Chapter 13, Section 1
Growth of the Cotton Industry
Reviving the South’s Economy
 Prior to the Revolutionary War, 3 crops dominated Southern agriculture
 _________
 Tobacco
 Indigo
 Southern agriculture depended on the labor of _________
 _________was a dominant factor in the Southern economy
Reviving the Southern Economy
 After the American Revolution, prices for _________, rice, and indigo fell
 As crop prices _________, the demand for and price of _________also decreased
 Farmers tried to grow other crops with little success
Cotton Becomes Profitable
 _________had been grown in the Western hemisphere for centuries but had not been a very profitable
crop
 Long staple cotton was fairly easy to process but could only be grown in a few places in the South
 Short staple (also called green-seed) cotton was difficult to process but easier to grow
Cotton Becomes Profitable
 Demand for cotton increased in the 1790’s
 Textile factories of __________________needed raw cotton for making cloth
 American cotton producers could not keep up
 Needed a machine that could process the cotton more efficiently
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
 Eli Whitney
 Northerner
 Invented the cotton gin
 Machine that removed _________from short-staple cotton
 Wanted to keep design a secret
 Revolutionized the cotton industry
 __________________built cotton gins that could process tons of cotton very quickly
 Large scale farmers who held more than 20 slaves
The Cotton Boom
 The cotton gin made cotton very _________
 The removal of Native Americans opened up more land
 New types of cotton plants were developed
 Cotton Belt
 Area of high cotton _________
The Cotton Boom
 Production of cotton increased rapidly
 Economic boom attracted new _________
 Wealthy white southerners became even _________
 The institution of slavery firmly put into place in the South
 The entire Southern economy relied almost solely on slave labor
The Cotton Belt
 Cotton had many advantages as a cash crop
 Cost little to market due to high _________
 Long _________life
 _________weight made for easy transportation
 Farmers wanting to grow cotton headed west seeking land
The Cotton Belt
 Cotton had one disadvantage: it rapidly used up soil _________
 After a few years, cotton could make the land useless for growing anything
 Agricultural scientists recommended _________to keep land fertile longer
The Cotton Belt
 As the Cotton Belt grew, farmers continued to try to improve the crop
 Crossbred short-staple cotton with other varieties
 Resulted in new, stronger types of cotton
 The cotton belt industry expanded thought the 1860’s
The Cotton Belt
 The Cotton Boom involved much more than growing and harvesting cotton
 Cotton had to be ginned, pressed into bales, shipped to market or warehouse
 Special agents helped market cotton and insure cotton
 Factories were built to produce items needed by cotton _________
The Cotton Belt
 Growing and harvesting cotton required many field hands and the demand for slave labor increased as
the cotton belt expanded
 Congress had _________the importation of slaves in 1808
 Growing demand for slaves led to an increase in the slave trade within the United States
Cotton Trade
 Cotton was declared “King” by South Carolina politician James Henry Hammond
 Cotton boom made the South a major player in global trade
 Great Britain became the South’s most valued foreign trading partner
 Cotton also valuable to the United States’ growing textile industry
 Increased _________let to the growth of major port cities in the South
 New Orleans, LA
 Charleston, SC
 Savannah, GA
Cotton Trade
 Factors
 Crop _________who managed the cotton trade
 Farmers sold cotton crops to merchants
 Merchants made deals with the factors
 Merchants and factors also made loans _________for farmers who needed to purchase supplies
 Once farmers got their cotton to the port cities, factors arranged transportation aboard trading ships
Cotton Trade
 It was very difficult for farmers to get their cotton to port cities by land
 Few good roads in the South
 Most Southern farmers had to ship their goods on the regions rivers
 On the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, farmers relied on flatboats and steamboats
Other Crops and Industries
 Some leaders worried that the South was too dependent on cotton
 Wanted Southern farmers to try a variety of _________crops
Food and Cash Crops
 Corn was the primary Southern food crop
 Other successful foods included rice, sweet potatoes, wheat, and sugarcane
 _________was the South’s first major cash crop
 Very time consuming to process tobacco
 A slave discovered a faster curing process in 1839 which improved and increased tobacco
production
Food and Cash Crops
 Hemp and flax also became major cash crops
 Fibers used to make rope and sackcloth
 Used rope and sackcloth to bundle cotton into bales
Industry
 Many of the South’s first factories were built to serve farmers’ needs by processing crops such as
sugarcane
 First steam powered _________was built in Donaldsville, LA
 1840’s: Southern investors promoted cotton mills
 Most were small
Industry
 Some Southerners encouraged industrial growth
 Tredegar Iron Works
 One of the most productive _________in the nation
 Industry still remained a small part of the Southern economy
 Faced difficult _________from the North
Chapter 13, Section 2
Southern Society
•Reality
–During the first half of the 1800s, only 1/3 of __________ southern families owned slaves
–Fewer than 1/3 of white southern families had plantations
•Despite small numbers, these white southern slave & plantation owners had a __________ influence over the South
–Many were political leaders
•Led a diverse society including yeomen farmers, poor whites, slaves, and free African Americans
Planters
•__________ members of Southern society who greatly influenced the Southern economy
–Some lived in beautiful mansions
–Others lived more simply, saving their money to purchase more land and more slaves
•Male planters concerned with raising crops and supervising slave labor
•Wives ran the __________ households
–Also raised children and supervised house slave labor
–Social duties of hosting dinners, barbeques, and dances
•Slave women cooked, cleaned, and helped care for the planter’s children
Yeomen and Poor Whites
•Yeomen
–__________ __________ owners
–Owned few slaves or none at all
–Took great pride in their work
–All family members worked long days at many tasks
•Poor Whites
–Lived on land that could not grow cash crops
–Survived by __________, __________, raising small gardens, and doing odd jobs for money
Religion and Society
•Most white southerners shared similar religious beliefs
•Because of long distances between farms, most neighbors only saw each other at __________ events
•Wealthy white southerners believed that __________ justified slavery
–Argued that God created people like themselves to rule over others
–Opposed many Northern Christians’ belief that God was against slavery
Urban Life
•Largest southern cities were located along the __________ __________
–Similar to Northern cities
•Public Water systems
•Well-maintained streets
–__________ education was available in a few places
•Southern urban leaders wanted their cities to appear as modern as possible
•Slaves did much of the work in Southern cities
Free African Americans and Discrimination
•While the majority of African Americans in the south were enslaved, more than 250,000 lived in the south by 1860
–Some descendents of freed African slaves
–Some descendents of refugees from the __________ Revolution
–Some __________
–Some had earned enough __________ to buy their freedom
Free African Americans and Discrimination
•Free African Americans lived in both rural and urban areas
–Most lived in the countryside and worked as paid laborers on plantations and farms
–In cities, free African Americans worked a variety of jobs
•Free African Americans faced constant discrimination from white southerners
–Many governments passed laws limiting the rights of free African Americans
•Most could not vote, travel freely, or hold certain jobs
–In some places, free African Americans had to have a white person represent them in any business transaction
Free African Americans and Discrimination
•Many white southerners argued that free African Americans could not take care of themselves and used this argument to justify
slavery
•White southerners were very threatened by the very existence of free African Americans
–Threat to the institution of __________
Chapter 13, Section 3 The Slave System
Slaves and Work
Most enslaved Africans lived in _________ areas where they worked on farms and ________________
►Most slaves on small farms did a __________________ of jobs
►On large plantations, slaves were assigned to ________________jobs and most worked in the
_____________
►Supervisors known as “drivers” (often slaves themselves) made sure slaves _______________orders and
carried out punishment
►Slave owners demanded that slaves work as __________________ as possible
Working in the Field
►Most ______________ owners used the gang-labor system
In this system,__________________ field hands worked on the same task at the same time
Worked from ___________________ to sunset
►Men, women, and children older that _________________usually did the same tasks
►_________________ and poor weather conditions rarely stopped the work
Working in the Planter’s Home
►Some slaves worked as ___________________, cooks, or _____________________ in the planter’s
home
►Often had ____________ food, clothing, and shelter than slaves who worked in the_____ but worked
longer hours
Served the planter’s family ________________hours a day
Working at Skilled Jobs
►On larger plantations, some slaves worked at ____________________jobs
Blacksmithing, __________________________
►Some slave owners would allow their slaves to_______________ their services to other people and
collect a ____________________ of the earnings
This helped some enslaved Africans ____________________their freedom
Life Under Slavery
►Slaveholders viewed slaves as __________________________and not as human beings
Bought and sold slaves to make a ______________________
►Most common method of sale were at ________________ ___________________
►Auctions determined whether slave families would be ____________________ or kept together
Once separated, there was little hope for slave families to _________________________
►Slave traders often__________________ free African Americans and _______________ them into
slavery
Living Conditions
►Poor living conditions, _________________ floor cabins or shacks
►______________ furnishing and leaky roofs, _______________________ clothing made of coarse
fabric
►Some slaves tried to ___________up their clothing by sewing designs created from discarded scrap
material
Expression of _________________________
►Slaves also tried to ________________________ poor food rations
Some planters allowed slaves to have small ______________ to grow their own _________________ and
have _____________________ for eggs
Punishment and Slave Codes
►Some planters offered more food or better living conditions to ____________obedience but most used
__________
Harsh,______________ punishment of a slave in front of other slaves would serve as a warning: Be
obedient or else
►To further control the actions of slaves, some states passed strict laws called _____________
______________
__________________to travel
May not be _____________________
Slave Culture
►Slaves sought comfort _____________________ their slave communities and through their culture
►Slaves made time for _________________________ activities even after exhausting work days
Relieved them from the hardships of their lives
Family and Community
►Family was the most ______________________________ aspect of slave communities
Constant fear of separation ________________________ than the fear of punishment
►Slaves parents kept their heritage alive by passing down family ________ as well as African customs
and _______
Told Folktales to teach lessons about how to survive under slavery
►Stories with a ________________________
►Usually included a clever animal character called a “_______” that would defeat a stronger animal by
outwitting it
►Assured slaves that they could __________________by ____________________more powerful
slaveholders
Religion
►By the early 1800’s, most slaves were _____________________________
Came to see themselves, like the slaves in the Old Testament, as God’s chosen people much like the
Hebrew Slaves in ancient ______________________
►Sang spirituals
Emotional Christian songs that blended African and ____________________________music
►Slaves ___________________aspects of their traditional African religions with those of Christianity
►Worshipped in_______________________
Seeds of Rebellion
►Maintaining their own religious beliefs and practices was only one way in which enslaved people
resisted control
_______________________rebellion daily
►Sometimes they worked ______________________ to protest long hours
►Sometimes they ran away to__________________ relatives
►Gaining freedom by escaping to the North was _________________________
If found, slaves were sent back were they faced certain______________________ or death
Slave Uprisings
►Even though______________________ slave revolts were_____________, white southerners lived in
fear of them
►Two planned slave rebellions were stopped before they began
____________________________ planned a rebellion near Richmond, VA in 1800
Denmark Vesey planned a rebellion in _________________________________ in 1822
Local authorities ____________________________ those involved
►Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Most ________________________slave revolt in the country in 1831
A slave named Nat Turner from Southampton Country, VA believed that God told him to end all slavery
Led a group of slaves in a plan to kill of the slaveholders and their families in the county
Rebellion began by ____________________ the family that held Nat Turner a slave
___________________ whites were killed in the rebellion
►More than__________________ innocent slaves who were __________________a part of Nat Turner’s
rebellion were killed in an attempt to ____________________ the rebellion
►Nat Turner led authorities in a chase around the countryside for_____________ weeks before he was
captured
►Before his trial, Nat Turner ____________________his belief that his actions
were___________________ and that his execution would be worth it
Nat Turner was executed on November 11, 1831
►After the rebellion, many states ________________________their slave codes