary Experience)
Right to bear arms
Habeas Corpus
(to not be imprisoned unless brought before a court or judge with charge)
No imprisonment without a warrant
Domicile / Home privacy
Equality of the law to all social classes
No Ex Post Facto laws
No redefinition of treason
No martial law during peacetime
To not have to testify against oneself
REVOLUTIONARY EXPERIENCE
Freedom of the press: 1733 Peter Zenger New-York Weekly Journal against
Gov. William Cosby: Slander, Libel, Alexander Hamilton
Free elections (And Direct representation)
No general warrants (Writs of Assistance)
Trial by Jury (No Military jurisdiction of civilian crimes)
The right of the majority to reform the government (Social Contract Theory)
Some Freedom of Conscience (Religion) explored
Jefferson in Virginia:
1786 -- The Act for Establishing Religious Freedom
The Pennsylvania experiment
Most radical constitutional experimentation
1.
2.
Unicameral legislature, no governor nor upper house
Most Egalitarian rights
(*Even considers redistribution of land / wealth)
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Articles of Conferderation & The Constitution
The Articles of Confederation
Weaknesses: The Articles were designed to give a very loose confederation of states -- almost like a United
Nations of states rather than a central government. It lacked a number of abilities:
1. No power to tax
2. No power to regulate trade
3. No power to create an army
4. Limited ability to ratify diplomatic measures
Failures:
1. Inability to stop piracy on the Barbary Coast
2. Failed Treaty with Spain over the Florida Border Dispute
3. Inability of Confederation Congress to uphold terms of the Peace of Paris of 1783 (such as the guarantee
that British creditors could still collect on America debts owed before the war)
ONE SUCCESS: Western Land distribution
At first, the Articles were nearly not ratified by Maryland in 1779 -- all other 12 colonies / states had done
so -- because land speculators in Maryland were concerned about claims to Western lands (some colonies
had all the rights, others had none) -- wanted all Western claims to be centralized to the federal
government.
1781 -- Virginia, largest holder of Western land claims, gives up land claims to coax Maryland into joining
the Confederation.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
Parceled out the Western lands that:
1. Favored large speculators -- had to buy sections, or 1 square mile (640 acres) at $1 an acre
2. Congress framed a plan that allowed new territories to becomes states with full and equal rights as the
original states -- each territory would need 60,000 settlers to become a state.
Because of the failures of the Articles, and the “make it or break it” need for a new central government, the
1780s has been termed “The Critical Period.”
The 1780s saw revisions of the state constitutions of the 1770s, including increasing power of governors
and a tendency to look for stronger government to help solve financial crisis.
FINANCIAL CRISIS of the 1780s:
Congress unable to pay soldiers promised amount, huge state and federal debts. ROBERT MORRIS,
known as the financier of the Revolution, Superintendent of Finance of the Confederation Congress, wanted
to get revenue by:
1. 5% import duty
2. National Bank,
3. Have the states pay debts to federal government in specie (hard currency such as gold and silver) rather
than paper money
Financial Crisis creates call in Feb. 1787 to “Revise Articles:”
Also overshadowed by Shay’s Rebellion -- 1786
THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
12 of 13 colonies show up. (Rhode Island passes)
NOT ATTENDING / NOTABLY ABSENT: John & Sam Adams, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry,
Thomas Jefferson, John Jay
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Major players:
PA -- Gouvenor Morris (active Federalist) , Robert Morris (Financier, see above) , James Wilson (Great
legal mind, waffled on Dec. of Independence but valuable here), Benjamin Franklin (figurehead for
legitimacy)
NY -- Alexander Hamilton (Biggest Federalist, finance)
Delaware -- John Dickenson (once again Devil’s Advocate)
VA -- George Washington, President (for legitimacy), James Madison (MOST IMPORTANT NAME IN
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION), Edmund Randolf (Gov. of Virginia, articulated Madison’s ideas)
Adopt SECRECY RULE.
The VIRGINIA PLAN (Large state, Nationalist)
The NEW JERSEY PLAN (small state, antifederalist)
Roger Sherman (CT) -- offers the Connecticut Compromise in the Senate -- Representation Proportional in
the House, but equal in the Senate
Other concerns:
1. Question of representation -- not just proportional / equal but amount that slaves should count for voting
strength (Slaves -- 3/5ths rule)
2. Defeat of the National Legislative Veto
Federalist / Antifederalist debate rages in states during ratification 1787-1788
IMPORTANT: FEDERALSTS: What they SAY and what they DO
FEDERALIST PAPERS v. The Constitution
Antis: How can you split sovereignty?
Feds: Sovereignty lies in the people, not in the split legislature
Antis : But people will seek their own interests, leading to chaos!
Feds: Pursuing their own interests will instead lead to a common good, aka Adam Smith’s invisible hand.
Antis: no promise of individual or states rights, re: Virginia Bill of Rights
Feds: We’ll do it first thing after ratification
Arguments carried out in The Federalist Papers John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton.
The Federalist #10 -- important because it articulates how FACTIONALISM, or parties / interests, will
HELP not HURT the country.
The Federalist Era
The start of Washington’s Presidency pulled America together under the new, stronger Constitution. But
within Washington’s administration were the seeds of the rise of political parties, based out of two of his
cabinet members:
Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)
Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson (Republican)
1789 -- Washington Assumes the Presidency
The First Congress meets; it solidifies the Supreme Court, helps flesh out the Executive Branch
(the Cabinet, modeled after a War Cabinet), 1st tariff bill passed, and the Bill of Rights (1st Ten
Amendments to Constitution) passed as promised, but emphasize INDIVIDUAL rights rather than STATES
rights.
THE HAMILTONIAN PROGRAM: (Financial plan to make the US Solvent)
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1. Assume all state debts from the Revolutionary War and consolidate it into a Funded National Debt
2. Bring this together in a National Bank, created by use of the “Elastic clause”
3. Stimulate internal US industry through a series of strategic tariffs
Hamilton no sooner starts than the treasury is rocked by scandal:
The William Duer Affair (Duer embezzles tons of money from the government -- Hamilton not involved
but embarrassed by scandal as Duer is #2 man in treasury)
PRIVATE vs. PUBLIC LIFE and the change in parties: The Hamilton Affair
Party Factionalism:
1789 -- THE FRENCH REVOLUTION breaks out
The French Revolution serves as a catalyst to separate political factions.
The French soon declare war on Britain (1793) ; people try to decide where their sympathies lay.
Washington holds to a course of strict neutrality.
Federalists: Anglophiles (pro-British)
Urban, believes in power of self-interest
NE merchants
Republicans: Francophiles (pro-French)
Rural, Idealistic
Southern landholders, recent immigrants
Because of recent War with Britain most people more naturally inclined towards France, who had been their
ally. Hamiltonians more pro-British for practical, economic reasons (Hamilton’s program depended upon
tariffs on British imports). Certain events help move people to being more pro-British -- excesses of the
French Revolution, and:
Citizen Genet -- Genet is a diplomatic envoy from France. Instead of presenting his credentials right away
to Congress, he lands in Charleston and begins raising privateering armies to fight for France against
Britain. When the US showed its neutrality policy, Genet continued to try and raise military folks from the
US.
Treaties of the Washington Administration:
1793- 4 British presence in the Northwest (non-abandonment of outposts in US territory) and seizure of US
ships causes tension between Britain and US.
1794 -- John Jay concludes Jay’s Treaty with Britain -- diffuses tensions between GB and US, but enrages
most everyone -- seen as “sellout” of US
1795 -- Thomas Pickney finishes Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain; Spain acknowledges the 31st parallel
as boundary between Florida and Georgia, promises to keep Indians from attacking US from Florida.
==================
Military Actions of Washington’s Administration
1791 -- Indian fighting breaks out in the Northwest Territories. General Arthur St. Clair and 2000 soldier
go to suppress them; on Nov 4, on the Maumec River, 900 Americans, including St. Clair (at the time,
territorial governor of the Northwest), killed. Gives Federalists excuse to revamp War Department.
1794 -- General Anthony Wayne leads forces to success in the Battle of Cross Timbers (near Toledo,
Ohio), leading to temporary “Indian Pacification”and helping to encourage British to sign Jay’s Treaty
(above) and get out of NW territory.
1794 -- Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania -- farmers protesting federal tax on cereal grains (corn)
used to make whiskey -- Washington urged and calls out 15,000 militia to quell rebellion; Washington leads
troops personally to PA, which causes Rebellion to collapse. Two leaders of Rebellion arrested, charged
with treason, but Washington pardons them, maintaining the peace and helping keep governmental loyalty.
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1796 -- Washington leaves office -- in WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS, he sets the precedent
that no President should serve more than 2 consecutive terms (tradition, not in Constitution at this time) and
outlines 2 policies:
1. Party Faction (says Washington) will be ruinous to the US
2. The US should remain neutral -- diplomatic Isolationism
End of the Federalist Era
Election of 1796 -- because the rules on the electoral college do not specify that the President and Vice
President must run on the same ticket, The election of 1796 proves to have a strange outcome: John
Adams receives the most votes from the electoral college, becomes President; but since his challenger,
Thomas Jefferson, gets the second-most, Jefferson becomes Vice-President. First and only time
opposition candidates share the White House. (This and the election of 1800 show the need to iron out the
rules for national elections and the electoral college system.)
QUASI-WAR WITH FRANCE (1798-1800)
Citizen Genet’s actions in 1793 and 1794 had begun to isolate many Americans from France -- as the
French Revolution “devoured its own children,” Americans became more uneasy with the French
government,
THE XYZ AFFAIR: In 1787, Adams sends an envoy to France to negotiate a treaty to diffuse tensions.
The French demand a certain amount of money before starting negotiations. Americans refuse, and in the
report, describe how three of the French ministers (Mssrs. X, Y, and Z -- deleting their names) had asked
for what the American diplomats thought of as bribery, When Adams publishes the report, America is
outraged.
POLITICIZATION CRISIS OF 1798-1799
By now, Republicans and Federalists so heavily split there are specialized vehicles for party -- particularly
newspapers, but also Banks, funerals, and even dances are split along party lines. Most divided country had
been.
1798 -- Federalists abuse power and pass ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS
1799 -- John Fries Uprising (PA again, also over taxes -- this on land, houses, and slaves)
1798, 1799 -- In response to Alien & Sedition Acts, the Virginia Resolves (1798, authored by Madison)
and Kentucky Resolves (1799, Jefferson) are drawn up by these two states offering the concept of state
veto: Power of states to annul federal laws they dislike.
1800 -- Napoleon Bonaparte has overthrown the Directory, meets with Americans in Convention of
Mortefontaine and ends Quasi-War.
Election of 1800
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson run against each other again
Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s VP, gets same number of votes as Jefferson. As electoral college does not yet
specify if it votes for president or vice-president, election thrown to congress. Hamilton recognizes
Jefferson; Burr temporarily stymied in his ambitions. Proves that political parties can work together
peacefully, ends some of the hypertension of 1799. The 12th amendment to the Constitution helps clean
up the electoral college process to avoid this problem from happening again.
Patterns of Nationalism:
1700 -- Englishman
1760s -- closer ties felt towards one’s colony / state
1790 (and election of Washington) comes together as Americans
Political Crisis of 1790s, culminating in 1799 -- identify with party faction (Republican or Federalist)
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1800 -- Begins to re-come together
1808 -- With Jefferson gone, lost moral focus
War of 1812, 1815: The New Nationalism
1800 -- The REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION
Move of capitol from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Washington, D.C.
Republican Program:
1. Remove all internal taxes (revenue now from Western Land sales only)
2. Reduce the Military (budget cut 50%)
3. Repay the Federal Debt (1800 $84 mil; by 1810 -- $45 mil)
4. Reduce diplomatic corps (only 3 -- Spain, France, England)
5. Remove Federalist Power of Courts
A. Judiciary Act of 1801 repealed
B. Impeachment of Justices:
1. Timothy Pickering (nutcase)
2. Samuel Chase (Supreme Court Justice, good judge -- was seen
as a political move and fails in the Senate vote)
C. Adams’ “Midnight Judges”
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Federalist John Marshall.
Three-part ruling:
1. William Marbury should receive his commission
2. The Supreme Court, however, had no authority to order Madison to do it, because
3. The Judiciary Act of 1789 which had empowered the Supreme Court to force commissions had
overstepped the bounds of the Constitutional limits, therefore was “UNCONSTITUTIONAL” -- the
ORIGINS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
Western Expansion
4 New States: Vermont (1791) Kentucky (1792) Tennessee (1796) Ohio (1803)
Historiography: FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER’S FRONTIER THESIS
1800 -- The Treaty of Ildefonso gives Louisiana back to France from Spain
1803 -- Robert Livingston minister to France, to buy New Orleans for $5 mil (to get navigation rights to
Mississippi River) Talleyrand stonewalls; James Monroe sent over to “help out”; Napoleon, having lost
Haiti, wanting to get money, offers all of Louisiana territory for $15 million.
LOUSIANA PURCHASE OF 1803
1804-1805 Lewis & Clark’s expedition (Northern Border, explores all the way to Pacific Ocean
1805-1806 Zebulon Pike -- Goes straight West from Saint Louis, names Pike’s Peak in modern-day
Colorado)
THE BURR CONSPIRACY 1806-1807
Burr’s trial for Treason presided over by John Marshall: Treason precedent
Religion and Republicanism:
Republican Religion was “Enlightened” and rational: Religious Deism
1784 -- Ethan Allen, Reason the Only Oracle of Man
1794 -- Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason
Sets the stage for THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING:
Revival of EVANGELISM in the West -- the CAMP MEETING becomes the focus point of religious and
social life
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1801 -- Cane Ridge, Kentucky camp meeting Revival -- draws 15,000 new converts from across multiple
states during its week-long revival.
Rise of unique American Religious life: DENOMINATIONALISM
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The War of 1812
1799 -- Napoleon comes to power
1803 -- Louisiana Purchase
1803 -- Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars
Maritime (shipping) issues of the War of 1812:
Impressment & the seizure of American ships
1805 -- The Essex decision (Britain) -- Vice- Admiralty court rules in favor of the “Rule of 1756” and that
American ships ”Breaking their voyage” are still subject to seizure.
1806 -- The Berlin Decree (France) -- Neutral ships which stop in England or English ports cannot enter or
trade at French or French-controlled ports.
1806 -- Orders in Council (Britain) -- All neutral ships must gain a license from Britain at British ports or
be subject to seizure.
1807 -- Milan Decree (France) -- All ships with British license or allowing themselves to be searched by
British ships will be seized.
Net effect: All forms of shipping illegal in Europe
Republican Response: Economic “peaceful coercion” -- product of Enlightenment thought & Republican
Ideology
1806 -- Nonimportation Act of 1806
December 1806 -- William Pinkney and James Monroe craft treaty with Britain. Gives no concessions on
impressment or Orders in Council, Jefferson refuses to send it to Congress
June 22, 1807 -- THE CHESAPEAKE AFFAIR
Attacked by H.M.S. Leopard off of Norfolk, Virginia
Congress not in session or war would have been declared.
Jefferson’s Response: THE EMBARGO ACT OF 1807
(Removes trading with ALL foreign countries)
(December 1807 - March 1, 1809)
1808 -- Madison elected (v. Federalist Charles Pinkney) but Federalist resurgence in the Northeastern State
legislatures due to economic recession
January 1809 -- FORCE ACT passed to enforce Embargo
March 1, 1809 -- Jefferson calls for repeal of the unpopular Embargo Act three days before leaving office to
give Madison a clean slate
1809 -- Madison calls for NonIntercourse Act -- Trade only stopped with Great Britain and France
1809 -- David Erskine & “The Erskine Agreement” -- George Canning, British Prime Minister of Foreign
Affairs, refuses
April 16, 1810 -- Legislature votes to REDUCE army and navy
May 1, 1810 -- Macon’s Bill #2 -- Napoleon offers to rescind Milan and Berlin Decrees as of November 1.
Nov. 2, 1810 -- President Madison orders the British to rescind the Orders in Council in 3 months or have
Nonintercourse reimposed upon them.
March 11, 1811 -- Nonintercourse enacted against Great Britain
May 6, 1811 -- The Little Belt incident
June 16, 1812 -- Britain finally rescinds the orders in council, BUT
June 18, 1812 -- American Congress declares war on Great Britain
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POLITICAL REASONS FOR WAR OF 1812
If NE hurt most by maritime grievances, why is it that it votes against the War of 1812 and the South and
West are for it?
THE WAR HAWKS: Western and Southern Republicans in favor of War
Henry Clay (KY) Speaker of the House, John C. Calhoun (SC), Felix Grundy (TN)
HISTORIOGRAPHY OF WAR OF 1812 (four phases)
A) Nineteenth Century -- Seen at “face value”, Maritime (naval) causes.
B) Economic School
1925 -- Julius Pratt, Expansionists of 1812 claims it was sectional bargain between South and West for
Florida and Canada territory
1935 -- George Taylor -- instead looks at agricultural prices in West and says seizure of crops on NE ships
hurt the west economically and their “honor” (re: T. H. Breen’s Tobacco Culture)
C) The Revisionists
1940 A. L. Burt / 1962 Reginald Horseman
Pendulum swung too far away from “maritime Causes.” Horsman shows that Canada was not seen by War
Hawks originally to be claimed as a prize to be held hostage for concessions on trade
D) The Idealists
1961 Norman Risjord -- shows no depression in Mid-Atlantic States -- only common thread between all
states for war was Nationalism / Honor
1961 -- Bradford Perkins, Prologue to War -- views as the last chance of Republicans; they are forced to
fight war to uphold Republican Ideology
===============
FINAL ASSESSMENT:
1. National Honor (Tied to Maritime Causes)
2. Economic motivations
3. Land Hunger of the West
4. Fear of Indians (In Battle of Tippacanoe Nov. 7, 1811, William Henry Harrison becomes hero and finds
British guns being used by Indians in NW.
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Military Campaigns of the War
American Strategy: Get Canada
NORTHERN CAMPAIGN:
Canadian defense: General Isaac Brock; allied with Tecumseh
US would try 3-prong attack in the North.
Far North and West: General William Hull (paranoid American general) -- due to hesitancy,
outmaneuvering by Brock, Hull is captured and surrenders Fort Detroit.
At Niagra -- General Von Renasselaer (American, not very charismatic) finally tries to make northern
assault -- captures Queenstown heights Oct 12-13, 1812; but cannot get men to fortify it, Brock arrives on
the 13th and leads charge, repels Americans. Brock killed in fight. Effective end of American Northern
Land Campaign for 1812
1813 and 1814 -- Commodore Oliver Perry (Battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813) gains control of Lake
Erie -- major American water victory
William Henry Harrison takes Command of Northern forces (hero of Tippacanoe, later to become
President)
1814 -- With Napoleon’s Abdication of the Throne, Britain turns her entire attention to the American War
and War changes. BRITISH ADVANCES:
Aug 22 -- Taking and burning of Washington, D.C.
Sept 12-13 -- Attempt to take Baltimore, Bombardment of Fort McHenry
Francis Scott Key, prisoner on British ship, sees battle, writes poem “The Star-Spangled Banner” (to
become national anthem later)
Dec. 24, 1814 -- Treaty of Ghent -- peace between America and Britain. But the treaty unusual in that:
1. Does not address impressment nor other maritime rights violations
2. No territory changes hands between America and Britain
3. Commissions are set up to mediate US/ British grievances
1814 -- HARTFORD CONVENTION -- end of Federalists
Final Major Battle of War of 1812 fought 2 weeks AFTER treaty signed -- British troops obviously not
informed of it, once again question of communications
January 1815 -- General ANDREW JACKSON leads the defense in decisive BATTLE OF NEW
ORLEANS
FINAL EFFECTS OF WAR OF 1812:
1. New Nationalism arises, Jackson becomes major War hero
2. US wins respect as a sovereign nation
3. US Shipping, hurt by Embargo and war, forces internal manufacture and industry to rise in northeast
(moving away some from shipping)
4. End of Federalists
5. Improved US / British Relations
6. Defeat of Tecumseh’s Indians stimulates Westward expansion
7. Mistrust by Canada of US
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ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS / NEW NATIONALISM
Defined as period of James Monroe’s Presidency from 1817 - 1824:
Republicans renamed as Democrat - Republicans
Roots of change in Republican Policy in 1815 / War’s Aftermath:
Madison -- advocates things which were traditionally Federalist, such as a stronger army and navy; internal
taxation; Protective Tariffs, and to re-charter the National Bank (Charter had lapsed in 1811 from
Republican Opposition)
In Dec. 1816, Madison calls for “Internal Improvements.”
1816 -- James Monroe Elected President
SIX CRUCIAL THEMES OF ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
I. Expansion of U.S. territory / Westward Movement
II. Industrialization
III. Immigration
IV. Internal Improvements & “The American System”
V. Diplomatic Triumphs & “The Monroe Doctrine”
VI. Increase in Major Supreme Court Rulings
Also: Roots of Jacksonian Democracy in the Panic of 1819!!
I. EXPANSION OF THE U.S.:FLORIDA, CANADA, AND THE WEST
A. The Seminole War in Florida, 1817
MAJOR PLAYERS: 2 British Citizens: a Scot, Arbuthnot, aligned with the Creek Indians; and a Briton,
Ambrister, aligned with the Seminoles, who were led by Chief “Billy Bow-Legs”; Andrew Jackson; Lord
Castlereagh
• The Seminoles Raid along Georgia frontier scalping some folks
• Jackson and the Tennessee militia called out to “chastise” the Seminoles
• Seen as a violation of Spain’s promise to uphold the provisions of the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795
(promise to stop Indian Raids from FL)
• Jackson, raiding / destroying one Seminole village, sent detachment of militia away w/women and
children. Another Seminole war party ambushes the detachment, killing most of them.
• Jackson blows into Florida bent on revenge
• 2 Seminole Chiefs flee to Saint Marks, Florida. There, the “Union Jack” gunboat ruse is used to capture
them. Jackson arrives soon thereafter, takes over the city from the Spanish, hangs the Seminoles and arrests
Arbuthnot.
• A letter from Arbuthnot to Billy Bow-Legs offering aid, information, and gunpowder is discovered on
Ambrister when he and a group of Indians are captured. Jackson hangs the two British citizens.
• Lord Castlereigh in England stops Parliament from declaring war
• Spain, cutting losses, sells Florida and their claims to the Oregon territory to the United States for $5
million in the Adams-Onassis Treaty of 1819.
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B. The Convention of 1818
Madison, Monroe and Lord Castlereigh had worked on peacable ties between England and U.S.
• The Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817 demilitarizes the Great Lakes
• The Convention of 1818 sets the US-Canada border at the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains. The
Oregon territory, still in some dispute over boundaries, is given mutual settlement rights to US and Canada
for next 10 years.
C. New States and Westward Movement
1812 - Louisiana
1816 - Indiana
1819 - Illinois
1820 and 1821 - Maine and Missouri****
D. The Missouri Compromise of 1820
Caused by the slavery dispute and beginnings of sectional power plays
Compromise: Missouri and Maine entered in as slave / free states, making 12 of each in the U.S.; all slavery
prohibited North of the 36° 30’ parallel.
II. INDUSTRIALIZATION
Roots in the 1790s onward:
1790 - Samuel Slater opens the first factory: a cotton-spinning mill
1793 - Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin perfected
1800 - Eli Whitney perfects the “Rifle with Interchangeable parts -- beginning in United States of
Assembly-line manufactures
1807 - Robert Fulton & Robert R. Livingston improve the steamboat, sail the Claremont up the Hudson
River
1817 - The first steamboat to travel UP the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Cincinnati
• Rise of corporations and banks / bank loans
III. IMMIGRATION
1. Primarily form England and Ireland
2. Cheap Labor Afforded for Factories in urban NE
IV. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS & THE AMERICAN SYSTEM
A. Internal Improvements
The War of 1812 showed the weakness of internal American transportation
There were federal and state moves to create better transportation.
1. Roads
1817 -- The Cumberland Road finished, giving a “Northwest Passage” connecting Cumberland,
VA on the Potomac River to Wheeling, Ohio and the Ohio River
2. Canals
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1817 Erie Canal connects 350 miles between Albany, NY to Buffalo on Lake Erie; Cost of
shipping decreases (one ton from $67.20 to $2,84)
3. Tentative beginnings of Railroads
B. The American System
Brainchild of Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John C. Calhoun (S.Carolina)
1. Protective Tariff (1816)
2. National Bank
3. Federal Support for Internal Improvements
4. Exchange of Northern Manufactures for agriculture in West and South
V. Diplomatic Triumphs & “The Monroe Doctrine”
1. Peace with England (Castlereigh, Madison, and Monroe; peace on Canadian Border, ability to overcome
Florida incident)
2. Purchase of Florida
3. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (Sec. of State) helps formulate the MONROE DOCTRINE
Expression of nationalism and isolationism
A. Western Hemisphere CLOSED to further European colonization
B. US not interfere with existing colonies
C. US will not interfere with European internal affairs
D. US will oppose interference of Europe in Western hemisphere
VI. Increase in Major Supreme Court Rulings
John Marshall’s Court (1801-1835) makes major nationalist decisions out of his Federalist heritage. Four
significant Cases:
A) Marbury v. Madison (1803) -- Judicial Review
B) McCullock v Maryland (1819) -- disallows states to tax federal government, based out of Bank
Controversy of Bank of the United States and Maryland’s Bank; upholds use of the “elastic clause”
C) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) -- contracts upheld as valid, binding, and not changeable by
state legislatures: comes out of New Hampshire trying to invalidate a pre-American Revolution charter for
Dartmouth college and make it a state college
D) Gibbons v. Ogden -- reaffirmed FEDERAL control over interstate commerce; comes out of dispute from
NY giving Fulton/Livingston monopoly rights on all state waters including those adjacent to NY and NJ.
Aaron Ogden had a license form the monopoly; Thomas Gibbons started his own business in NJ
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