Past Paper Exam Questions - Developmental Psychology
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PAST PAPER EXAM QUESTIONS DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY ATTACHMENT January 2009 6 Ainsworth and Bell observed infants in an unfamiliar room to assess the quality of their attachment to their mother. Observations during this ‘Strange Situation’ related to the following categories of behaviour: Exploration – how much the infant explored the unfamiliar room; Separation behaviour – how the infant reacted when the mother left; Stranger anxiety – the response of the infant to a stranger; Reunion behaviour – how the infant reacted when the mother returned. 6 (a) Select two of these categories and explain how the behaviour of securely attached infants and insecurely attached infants would be different in the ‘Strange Situation’. (2 marks + 2 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 (b) Briefly explain why some children show characteristics of secure attachment and some characteristics of insecure attachment. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Outline what research has shown about the effects of day care on children’s aggressive behaviour. (6 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 A psychologist analysed the results of ‘Strange Situation’ studies from different countries. Some of the results are shown below. Country (and number of studies) % of each type of attachment Secure Country One (2) Country Two (18) Country Three (4) 64 65 67 InsecureAvoidant 7 21 26 InsecureResistant 29 14 7 9 (a) Outline what the table above shows about cultural variations in attachment. (3 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 (b) Explain one criticism of investigating cultural variations in attachment using the ‘Strange Situation.’ (3 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Psychologists have put forward different explanations of attachment, such as learning theory and Bowlby’s theory. Outline and evaluate one or more explanations of attachment. (12 marks) You may use this space to plan your answer .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 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June 2009 5 A recent study recorded the amount of time that children spent in day care from birth to four years, and asked each child’s mother to rate her child for aggression and disobedience. The study found that, as the time spent in day care went up, the mothers’ rating of aggression and disobedience also went up. The researchers also found that children who experienced better quality day care had fewer behavioural problems than children who experienced lower quality day care. (2 marks + 2 marks) 5 (c) Outline two characteristics of high quality day care. Characteristic 1 .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... Characteristic 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 (d) What have studies shown us about the effects of day care on peer relations?(4 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 (a) What is meant by the term attachment? (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 (b) Tick two of the boxes below to indicate which of the following statements relate to Bowlby’s evolutionary theory of attachment. (2 marks) A B C D 7 Attachment takes place during a critical period or not at all. Infants become attached to the person who feeds them. Infants are innately programmed to form an attachment. Attachments are based on the principles of classical And operant conditioning. Research has suggested that institutionalisation can have negative effects on children. In the 1990s, many children were found living in poor quality orphanages in Romania. Luca had lived in one of these orphanages from birth. When he was four years old, he was adopted and he left the orphanage to live in Canada. His development was then studied for a number of years. 7 (a) Outline possible negative effects of institutionalisation on Luca. (4 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 (c) Disruption of attachment can occur when children experience separation from their attachment figure during their early childhood. Outline one study of the effects of disruption of attachment. (4 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 By observing interactions between the infants and their mothers in a Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth was able to identify different types of attachment. 8 (b) How does the behaviour of securely attached infants differ from that of insecurely attached infants? 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January 2010 5 (a) What is meant by the term attachment? (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 (b) Tick two of the boxes below to indicate which statements best describes the behaviour of a securely attached child in the Strange Situation. (2 marks) A B C D Exploration of the environment is limited because the infant has difficulty moving away from the caregiver. The infant explores a strange environment, plays happily with toys and uses the caregiver as a safe base. The infant goes to the caregiver when she returns and is easily soothed. The infant goes to the caregiver when she returns but is difficult to comfort. 5 (c) Outline how Ainsworth studied types of attachment. (3 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 A psychologist investigated the effect of different forms of day care on children’s later social development. She selected two different types of day care: • child minders • day nurseries. The children had been in one of these types of day care full-time for at least a year before they started primary school. Each child’s mother was asked to complete a questionnaire. 6 (b) The questionnaire given to the mothers included questions about the way their children’s social behaviour changed over time. Explain what is meant by children’s social behaviour. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Simon, a two-year-old boy, was left by his parents in a residential nursery for nine days. His mother did not see him during this time because she was in hospital. He was looked after by many different carers who gave him good physical care. 7 (a) Explain how Simon’s behaviour might change as a result of disruption of attachment. (4 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 (b) Suggest one way in which Simon’s experience when his mother went into hospital could have been improved. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Failure to form attachments is known as privation. Outline and evaluate research into privation. (12 marks) You may use this space to plan your answer .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 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June 2010 6 Ainsworth identified different types of attachment in children, including secure and insecure attachment. 6 (a) Identify two characteristics of an insecurely attached child. (2 marks) Characteristic One .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... Characteristic Two .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Observation in a Strange Situation has been used to investigate cultural variations in attachment. 7 (b) Outline what research has shown about cultural variations in attachment. (4 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Both of Ali’s parents work full time, so they have decided to put him into day care. They do not have any relatives or friends who could care for Ali, but there are several types of day care available locally. 8 (a) Name two different forms of day care which might be suitable for Ali. (2 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 (b) What advice would you give to Ali’s parents to help them choose the most suitable day care for Ali? (4 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Psychologists have studied children who have lived in institutions such as orphanages. Outline and evaluate research into the effects of institutionalisation. (12 marks) You may use this space to plan your answer .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 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January 2011 6 (a) Mary Ainsworth studied insecure and secure attachments in infants by using the ‘Strange Situation’. Describe how Ainsworth studied types of attachment. (5 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 (a) Explain the difference between privation and disruption of attachment. You may use examples to help explain the difference. (4 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 (b) Explain how child care has been influenced by findings of research into attachment. (4 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Learning theory provides one explanation of attachment. It suggests that attachment will be between an infant and the person who feeds it. However, the findings of some research studies do not support this explanation. 8 (a) Outline research findings that challenge the learning theory of attachment. (4 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 (b) Outline an evolutionary explanation of attachment. (5 marks) .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 A psychologist assessed the aggressive behaviour of 100 five-year-old children who were starting school. The children had attended day care for at least 20 hours a week. Fifty of the children had attended day nurseries. The other fifty children had been looked after by childminders. The children who attended the day nurseries were more aggressive than the children who had been looked after by childminders. 9 (d) The researcher then decided to investigate how day care affects peer relationships. Explain what is meant by peer relations. 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