History 102 Outline III:
The New Era through the Cold War
1920's: "The New Era"
Foreign Policy vs. Domestic Policy
The defeat of Moral Diplomacy
1920: Defeat of Democrats; schism of their party
Election of Warren G. Harding (Republican)
VP: Calvin Coolidge (Silent Cal: "No right to strike against the public safety")
Harding's Call for "Return to Normalcy"
1921: Pardons Eugene V. Debs
Secretary of the Treasury: Andrew Mellon
Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover (Progressive) "Associationism"
Scandals: Teapot Dome; Death in 1923
Cultural Challenges and Changes in the 1920s
The truth of the Women's movement: Gains and losses
Harding elected with female vote (19th Amendment)
Factionalism of Women's Movement: Equal Rights Amendment, "Pink Collar" jobs
John B. Watson's "Behaviorist" psychology
Margaret Sanger, Birth Control (Diaphragm) & Attention to sex as pleasure
Culture and Society: The Arts & Music
H. L. Mencken, satirist and journalist
F. Scott Fitzgerlad The Great Gatsby
T. S. Elliot, William Faulkner, Gertrude Stein, Enest Hemmingway
"Harlem Renaissance": Nora Zeale Hurston, Langston Huges
The "Flapper": underclass vs. bohemian middle-class
Growth of American Music: Radio: Jazz, ragtime, blues, swing
Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong
George Gershwin (Porgy and Bess) Kern (Showboat)
Movies: Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Cecil B. de Mille
"Talkies" by 1927; Walt Disney
Historiography
Mary and Charles Beard: Economic School
Prohibition and Crime
Carrie Nation & the "Hatchet Squad"
Drys vs. wets
The "Noble Experiment": Bootleggers
The rise of the Mafia
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History 102
The Ugly Side of the 1920s
Hate Groups, Nativism, Anti-science
The "Red Scare"
Bombs in April 1919 intercepted; attempt on Mitchell
Jan 1, 1920: Attorney General Micthell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover "Palmer Raids"
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (August 23,1927)
The Return of the Ku Klux Klan
Birth of a Nation (1915)
Race Riots in Chicago, Saint Louis, Washington (1919)
Rebirth under Grand Dragon David Stephenson (And eventual downfall in 1925)
Against: Blacks, but now also Catholics, Jews, "Foreigners", "metropolitan morality"
Klaverns; March on Washington in 1926
Successes of the Klan: Nativist Legislation
1921: Emergency Immigration Act: Cannot exceed 3% immigration from 1910 census
800,000 to 300,000
1924: National Origins Act: None from East Asia, census of 1890
Religious Fundamentalism: Protestant Revolt against "Theological Modernists"
The Scopes "Monkey" Trial: John Scopes, ACLU
William Jennings Bryan vs. Clarence Darrow
Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression
1928: Alfred Smith v Herbert Hoover
Democrats divided over wet and dry issue; Smith Irish Catholic city man
Hoover Progressive Republican without having held elective office; also famous for his
relief of Eastern Europe post World War I.
1929: Hoover’ s inaugural: “We in America are nearer the triumph over poverty. . .”
October: Stock Market collapse
Causes of the Collapse?
1) Foreign Debt / World War I reparations
2) Reluctance of Americans to allow debt relief to Europe
3) High protective tariffs
4) Industry based on exports
5) Buying on the margin; 30% of national wealth based on debt
6) Disproportionate gains in the 20s of Rich and middle class
Hoover’s solutions: Few; afraid of governmental intervention; most policies countered by an
attempt to balance the budget; collapse of farm prices in 30-32 (cotton from 17.5 cents to 4.6
cents a bale) and 1931 European economic collapse deepens depression: Over 1,000 banks fail
in three months.
Hoover: Too much reliance on volunteerism: reminiscent of his faith in associations
1932: The Bonus Army; Franklin Delano Roosevelt; March 4, 1933 “New Deal”
March 5: The “bank Holiday”
March 9: Special Session of Congress starts (the Hundred Days, to June 16)
March 12: First “Fireside Chat”
Takes America off gold standard; buys gold and silver to try and raise prices
Volstead Act
1933: Farm Credit Administration (refinance mortgages)
Home Owners Loan Association
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History 102
Federal Emergency Relief Association (FERA)
Glass-Steagall Act (investment vs. commercial, bank credit, Federal Reserve)
Securities Act (SEC)
Reconstruction Finance Corp taken over by Jesse Jones*
Agricultural Adjustment Act; when undone in 1936, rewritten “Soil
Conservation Act” & the “Dust Bowl” of 1936
National Industrial Recovery Act; Harold Ickles & the PWA & Blue Eagle
Undone in 1935 by Supreme Court
Civilian Conservation Corps & the TVA
1934: Strikes Against National Recovery Act
1935: Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act); John Lewis & the CIO (sit-down)
Works Progress Administration (Federal Writer’s Project)
National Youth Administration
Social Security Law (under pressure from Dr. Francis Townsend’s $200 plan)
1936 Election: Republican Shambles; Union Party Huey Long (1935), Townsend, Father
Coughlin
1937: The Court-Packing Debacle; attempt to balance budget and recession
The Changing Tide: Isolationism to War
Non-participation in League of Nations, Court of International Justice (The Hague)
Push for European War Debts & Protective Tariffs
1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact: France: Originally, country never go to war with each other
Kellogg trumps Briand: Add all countries; eventually becomes anti-war except in "National
defense"
FDR's "Good Neighbor" Policy
1931 - 1933 Japanese incursions into Manchuria & Shanghai
The Rise of Fascism
Fascism in theory: Wed Nationalism and Socialism. Based on Roman fasces.
Benito Mussolini: Comes to power in 1922; Proclaimed Il Ducein 1925
Adolph Hitler, National Socialist (Nazi) ; Beer-Hall Putsch of 1923; entry into Parliament
(Reichstag); Chancellor of Weimar Republic in 1933; death of the president in 1934,
Reichsfuhrer.
The Nazi Agenda; Police-State; German "Re-Unification"
America: Recognition of Soviet Union in November of 1933
1934-1937: The Nye Commission & Charles Beard
1935: Germany receives Saar basin (near France/Belgium); coal
Italy invades Ethiopia
American Neutrality Pact (supposedly only for 6 months)
1936: Germany invades the Rhineland
Francisco Franco's uprising in Spain
1937: Japan attacks in Peking; the "China Incident"
"Anti-Comintern Pact"
American Neutrality "cash and Carry"
Japan sinks the Panay
1938: Forced unification of Austria with Germany (Anschluss)
Taking of the Sudentenland (Czech) Neville Chamberlain and Appeasement
1939: March: Germany takes rest of Czechoslovakia
Sept: Invasion of Poland; Non-aggression Pact with Russia; Europe Goes to War
Sept-April "Phony War" to Blitzkrieg
7) Taking of Belgium; evacuation at Dunkirk, outflanking Maginot Line
8) Taking of Denmark and Norway
Jun 10: Italy enters the War; June 14th Paris Falls; Vichy France under Marshall Petain
Soviets take parts of Finland
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Winston Churchill & Battle of Britain
September: Japan requests Triparte Pact
Wendell Wilkie (Repub) vs. Roosevelt (Dem)
The United States as Arsenal of Democracy
1941: The Lend-Lease Program
The Four Freedoms: Speech, worship, from want, from fear
Erwin Rommel helps Mussolini in Libya
Yugoslavia, Greece: Germany
German wolf packs (U-Boats): Eventual development of radar and sonar
May: Germany attacks a US Ship; US freezes German and Italian assets
June 22: German attack on Russia
August: The Atlantic Charter
December 7th: Pearl Harbor
Interlude: Denmark, Enigma, Alan Turning, Coventry, Japanese Internment
Eastern Theater and Western Theater:
Pacific: Early Failures; Then holding the line at Coral Sea(may 7-8, 1942) Nimitz & the Midway
New Guinea in Jan 1943: "Leapfrog" strategy. MacArthur to the south, Nimitz to the north; the
Phillipine Sea "Gran Marianas Turkey Shoot"; Battle of Leyte Gulf; kamikaze planes
Western Theater: North African Campaign (Oct 1942); Admiral Jean-Françios Darlan; Cape Bon
May 7 1943
Invasion of Sicily: "Unconditional surrender;" George Patton; Rome June 4, 1944
RAF & AAF bombings; "Big Week"" of Feb. 20-25, 1944
Jan. 1944: Eisenhower "Operation Overlord"; D-Day June 6 Invasion of Normandy
July 20: Plot to assassinate Hitler, Rommel's Suicide
December: Battle of the Buldge
1945: Feb: Iowa Jima
Yalta (Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt)
April: Death of Roosevelt; Truman; United Nations
May 7th: German Surrender
August 6, 9: Dropping of Bombs over Hiroshima & Nagasaki
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Truman and the Fair Deal
Aftermath of War: Nuremberg Trials; Poland and the Soviet Union
The Economy of the late 40s-early 50s
Rise and decline of women's roles
Industrial strikes
The Rising of the Cold War:
The Face of Diplomacy and War For Forty Years
The Second Red Scare: The Roots
Poland and the Soviet Union
NSA, CIA National Security Act of 1947
George Kennan's "Containment"
Truman Doctrine (Greece and Turkey)
Marshall Plan (George Marshall)
Division of Germany; Berlin Airlift
April 1949: NATO, out of the Brussels Pact
1948-1950: Alger Hiss; 1953: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
1950-1954: Joseph McCarthy
Zionism: Creation of Israel May 14, 1948
Truman's 1948 campaign: "Give 'em Hell" Harry; Civil Rights
Dixiecrats; Strom Thurmand
"Dewey Defeats Truman" & "Fair Deal"
1949: The Loss of Nationalist China; Move to Taiwan
1950: USA recognizes Bao Dia in Vietnam
1950-1953 Korean War: Macarthur vs. Truman
The Culture of the 50s: Suburbia, Consumerism, Baby Boomers, Car Culture,
Television culture, Uniformity, Religious Revivalism (Norman Vincent Peale)
1952-1960 Eisenhower Years
June 1954: McCarthy's Army Hearings; Joseph Welch
The continuing legacy of Dulles and the Cold War
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History 102