Biology 2121
Anatomy and Physiology I
Dr. Adam J. Decker
Review test #1
The following study guide is exactly that, a guide. Use it to direct your studies for the
first exam. The text should be used to clarify any questions you have. You are still
responsible for all class notes covered or not covered in my lectures. Good luck to you all.
PART I.
Chapter 1 notes: Introduction
1- Define anatomy and physiology
2- Describe all levels of body organization, listed in order, from least to most complex.
3- List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their major components, and briefly
describe the major functions of each.
4. The three interdependent components of communication via the nervous system and
endocrine system are ________________, ________________, ______________.
Describe the events that occur in each component.
5- Define homeostasis and metabolism and explain their significance.
6- Describe how positive and negative feedback maintains homeostasis.
7- Give two examples of negative and positive feedback loops within the human body.
8- Define all relative positions an descriptive terms listed.
9- What is anatomical position? How is it used to correctly describe the locations of all
body parts.
10- Identify all directional terms covered in class.
11- Describe the two major body cavities and all components, including membranes.
12. Identify the nine body regions and four quadrants of the abdomen. Where is the liver,
stomach, urinary bladder, gall bladder, vermiform appendix and spleen located within
these regions?
13. Describe the following body planes: sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, coronal,
transverse and oblique.
Chapter 2 notes: Chemistry of Life
1- Differentiate between different types of matter and energy.
2- 96% of body is made up of these 4 elements?
3- Define proton, electron and neutron, atomic number and atomic mass
4- How many electrons can the K, Land M shells hold?
5- What is the octet rule? What is an isotope?
6- Define the term, ions, electrolyte, cation and anions and give an example of each.
7- The three major chemical bonds found in the body are? Give an example of each type
of bonding (i.e. ionic bonding NaCl).
8- Distinguish between a compound and a molecule.
9- Compare and contrast polar and non-polar.
10- Why is water considered the “universal solvent?”
11- What are the major properties of water?
12- Define acids, bases, dissociation and explain the concepts of the pH scale. What is a
buffer?
13- Explain the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and
breakdown of organic compounds
14- Compare and contrast the monomers (i.e. monosaccharide’s), polymers (i.e.
polysaccharides) , general structures, and biological
functions for each of the four organic compounds (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
and nucleic acids).
15- What are the two main functional groups found in amino acids? Ans. Carboxyl group
(COOH) and amine (NH2)
16- Differences in the ___ group will make each amino acid unique. Ans. Side chain (R)
17- Describe, in detail, the four levels of protein structure. What types of bonds hold
amino acids together? Hemoglobin is an example of a _________________ protein.
18- Define the term denature.
19- Basic unit of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) is a ____________________
20- DNA stands for _______________ ______________ ____________.
21- Identify the 4 nitrogenous base pairs found in DNA and RNA.
PART II:
Chapter 3 notes: Cytology
1. Cells are the basic unit of _______________.
2. Who is Robert Hooke?
3. What are the major components of fluid mosaic model?
4. Define hydrophobic and hydrophilic. What is the orientation of the heads and tails?
5. Describe the structure and functions of integral and peripheral proteins?
6. ________________ gives the cell membrane stability.
7. Describe the function of these plasma membrane specializations: microvilli, tight
junction, desmosomes and gap junction (nexus/connexons). Use Fig. 3.5 in text
8. Define the function of the various organelles found within a human body cell.
9. Compare and contrast all of the passive versus active transport mechanisms.
10. Define solute and solvent and describe their importance in the identification (using
correct terminology) of the three types of tonicity and describe their effects on human
cells (specifically erythrocytes).
11. List the phases of the cell life cycle and describe the key events of each phase.
12. Describe the process of DNA replication, during the S phase of interphase, and apply
the principles of complimentary base pairing.
13. Describe the phases of mitosis.
14. Name and describe the two phases of protein synthesis and discuss the roles of DNA,
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA, in each phase.
15. Describe the processing of RNA before it leaves the nucleus and the importance of
introns, exons, and spliceosomes in the process.
16. Describe the role of the following on the process of replication and/or protein
synthesis: helicase, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, promoter, terminator, codon,
anti-codon, ribosome
Chapter 4: Histology
1. List and describe the primary function of each principle type of human tissue.
2. Define zygote and blastocyst.
3. What are the three germ layers found in a blastula? Give an example of what each
layer will differentiate in to.
4. Identify the main characteristics and functions of the epithelial and connective tissue.
5. Explain how epithelial tissue is classified: Use terms like simple, stratified, columnar,
cuboidal etc.. How would you describe these tissues to your children? i.e. one layer
of flatten cells, many layers of cube shaped cells, etc
6. List one primary location and one function for all epithelial tissue listed in the notes.
7. What is the principle difference between an exocrine and an endocrine gland?
8. List the primary types and characteristics of multicellular exocrine glands.
9. All connective tissue is derived from _______________________ (embryonic tissue)
10. What are the 4 types of blast/cyte cells associated with connective tissue?
11. What tissues make up loose C.T.? Dense C.T.? Cartilage?
12. Identify the locations of hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.
13. Compare and contrast, both histologically and physiologically, the differences
between skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.
14. The basic cell of the nervous system is the __________________.
15. ___________________ help support, nourish and protect these cells of the nervous
system.