RELAVENT READINGS:
TEXTBOOK: WORTH READING

Pages 129-146 (stop at “membrane potentials”) are all relevant, look to lecture and questions below as to what to emphasize. Feel free to skip “molarity and molality”, “osmolality”, and “measurement of osmolality” for now—I will introduce these concepts when they are actually used in explanations of processes (which doesn’t happen for a while).

SKIP PAGE 139 “Regulation of blood osmolality”

Pages 151-153
VISUAL ANALOGY GUIDE

Pages: 22-33
GOALS:

To understand how substances enter and exit cells and the factors that can influence that movement
(direction, rate, will it move at all) and move across membranes composed of cells
MAIN OBJECTIVES. STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:

Describe the relationship between the plasma, interstitial, and intracellular compartments and the distribution of body fluids among them

Describe the process of diffusion and the factors that influence that process

Describe filtration

Describe the process of osmosis, the affect that the movement of water has on cells, and the relationship between solute concentration and the movement of water.

Describe the action of active transport proteins (i.e., pumps/primary active transport)

Describe the factors that influence carrier-mediated transport

Describe bulk flow
STUDY QUESTIONS
Describe the relationship between the plasma, interstitial, and intracellular compartments and the
distribution of body fluids among them (see pg 129 and the flow chart from lecture notes).
1.
Approximately what percent of body fluid is in plasma? Interstitial fluid/compartment? Intracellular fluid/compartment
2.
When fluid or other substances exit a cell what compartment/fluid do they enter into to?
3.
When fluid or other substances exit blood what compartment/fluid must they pass through on the way to the intracellular compartment
Describe the process of diffusion and the factors that influence that process
4.
What are the two parts of a solution?
5.
What is a solute? What is the solvent?
6.
What is a concentration gradient?
7.
What is passive transport
8.
Define diffusion.
9.
In diffusion, what direction do solutes move in relationship to the concentration gradient?
10.
Once two areas have equal concentrations of solutes do the solutes stop moving?
11.
What causes solutes to diffuse?
12.
What kinds of things diffuse directly through membrane lipids?

13.
What kinds of things diffuse through membrane proteins proteins?
14.
What are ion channels?
15.
Give some examples of substances that pass through channels.
16.
Are ion channels specific?
17.
What are gated channels?
18.
What are the three ways channels can be gated?
19.
what is simple diffusion ? Through what membrane components can it occur?
20.
What is facilitated diffusion? Through what membrane component does it occur?
21.
Which is faster simple diffusion or facilited diffusison
22.
list some examples of substances that move by facilitated diffusion.
23.
How is diffusion through a ion channel different than diffusion through a carrier?
24.
Is diffusion active or passive transport?
25.
Does diffusion require ATP?
26.
List the factors that influence the rate of diffusion and indicate if they increase or decrease the rate.
27.
How is facilitated diffusion different then diffusion through membrane lipids?
28.
How is diffusion through a channel similar to diffusion through a carrier protein?
29.
How is diffusion through a channel different than diffusion through a carrier proteins?
30.
What two conditions must be met for a substance to be able to diffuse into or out of a cell?
31.
Be able to predict which direction a solute would move based on a description of gradients and permeability.
Describe the process of osmosis, the affect that the movement of water has on cells, and the relationship between solute concentration and the movement of water.
32.
What is osmosis?
33.
What plasma membrane structures does/can osmosis occur through?
34.
Which direction does water move in relation to its own concentration gradient?
35.
Which direction does water move in relation to the concentration of solutes?
36.
For osmosis to occur would the membrane need to relatively permeable or relatively impermeable to solutes?
37.
Is an osmotically active solute able to pass through a membrane?
38.
What are aquaporins?
39.
What is osmotic pressure?
40.
What is osmolality?
41.
If a solution is isotonic what does that mean? What affect will it have on a cell (a cell’s volume).
42.
If a solution is hypertonic what does that mean? What affect will it have on a cell (a cell’s volume).
43.
If a solution is hypotonic what does that mean? What affect will it have on a cell (a cell’s volume).
Describe Filtration
44.
What is filtration?
45.
What kind of a gradient exists in filtration?
46.
What determines if a substance will move across a membrane by filtration?
47.
What is the relationship between the amount of pressure and the amount of filtration?
48.
Provide a good example of where filtration occurs in the body.
49.
How is filtration similar to diffusion? How is it different than diffusion?
Describe the action of active transport proteins
50.
What is active transport? Does it use ATP?
51.
What is an ion pump (a.k.a., primary active transport)?
52.
Which direction do ions pumps move a solute relative to the solutes’ concentration gradient?
53.
Give some examples of things that are moved by pumps.
54.
What solutes does the sodium-potassium pump move? Which direction does it transport each of those solutes?
55.
List two ways that transport by pumps is different than diffusion.

56.
What is secondary (coupled) transport?
57.
Would secondary transport happen if ion pumps didn’t exist?
58.
In what way is secondary transport related to movement of a solute down its concentration gradient?
59.
What is symport/cotransport? Give an example.
60.
What is antiport/counter transport? Provide an example?
Describe the factors that influence carrier-mediated transport
61.
Which types of transport have the properties of carrier-mediated transport?
62.
In regards to carrier mediated transport what is meant by specificity?
63.
If two solutes compete for binding sites (transport through) a protein how does that affect the rate of transport of those two solutes? What would happen to the amount of solute transported if it did not have to compete?
64.
Describe how the rate of transport in carrier mediated transport changes as the solute concentration increases?
65.
Describe the phenomenon of saturation as it applies to carrier mediated transport.
Describe bulk flow
66.
What is exocytosis?
67.
What are the three types of endocytosis?
68.
What is phagocytosis?
69.
What is pinocytosis?
70.
What is receptor mediated endocytosis?
PRACTICE QUESTIONS FROM TEXT
1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 15,
You rock if you can answer: 16, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27