本 科 生 毕 业 论 文（设计）
题目 An Analysis of Love and Marriage
in Pride and Prejudice
分析《傲慢与偏见》中的爱情观和婚姻观
姓名与学号
指导教师
年级与专业
所在学院
禹珍景
3070511103
方凡
07 级英语
外国语言文化与国际交流学院
总目录
（1）中英文摘要
（2）论文正文
（3）《浙江大学本科生毕业论文任务书和考核表》
（4）文献综述
（5）开题报告
（6）翻译
（7）《浙江大学本科生文献综述和开题报告考核表》
（8）个人承诺书
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the main theme of Pride and Prejudice, which is a
thought-provoking novel by the highly esteemed author Jane Austen. In this novel,
Austen showed the distorted view of love and marriage in England of the eighteenth
century. Furthermore, this study will contrast views of love and marriage and modern
people’s view. In the novel, Austen has condemned some elements of marriage and
society that she found to be the cause of social problems. In the eighteenth century,
marriage was single women’s only social business because of material conditions.
Austen is also absolutely convinced that a successful marriage depends on previous
awareness of each other’s strengths and shortcomings. She also successfully showed the
economic inequality between man and woman that was a social problem at that time and
she suggested a solution by means of heroine’s marriage to overcome obstacles in
society.
Key Words
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, marriage, love
摘
要
本研究的目是探讨简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》的爱情与婚姻主旋律。
简·奥斯汀展现了 18 世纪英国的人们对爱情和婚姻态度扭曲，也让我们通过对
比，了解傲慢与偏见里面的在爱情婚姻上观点以及现代人们对爱情婚姻观的看
法。简·奥斯汀谴责婚姻与社会中的一些因素也是社会问题产生的原因。在 18
世纪，因为物质因素，婚姻成了女性唯一的社会任务。奥斯汀相信一个成功的婚
姻取决于相互了解与沟通。也认为男女之间的经济不平等是造成各种社会问题的
渊源。而她通过女人公的婚姻也想世人展示了解决社会问题的方案。
关键词
简·奥斯汀， 傲慢与偏见, 婚姻，爱情
Contents
1 Introduction……………………………………………………….….... 1
1.1 Introduction to Pride and Prejudice…………...……………...….. 1
1.2 Introduction to Jane Austen………………………….……...……. 2
1.3 Introduction to Social Background………………….…………… 3
2 Literature Review…………………………………………………….... 5
2.1 Previous Research on Jane Austen & Pride and Prejudice……….. 5
2.2 The Significance of Marriage for Women in 18th Century……..… 7
3 Four Models of Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice……….. 11
3.1 Elizabeth and Darcy’s Marriage………...…………………….….. 11
3.2 Jane and Bingley’s Marriage………………...………………..….. 16
3.3 Charlotte and Collins’s Marriage………………………...….…… 18
3.4 Lydia and Wickham’s Marriage…………………...……….…….. 20
4 Jane Austen’s View on Love and Marriage…………………....……. 23
4.1 Jane Austen’s Progressive View in Pride and Prejudice………...... 23
4.2 Influence of Jane Austen’s View on Modern Marriage………........ 24
5 Limitation of Jane Austen……………………...........……….…….... 25
5.1 Limitation of Jane Austen’s Literary Tendency……………….…... 27
5.2 Limitation of Jane Austen’s View on Marriage…………………… 27
5.2.1 Solution…………………….……………………….…….….. 28
6 Conclusion……………………………………...……………………... 29
6.1 Summary of the Study…………………………………………….. 29
6.2 Limitation of the Study and Suggestion for Further Study…….…. 29
References…………………………….………………………………… 31
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Pride and Prejudice
Nowadays, most people get married when they are deeply in love, and many of them
get divorced when their love cool down. Also, these two matters are closely related in
modern society. Perhaps people face these two choices in all times and places. But
people too often become confused with them. Pride and Prejudice deals with four
marriages elucidating several components of love and relationships. It allows readers to
approach the ideal view of love and marriage from different distances.
Pride and Prejudice which has been one of the most well-known Jane Austen’s novels
all over the world is seen as a simple live story at first glance but it reveals
contemporary social change and individual’s moral conflict through marriage. Marriage
always has been an important concern of human being. I was able to fine a lot of parts
that come up with the modern people’s distorted views of marriage. Although Pride and
Prejudice is just a classic novel, but it is worth studying for modern people who blindly
seek to marry for economic conditions.
Pride and Prejudice deals with social problems through several different cases of
marriage. Totally, four marriages including two typical ones and two realistic ones go
on in this book. In the stories of the two realistic marriages, love and marriage reveal
themselves as imperfect and dirty matters. Austen successfully described the process of
immature and inexperienced main female leading character, Elizabeth Bennet’s selfrecognition to be a person who has better understanding of herself and her world for
true love and ideal marriage. She is convinced that ideal marriage depends on mutual
love instead of economic conditions. Austen shows the materialistic basis of the society
and the marriage market theme in the first chapter of the novel. Therefore, people who
read the novel can be easy to aware that marriage is the main theme of this novel.
1.2 Introduction to Jane Austen
The background of Jane Austen is the time of Regency in England. At the end of the
eighteenth century, People in England were at the historical transition point from the
earlier stage of capitalism to capitalist industrialization. Society and economy developed
rather slowly not only in politics but also in economics compared with the rapid
development of capitalistic society of the middle nineteenth century. In the countryside,
aristocratic families were likely to frown upon them. At the same time, Mainstream
society at Austen’s time had left marriage as the best precaution of poverty for poor
women.
Jane Austen was born in Hampshire, south of England on December 6, 1775. The
social position of her family was different from the Bennet family in Pride and
Prejudice which was wealthy but it did not have the nobility or pride of the upper
classes. She was encouraged to read and write a lot and was recommended to read
classics such as Shakespeare and Samuel Johnson, William Cowper, Henry Fielding,
Samuel Richardson’s works and so on by her father. Especially she pored over the
article of Samuel Richardson which emphasized the Gentry class’s fusion of and
commercial middle hierarchy and she started to be interested in the realism techniques
and intellectual and ethical human beings.
In January 1813, Pride and Prejudice was published, written by Jane Austen who was
fueled by the success of the Sense and Sensibility. Austen has been a writer who
occupied the peerless position in the history of English literature. She strives for
perfection of her work by sophisticated character sketch, delicate irony, well-balanced
writing skills and well-organized plot. These points of her artistic features show the
literary value of her work. Her novels mostly deal with the process of unmarried
women’s marriage. The heroines in the Austen’s novel find the pride, prejudice, vanity
in their internal mind through the process of marriage. By waking up these, they are
ethically changed and grown.
Austen shows the economic, educational and vocational inequality between men and
women and the fact that women had difficulty in getting jobs which the writer thought
the foundations of the social evil in general. And Austen gave readers possibilities of
solution by making the main female character, Elizabeth Bennet to overcome a lot of
social inequalities and to get happy marriage which is a symbol of the mature
relationship. This means that woman can get out of the subjection under her social
environments and conditions by her mental maturity.
1.3
Introduction to Social Background
In the period that Jane Austen lived in, there were political, economic, social,
ideological and cultural changes. The historical background of the story of Pride and
Prejudice is in the time of Regency in England. Britain was at the period of transition
from the earlier stage of capitalism to capitalist industrialization. (Wol Ji Lee 1998:6190)
In eighteenth century, there were great division and turmoil such as French Revolution
in the world history. The French Revolution took place in 1789. The historical event
was the starting point of revolutionary movements in other countries. There were no
comparable revolution with French Revolution in Austen’s country but England was
deeply involved in the war and rebellion in the world. Through the several wars,
England had undergone drastic economic changes and the makeup of economy shifted
from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy.
The biggest reason of the economic change in England is the Industrial Revolution.
Industrial revolution brought the lumbering machines. And the dying society was in
complete chaos. Before eighteenth century, the society of England was based on the
properties and hierarchy. And all hierarchy was based on financial conditions. Through
the Industrial Revolution, People in England got a lot of opportunities to be able to
amass competency. The newly rich that accumulated wealth with the development of
commerce insisted that they were ‘Gentry’ and the strictly hierarchical classification of
social status in the past were starting to loosen. The property started to be important
since individual identity in the society depended on wealth and property. Thus, annual
revenue became the matter of greatest concern of people in eighteenth century of
England. At that time England was at the period of transition from the earlier stage of
capitalism and the expansion of a rich class, the distinction between social strata was
becoming smaller and smaller while money was getting more and more important in
people’s perceptions of social value. The middle-class in the eighteenth century was
developed by financial and economic powers. (Kyung Jin Kim1995:41-44)
However, British women were inferior to men in various parts of the time and they
were social minorities. Thus, women could take a better social status and economic
stability through marriage. As you can see in this novel, the property was judged as one
of important measures to estimate the social status of individual at that time but
individual’s moral character was not able to be a criterion for judgment. Women were
far from the hierarchy which owned property in the eighteenth century. Therefore, the
most important economic activities of women were marriage.
In this study, I will define the nature of marriage represented in various combinations
of men and women in Pride and Prejudice and propose an appropriate view of marriage
for young people in modern societies. To demonstrate this point, I will take a look at the
relationship between marriage and contemporary women’s social and economic status
in Austen’s time. And I will study various marriages described in Pride and Prejudice.
Furthermore, I will attempt to analyze Austen’s limitations and come up with proposed
solutions.
2 Literature Review
Pride and Prejudice is regarded as Jane Austen’s the most well-known work. It
contains all the elements necessary for great literature such as an interesting plot, a terse
style, appropriate setting, and fascinating characters.
There are a lot of previous studies about Pride and Prejudice in the various aspects.
Especially, a number of papers are focused on the progressive feminism and marriages
portrayed in this novel. And I have reviewed some papers related to the topic of this
thesis. Many literature critics have written essays to analyze this book and I have put
them in the following logical order.
2.1
Previous Research on Jane Austen & Pride and Prejudice
Critics have been delving into Jane Austen and her views of marriage. Jane Austen
(1775~1817) was the writer who lived in England of eighteenth century. In the field of
literature, Austen’s novels have done a huge amount of remarkable researches that focus
on the viewpoints about love and marriage in the eighteenth century. Her novels mostly
revolve around marriages as the central concern. The marriages happen in the country
Gentry class of the limited society.
Darrel Mansell (1973) said about Austen’s works and her subject of novels as follows.
“Marriage is the most effective and natural way to get out of mutual unreasonable
prejudice by strong affection. So Austen selects marriage as main theme of her works
and she thinks that marriage also has deep connection.”
However, some critics have claimed that Austen overlooked the big historical events in
the eighteenth century and she was criticized for focusing on the stories of marriage and
for depicting characters with narrow limits. Austen wrote works in the background of
specific rural Southern world instead of the stories such as social, political and
economic changes that a lot of other writers wrote at the same time. Actually, a lot of
writers wrote that kinds of stories due to the social, economic, and political changes
driven by the Industrial Revolution, the rise of middle-class and French Revolution
were serious in those days that Austen was one of the prolific writers. (Soo Yeon Park
2008)
W.F Pollock (1860) said “Miss Austen never attempts to describe a scene or a class of
society with which she was not herself thoroughly acquainted. The conversations of
ladies with ladies, or of ladies and gentlemen together, are given, but no instance occurs
of a scene in which men only are present.” All characters are ordinary people and the
dialogues and episodes may happen in common people’s daily life. However, A Korean
master, Kim Su Hyun (2010) said “her novels are characterized by reflecting the
convulsion of the social situation through various characters in the stories of marriage.”
Many literary critics have the same ideas as W.F. Pollock’s. W.A.N (1815) evaluated
“The most remarkable characteristic of Austen as a novelist is her recognition of the
limits of her knowledge of life and her determination never to go beyond these limits in
her books.” In Pride and Prejudice is a story of middle class people that she is familiar
with. She also herself speaks of the “two inches wide of ivory on which I work.” Thus,
the dialogues in Pride and Prejudice are talks in every ordinary days of that time.
Walter Scott (1826) also said this weakness of Austen in his journal as follows.
“Readers are likely to find an intriguing story line in Miss Austen’s very finely written
novel Pride and Prejudice. That young lady has a talent for describing the involvements
and feelings and strain with such heart-grabbing tenor that readers could feel what the
characters feel. And the exquisite touch, which renders ordinary commonplace things
and characters interesting, from the truth of the description and the sentiment, is denied
to me.”
And many scholars have studied Jane Austen and her works. There are some
impressive and unique comments about Jane Austen as follows.
The famous British writhers and critics base Boolean said “Jane Austen was a comedy
artiest”, and thinks she “in pure comic art is second only to Shakespeare”.
Pride and
Prejudice is a very famous novel written by Austen and it is read widely all over the
world. That specific history time decided that people at that time took money much
more seriously, even on their marriage.
In Literary Women, Ellen Moers (1976:67) said “While other writers avoid the detail
description of the problem of personal property, Austen mentions the money and
property in detail at the beginning of her novel.”
There is a part of Pride and Prejudice, quoted as words from Mrs. Bennet as follows.
“Oh! single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune ; four or five thousand
a year. What a fine thing for our girls!” And Q.D.Leavis (1983:27) said “Austen’s
novels reflect the social changes and deal with the moral problems caused by these
social changes.”
2.2 Significance of Marriage for Women in 18th Century
No matter what historical time it is, marriage is the most important event in an
individual’s whole lifetime and it requires individual’s deliberation. Yoon Mi-ran (2005,
3) said “Marriage is an engagement between man and woman and at the same time, it is
an engagement between the marrying couple and society.” An individual had no way of
existing apart from society.
Nowadays, women’s positions in modern society have been higher than before.
Furthermore, the percentage of educated women has increased. Because of this social
phenomenon, the age of marriage has increased in the world as well. Also it is easy to
find women who do not want to marry in modern society. However, in the eighteenth
century, women did not have the right to receive decent education. And there was
Patriarchal which does not allow women’s title to the property and political rights. As
Leroy Smith (1983:11) said “Men physiologically have ideal features while women
have passive and dependent sensitivities.” he expressed his opinion about these social
positions of women. Nevertheless, Josephine Donovan (1993:28) states “Women will
have the critical thinking powers as men by adequate educations. Education is the only
way to achieve the dignity of human being.
Mary Evans (1987:22) described that marriage was the necessary activity for women at
that time. In addition, Oliver Mac Donagh (1991:169) said “Women who were not able
to get married were treated the burden of their family”. In Pride and Prejudice, the
writers described the society and customs of the eighteenth century and recognized the
way of social problem’s solution through various marriage and love. Thus, marriage
was the most natural and effective way to do away with the prejudice between men and
women. Austen suggested that marriage is the solutions of social female problems and
she selected it as the main theme of Pride and Prejudice. Because the social and
political situation was unequal for women, Austen showed the possibility of successful
marriage under the equal circumstance through the marriage of Elizabeth and Darcy
who are main characters in this novel. As presenting this horizontal relationships
between men and women, writers insisted the women’s right in the society. From this
work, readers are able to easily find the situations of women in the eighteenth century
through different types of love and marriage in Pride and Prejudice. Among them,
women’s situations in that period are shown by Charotte’s marriage. There is a part of
the Pride and Prejudice as follows.
Without thinking highly either of men or of matrimony, marriage had always been her
object; it was the only honourable provision for well-educated young women of small
fortune, and however uncertain of giving happiness, must be their pleasantest
preservative from poverty and hunger. This preservative she had now obtained; and at
the age of twenty-seven, without having ever been handsome, she felt all the good luck
of it.
Charotte thinks that marriage is the only goal in her life and she chooses Collins who
meets her conceptions of an ideal husband. At that time, marriage was regarded as the
ultimate test tha decides women’s fate in their whole life. Beside, women were banned
from doing other business or getting jobs like modern women without marriage. The
social gathering for meeting neighbor was the only social occasion for women at that
time. But even the social meeting also made them trapped in a narrow circle of
circumstance. In the eighteenth century, the degree of women’s educations was that they
are able to do household affair. Even for those high-class women who were well
educated, all subjects were intended to prepare females for becoming elegant high
society’s members. Of course, the only purpose of those trainings and educations was
marriage. Hannah More (1979:149) stated “The greatest goal of education for women is
ethical virtue. Thus, the life that women devote to housework is the most proper life.”
There is the part which mentions the general educations in Pride and Prejudice as
follows.
“No one can be really esteemed accomplished, who does not greatly surpass what is
usually met with. A woman must have a thorough knowledge of music, singing,
drawing, dancing, and the modern languages, to deserve the word; and besides all this,
she must possess a certain something in her air and manner of walking, the tone of her
voice, her address and expressions, or the word will be but half deserved.”
In the part, woman could get the abilities to attract a suitable and ideal mate in the
future through education. Austen dealt with the conflicts in choosing a husband that
were caused by the economic situations of women who could not own properties in the
eighteenth century. The Gentry class women had a lot of difficulties in having their own
properties and they were not allowed to do any economic activities. Consequently, they
relied on their father when they were young and they totally relied on their spouses after
marriage. Also, the discrimination that was caused by Primogeniture and the system of
Restricted Inheritance is emphasized in this novel. Those social systems were one of the
main reasons for women's economic difficulties. The system of Restricted Inheritance is
described well in this novel. Although the annual revenue of Mr. Bennet, Elizabeth’s
father, is 2,000 pound, all of his properties would be taken over by Collins after he died.
This background of this novel shows the negative consequences of the system of
Restricted Inheritance’s social problem. Besides, in this period, the disparities in social
standing between married and unmarried women were certain and obvious. The social
standing of married women was much higher than unmarried women’s. In the process
of Lydia’s marriage, those points are illustrated well. Even though Lydia achieves her
goal of marrying Wickham through the improper process, she never feels humiliation at
all. On the other hand, she is proud of the fact that she is the first family member who
succeeds after the early marriage.
She then joined them soon enough to see Lydia, with anxious parade, walk up to her
mother's right hand, and hear her say to her eldest sister, “Ah! Jane,
you’re your place
now, and you must go lower, because I am a Married woman.”
Lydia prides herself on becoming a married woman a lot and looks down on unmarried
elder sisters at the same time.
People thought that the most important element is practically economic standings not
the romantic and true love for marriage in the eighteenth century. Pride and Prejudice is
one of the novels which amply reflected these distorted views of love and marriage in
that period. In the Austen’s novel, the only honorable business for women who are born
in the common family is marriage. Only through marriage, women were able to find the
better positions in the society and social roles. Moreover, two harmonious combinations
that are intellectual and responsible were able to make the better and healthy world. To
reach the ideal combination which is the biggest goal of life, the two people should keep
reflect on themselves and understanding each other. In the next Chapter, I will
thoroughly study and analysis of the various marriages that are described in Pride and
Prejudice. Also, I will examine each marriage’s strengths and weaknesses, what
marriage implied and what successful marriage is.
3 Four Models of Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice
3.1 Darcy and Elizabeth’s Marriage
The first model Darcy and Elizabeth’ marriage is the main plot of Pride and Prejudice.
Darcy and Elizabeth’s marriage is with both love and money.
Elizabeth Bennet is Mr. Bennet’s second daughter. She has wise and she is a person of
good sense. There is a part of Pride and Prejudice that her father, Mr. Bennet
appreciates Elizabeth’s good character as follows.
“They have none of them much to recommend them,” replied he; “they are all sillyand
ignorant like other girls; but Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters.”
When Darcy and Elizabeth discuss on in-depth a subject such as female’s problem of
refinement, he starts to feel attracted to her because of her intelligence and
expressiveness. Warren Roberts (1995:180) said that Elizabeth is a character of Pride
and Prejudice who is the most passionate, confident, coruscate and especially
stubborn.” But she also is ridden by prejudice of human being’s concomitant feature. In
this novel, Elizabeth makes delicate and interesting irony of relationship with Darcy
because of Pride and Prejudice. Fitzwilliam Darcy owns huge properties included a
palatial residence and his annual revenue is 10,000 pound. Although he was often
misunderstood because of his arrogant attitudes, his sincerity is slowly revealed as the
story goes.
In this work, several couples love and get married but the best descriptive title of this
novel is Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy. The personality trait of Darcy is pride while Elizabeth
is a representative character who has prejudice and bias. The story starts as Bingley who
is friend of Darcy and rich moves to Netherfield. With a rich man in sight, Mrs. Bennet
who has five daughters pays substantial attention to the man. As I mentioned earlier,
men who had economic power had the upper hand and bargaining power in marriage
because of the women’s weak economic power. In addition, unmarried women or
family that had unmarried family members were interested in them. Bingley, his two
sisters, their husbands and his friend, Darcy takes part in a ball that is given at Meriton.
Daughters of the family, Bennet also attends that ball. And Bingley is enamored of Mrs.
Bennet’s first daughter, Jane and he stands well with people because of his kindness and
courteousness. On the other hand, people dislike Bingley’s friend, Darcy because of his
pride and abrupt manner. Elizabeth hears his irreverent words towards her by chance.
There is the comment of Darcy about her appearance in this novel as follows.
“Which do you mean?” and turning round, he looked for a moment at Elizabeth, till
catching her eye, he withdrew his own and coldly said ,She is tolerable ; but not
handsome enough to tempt me ; and I am in no humour at Present to give consequence
to young ladies who are slighted by other men. You had better return to your partner
and enjoyed her smiles, for you are wasting your time with me.”
From this part, Elizabeth starts to have prejudice for him. This prejudice becomes
more serious after she listens to Whickham’s lie about Darcy. In the end, Elizabeth
misunderstands that Darcy tries to part her sister, Jane and Bingley.
Before Elizabeth gets married with Darcy, she has experienced several episodes or
courtship and marriage proposal before. Collins’s proposal of marriage for her is one of
them. If Elizabeth gets married with Collins, the reason is system of Restricted
Inheritance. Thus, she rejects secular benefits and custom that people get married only
for property by rejection his proposal of marriage.
Although Elizabeth demands that he thinks of her as a rational being, Collins keeps
regarding her rejection as customary in those days. Her rejection expresses Austen’s
criticism about Patriarchal principles and the thought of passive women. And Austen
criticized men who thought that the rejections of women are not real and true in Pride
and Prejudice (Mc Master 1996:182-183). In addition, the Elizabeth’s demand that he
regards her as a rational individual is showed the woman’s basic right to make decision
by herself (Julia Brown 1990:204).
Next episode is with Colonel Fitzwilliam. Even though Elizabeth is attracted to him
who meets for the first time in Roisings, she considers the economic problem at the
same time. Wickham is a person who is lying every once in so often and dissipated.
Elizabeth shows a special attention to him and he also shows his attention to her by
speaking his personal story. The personal story is related to Darcy. After Elizabeth
listens to his story with Darcy, she totally believes him and soothes his hurt confidence
away. Through the common topic about Darcy, they naturally talk each other and
become intimately acquainted.
Although Mrs. Gardiner who keeps an eye on the relationship between Elizabeth and
Wickham worries about their relationship because they are obviously attracted each
other, Elizabeth realizes her emotion towards Wickham is true. Thus, she does not so
critically thinks about Wickham’s activity which tries to court Ms. King who inherits a
valuable estate. As she thinks that if she has enough property, she can be his choice, I
am able to catch the clear recognition about the complicated relationship between
marriage and economic problem. Elizabeth tells to Mrs. Gardiner who criticizes
Wickham who deserts her and goes to get married to King as follows.
“Pray, my dear aunt, what is the difference in matrimonial affairs, between the
mercenary and the prudent motive? Where does discretion end, and avarice begin? Last
Christmas you were and now, because he is trying to get a girl with only ten thousand
pounds, you want to find out that he is mercenary.”
This part is shown Elizabeth’s complex recognition between economic consideration,
mutual affection and marriage. There is the conversation with Colonel Fitzwilliam as
follows.
“In my opinion, the younger son of an Earl can know very little of either. Now,
seriously, what have you ever known of self-denial and dependence? When have you
been prevented by want of money from going wherever you chose, or procuring
anything you had a fancy for?”
“These are home questions-and perhaps I cannot say that I have experienced many
hardships of that nature. But in matters of greater weight, I may suffer from the want of
money. Younger sons cannot marry where they like.”
Elizabeth mentions the fact that men also hopes to get married to rich women about
Fitzwilliam’s opinion that successful marriage is impossible to be established with only
the mutual affection. It is similar to the consideration about the change of Wickham.
Even though she shows the cold-blooded judgment, strong moral thought and
personality for overcoming the custom, she is described as a contradictory person who
directly accepts social common notion and indulges in narcissism in this part of Pride
and Prejudice.
Last episode is Darcy’s unexpected proposal of marriage. Elizabeth flatly rejects his
proposal of marriage because she thinks that she is not truly loves him. Darcy also has
pride that Elizabeth will readily accept his proposal of marriage but he starts to take a
long hard look at himself after she rejects him. However, she reads his sincerely letter to
her and starts to respect him. At the result, Elizabeth realizes that she has unfounded
prejudice against him and she experiences the progress of self-recognition.
After she visits his Pemberley manor, she starts to have different though about him.
She realizes the fact that she rather loves him and it is fantastic to be the lady of
Pemberley which is natural and so beautiful. There is the description of Elizabeth’s
feeling about Pemberley as follows.
Elizabeth was delighted. She had never seen a place for which nature had done more,
of where natural beauty had been so little counteracted by an awkward taste. They were
all of them warm in their admiration; and at that moment she felt, that to be mistress of
Pemberley might be something!
Pemberley is shown Darcy’s true nature in Pride and Prejudice. Pemberley has any
decorations for the beauties of nature and it shows his sincere and calm manner well.
Marvin Mudrick (1963:95) commented that Pemberley plays a role that reveal new side
of Darcy. It not only has naturally landscapes without any artificial things but also has
more antique elegant furniture than Rosings’s. This point is shown not only Darcy’s
wealth but preference. And Yasmine Goonefratene (1970:96) commented that
Pemberley is not only a material property but one of the symbol icons of Darcy’s real
personality.
In the last part of this novel, Elizabeth answers that she falls in love with him and start
to respect him more after visiting Pemberley when her elder sister, Jane asks that when
she starts to realize her love. But Michael Williams (1986:63) said “Elizabeth still does
not want to meet Darcy again after visiting Pemberley. Thus, her marriage is different
from Charlotte’s marriage based on economic condition.”
As Elizabeth rejects Collin’s proposal of marriage, she shows that she is not a person
who is secular and calculating but her answer to Jane’s question is showed her ironical
aspect.
During the happening that Lydia and Wickham run away, Darcy shows his general
personality well because he does not criticize her family’s fetal problem at all. He rather
helps Elizabeth’s family to solve with his love for Elizabeth. After she knows the fact
and his true love, she feels gratitude and strong love for him.
In addition, there is another episode which leads them the ideal marriage. It is the
visitation of Ms. Catherine. She confirms the fact that Elizabeth is not proper to get
married to Darcy by mentioning her inferior social status and her family and she wants
Elizabeth to give up marriage with him. However, Elizabeth firmly tells that she will
follow her own way to achieve happiness in life. (Kim Hyun-sook 2006:39)
“I am only resolved to act in that manner, which will, in my own opinion, constitute
my happiness, without reference to you, of to any person so wholly unconnected with
me.”
This attitude of Elizabeth is favorably described the courteous way that is uneasy to
fine among Gentry women in those times.
As you can see, the whole story of Pride and Prejudice unfolds around change of
Elizabeth’s recognition and growth of her self-recognition. (Evans 1987:19) Although
she is not so pretty, her social status is not so high, her property not impressive and she
not exceptional, she has a strong spirit of independence and rational judgment.
Darcy and Elizabeth’s marriage is based on love and respect not each other’s economic
condition and status. They freely express their views of marriage and love without the
social common concept in the eighteenth century. No matter who is, Elizabeth always
honorably expresses her own opinion. Darcy does not consider the social standard of
marriage and he sincerely shows his love. Therefore, their love and marriage are
described the most successful and ideal marriage in Pride and Prejudice.
3.2 Jane and Bingley’s Marriage
Bingley and Jane’s love at first sight is based on beauty and fortune.
Jane Bennet is the eldest daughter of the Bennets. She is beautiful but lacks her own
views. She is tender but not good at expressing herself and she believes in true love but
she is passive in a relationship. Her disposition and manners reflect the requirements of
the society to women. Elizabeth comments on personality of her elder sister, Jane as
follows.
“Oh! You are a great deal too apt you know, to like people in general. You never see a
fault in any body. All world are good and agreeable in your eyes. I never heard you
speak ill of a human being in life.”
The contrast between Jane’s beauty and good temper and her weakness in mind fully
shows that the most important thing in judging a female is not the beauty or temper, but
the personality and the self-knowledge.
However, Jane writes to Elizabeth when she knows that she is deceived by Miss
Bingley.
“…I confess myself to have been entirely deceived in Miss Bingley’s regard of me.
But, my dear sister, though the event has proved you right, do not think me obstinate if I
still assert, that, considering what her behavior was, my confidence was as natural as
your suspicion. I do not comprehend her reason for wishing to be intimate with me, but
if the same circumstances were to happen again, I am sure I should be again…”
Jane insists her correct decision. But actually she lacks of self- consciousness. In
addition, she stays at Bingley’s house because of her physical weakness. Austen tried to
describe the weakness and passive feature of normal middle-class in England of the
eighteenth century.
Engels (1999:99) commented that while men operate in the external world outside by
using their physical powers, women conduct the personal spaces by doing housework
which is regarded as easier work at home.
Mr. Bingley is a wealthy young man who rents Nether field. He is introduced as “good
looking and gentlemanlike.” His character is not complicated. Much like Jane, he is
amiable and good-tempered, but also like Jane’s weak personality. He always yields
“readily—easily— to the persuasion of a friend.” He listens to his sister and Darcy’s
persuasion to leave
Nether field for London, and his reunion with Jane is also based on Darcy and
Elizabeth’s help.
Jane and Bingley’s marriage is based on a favorite of good appearance and true love.
Mrs. Bennet is pleased with their marriage because this marriage can bring great wealth
and connections with noble classes. But they are passive for their love and they do not
make efforts to meet each other again. Because of these points, their other-directed love
and marriage has a problem. There are words of Jane’s father, Mr. Bennet who worries
about their indecisiveness as follows.
“You are a good girl;" he replied," and I have great pleasure in thinking you will be so
happily settled. I have not a doubt of your doing very well together. Your tempers are
by no means unlike. You are each of you so complying, that nothing will ever be
resolved on; so easy, that every servant will cheat you; and so generous, that you will
always exceed your income.”
At first sight, Jane and Bingley’s marriage is mentally stable and completed
combination but I wonder that if they can successfully marry without involvement of
Darcy, Elizabeth and Ms. Bennet.
3.3 Charlotte and Collins’s Marriage
Charlotte and Collin’s marriage is dictated by money, not love.
Charlotte Lucas is Elizabeth’s best friend, who is a sensible and intelligent young
woman at the age of twenty-seven. She is living in a society which treats an old maid as
a joke. And she should not be blamed for taking refuge in marriage. It is the society that
bent this innocent woman and gave her no choice but to submit to her fate like most
underprivileged maidens in her time. Under the social background of that time,
Charlotte’s choice is understandable and worthy of sympathy. Because what she wants
is a stable marriage, she directly accepts Collins’s hand in marriage without hesitation.
As a clergy man, Collins is obsequious with Lady Catherine, who can bring him
property and so-called status. He will inherit Longbourn when Mr. Bennet dies and he
needs a wife just as the society requests. Although he doesn’t have a high social
position or he doesn’t come of a noble strain, the reason that he is able to make a
proposal to Charlotte as soon as he is refused by Elizabeth is his pride. He thinks that no
one dare reject his proposal of marriage because of his stable status and economic
ability at that time.
Their marriage is only based on expediency of the moment. Charlotte wants to marry
for stable life not love and Collins also wants a proper wife to his condition. There is his
reason for marriage which he mentions in the novel as follows.
“My reasons for marrying are, first, that I think It a right thing for every clergyman in
easy circumstances (like myself) to set the example of matrimony in his parish.
Secondly, that I am convinced it will add very greatly to my happiness; and thirdlywhich perhaps I ought to have mentioned earlier, that it is the particular advice and
recommendation of the very noble lady whom have the honour of calling patroness.”
His view of marriage is not based on love and respect and old maid, Charlotte’ view of
marriage is totally regarded as safeguards from poverty. There is a part which her
decision makes her family comfort after they listen to her marriage as follows.
The whole family in short were properly overjoyed on the occasion. The younger girls
formed hopes of coming out a year or two sooner than they might otherwise have done;
and the boys were relieved from their apprehension of Charlotte's dying an old maid.
She finally chooses to give in to the social law and gets married to such an unworthy
husband. She thinks that she has suitable reason and confidence to be happy as bellow.
“I see what you are feeling,” replied Charlotte, “you must be surprised, very much
surprised,-so lately as Mr. Collins was wishing to marry you. But when you have had
time to think it all over, I hope you will be satisfied with what I have done. I am not
romantic you know. I never was. I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr.
Collins's character, connections and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of
happiness with him as fair, as most people can boast on entering the marriage state.”
Eventually, Charlotte and Collins get married and Elizabeth visits to Charlotte after
they marry. Because the only purpose of their marriage is satisfaction of each other’s
conditions, Charlotte intends to reduce time with Collins. Elizabeth who sees
Charlotte’s married life predicts that their marriage which has never considered personal
affection between man and woman will not give Charlotte happiness (Thomas Charles
Bettie 1968:38). There is a part which is shown Elizabeth’s thought to Charlotte about
her marriage as follows.
“Poor Charlotte!-it was melancholy to leave her to such society!- But she had chosen it
with her eyes open; and though evidently regretting that her visitors were to go, she did
not seem to ask for compassion. Her home and her housekeeping, her parish and her
poultry, and all their dependent concerns, had not yet lost their charms.”
It is a limit of Charlotte’s marriage. Because Charlotte thinks that the meaning of
marriage of raising a family, she does not try to find a meaning of relationship with
husband. Austen shows that the best choice of woman who is educated but do not have
properties is marriage through Charlotte’s marriage. Van Ghent (1953,101) commented
that the reason of Charlotte’s obsession about marriage is related to an economic desire
to desperately survive.
It was necessary for women of those days to marry to have a social status and enjoy
material wealth. Most of women who did not marry had to financially rely on their
family.
Bernard J. Paris (1978:104) commented about this Charlotte and Collins’s marriage as
follow. “Charlotte’s view on marriage is realistic and rational, which is most women’s
views on marriage of that time.”
Austen realistically described the social background that a poor woman is at the mercy
of economic condition in the society at that time through Charlotte. At the same time,
writer shows her antipathy about the marriage which is only based on economic stable
without love through heroine in Pride and Prejudice.
3.4 Lydia and Wickham’s Marriage
Lydia and Wickham’s marriage is with neither love nor money.
Diametrical marriage against Charlotte’s is Lydia and Wickham’s marriage and this
marriage is also one of targets of Austen’s criticism.
Lydia is the youngest daughter who is impulsive and she lacks discernment. She is
describes as the most unwise character in Pride and Prejudice. Because she runs away
from home and get married to Wickham without any consideration. Lydia is a woman
who hates to be controlled by others and a woman who does not have sense of
responsibility. It is showed the opposite character against submissive and subordinate
image of women in the eighteenth century and she never realize her inner defect at all.
Wickham does not have high social position and he is an unsavory character.
Nevertheless, he gets favor in other’s sight and makes proposals of marriage to wealthy
women by his appearance and speaking skill.
Lydia also eagerly wants to have an ideal partner as her elder sisters do even though
she is young. She takes after her mother, Mrs. Bennet. She always gets her own way
and she is imprudent. Women in Pride and Prejudice find ideal husbands with each
standard and receive their proposal of marriage. Lydia has a strong impulsive spirit.
Thus, Lydia and Wickham’s marriage is regarded as the hastiest marriage which follows
temporary fever and physical desire. She is interested in dating with men so she always
follows army. There is a part that shows Elizabeth’s thought about her younger sister,
Lydia as follows.
But she is very young; she has never been taught to think on serious subjects; and for
the last half year, nay, for a twelve month, she has been given up to nothing but
amusement and vanity. She has been allowed to dispose of her time in the most idle and
frivolous manner, and to adopt any opinions that came in her way. Since the-shire were
first quartered in Meryton, nothing but love, flirtation, and officers, have been in her
head.
Wickham who has an ambition about property fail attempt to temp Darcy’s younger
sister to get married. After then, his attention moves to Ms. King who will inherit a
large fortune but in the end, he runs away with Lydia. In the eighteenth century, the
event which a woman do moonlight with a man is enough to make seriously shocked
their surroundings. While Lydia’s family shocked and worried about her, she regrets her
wrongdoings at all and she simply enjoys the situation. The letter written by Lydia to
her intimate friend is shown her thoughtlessness. There is the letter written by her as
follows.
“You will laugh when you know where I am gone, and I cannot help laughing myself
at your surprise tomorrow morning, as soon as I am missed. I am going to Gretna Green,
and if you cannot guess with who, I shall think you a simple ton, for there is but one
man in the world I love, and he is an angel. I should never be happy without him, so
think it no harm to be off. You need not send them word at Long bourn of my going, if
you do not like it, for it will make the surprise the greater, when I write to them.”
Even if this event gives her family shock, it paves the way for success of Elizabeth and
Darcy’s marriage. After Darcy listens to the event, he secretly pays Wickham’s debt
because he loves Elizabeth. But Elizabeth listens to it from Lydia and she start to love
and respect him more than before. All troubles that are caused by Lydia and Wickham
are solved by Darcy’s helps. However, Lydia is still acts as her please. After she returns
home, she is completely absorbed in happiness without consideration for criticism of
people around her. She cannot think that she gives humiliation and shock to her family
and society at all. There is a part which shows Lydia’s delusion that everyone will
congratulate on her marriage as follows.
Lidya was Lidya still; untamed, unabashed, wild, noisy, and fearless. She turned from
sister to sister, demanding their congratulations, and when at length they all sat down,
looked eagerly round the room, took notice of some little alteration in it, and observed,
with a laugh, that it was a great while since she had been there.
Their marriage is based on temporary passion and emotion. But they follow the
extreme way to marry instead of the necessary procedure. Therefore, their marriage is
immoral and irresponsible marriage. Also, Lydia reflects the modern young people. The
reason is that she chose Wickham at the first sight because of his appearance. Besides
Wickham chose her and runs away with her because he does not have any ability to pay
his dept. Through these two characters, Austen wants to say that marriage accomplished
by youth and external qualities cannot maintain their affection to each other.
4 Jane Austen’s View on Love and Marriage
4.1 Jane Austen’s Progressive View in Pride and Prejudice
The theme of Pride and Prejudice is the point of what the ideal marriage is that is a
continued interest of human being. It is obvious from this novel that Austen’s view of
marriage is not immutable. Although she was a bachelorette, she thought the most
sensitive and important thing between man and woman is marriage. She became more
and more progressive and mature in thought at the end of her life compared with the
beginning of her writing career. And she criticizes and suggests the ideal marriage
through several couples.
In the eighteenth century, because there were a lot of social, political and economic
restrictions to women, people had notion that women are inferior to men. However,
Austen denies this notion and stresses the fact that women also are as rational as men
through Elizabeth.
Several different couples are founded in this work. Among them, Charlotte’s marriage
is a marriage that reflects the times well. The man and woman who pursue a stable are
described well. Austen suggests that a marriage based on conditions cannot give
happiness.
And Austen shows the traditional and common marriage through Jane’s marriage.
However, she points out their passive way of marriage. Above all marriages in this
novel, Lydia’s marriage has the biggest problems. Their marriage is only based on the
temporary emotions and passions. Wickham needs a person who pays his dept and
Lydia has no consideration before marriage. Therefore, they are married by an extreme
way. Austen wondered if Lydia’s marriage based on the impulse of moment can
maintain happy life through Elizabeth.
Lydia’s marriage seems to be different from Charlotte’s marriage, but these marriages
are alike because Lydia feels achievement by gaining a man. It reflects the biggest aim
for woman is marriage and submissive internalization of social pressure of the age.
The ideal marriage which Austen thinks is Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage. Above all,
this marriage describes the active attitude towards marriage well. While Jane represents
a typical passive woman, Elizabeth represents an active woman in the novel. Elizabeth
is not only different from Charlotte who only considers property and social status of
companions and Lydia who follows the impact of moment. Although she also thinks
being the lady of Pemberley is fantastic, she values love above everything else.
Elizabeth’s first refusal Darcy’s proposal of marriage reflects an active woman who is
different from typical women of the age. It is a challenge from typical view that
property is regarded as the most important element without love. When Elizabeth’
circumstance and Darcy’s conditions considered, her rejection is greatly meaningful.
She always carefully considers about proposal and marriage by her ethical standards.
Besides, she is never swayed by others and she thinks independently. Her marriage is
based on mutual affection after the process of self-recognition.
Austen thinks Elizabeth is an ideal woman who is more intelligent and active for
marriage than typical woman who settle for the social discrimination and she claims that
women have to make efforts for self-recognitions by Elizabeth. In addition, Austen
shows what ideal marriage is and the model of new marriage based on mutual love and
respect through various marriages in Pride and Prejudice. Austen suggests a married
couple has to respect each other and woman’s right and ability must be rightly
recognized.
4.2 Influence of Jane Austen’s View on Modern Marriage
Today, the marriage for love is different from Jane Austen’s time. Equality and
freedom is necessary. But there are many young people believe that property and social
status play an important role in marriage. Therefore, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice
is thought-provoking for modern people. Austen emphasized that marriage has to be
based on the harmony and equality between men and women. And her works awaken
readers the feminine consciousness. Marriage was regarded as the only way of securing
living for women. They thought marriage as “the only honorable provision for welleducated young women of small fortune”. Therefore, most young women were eager to
get married. Otherwise, they must depend on their family who cannot constantly
support them. Thus, economic condition was the main reason for marriage. And another
main reason for marriage was high social class because of the fact that if a woman
married with a man who has a higher social status, the rest of her family would be rich.
However, I think that modern people should regard love as the most important thing. I
believe that this type of marriage will bring happiness. On the other hand, some couple
gets married for other things such as money, appearance, social status. In Pride and
Prejudice, Austen shows her progressive view of marriage through a realistic
description of ordinary life.
In the modern society, Austen’s view of love and marriage has the significance to
modern society. From the past, the feminism’s main concept is the enhancement of the
women’s social positions. In other to women can be independent and cannot take the
men as the center in the marriage, they should consider marriage based on love. It is
also Austen’s viewpoints on love and marriage that has an influence on modern
people’s marriage view as an actual feasibility. Nowadays, it is reasonable and natural
that women have enough knowledge and the talents through educations. Austen
observes each kind of characteristic in the human nature. In the marital choice, people
should consider about the physical conditions and social morals.
With the modern society’s incessant changes, politics and economy have changes a lot
while the traditional concept still have an influence in people’s love and marriage,
which makes modern people have little confidence in the love and marriage. When
people consider the position of men and women and choose ideal marriage, we often
turn head to look at the plot which the Austen described in her works.
Sometimes the meaning of marriage is not the getting together and taking care of each
other. But, we still appreciate each other’s respects, the understanding of each other’s
heart, the correct moral principles learned by lessons and the pursuit of happiness and
love that are described in Pride and Prejudice.
5 Limitation of Jane Austen
5.1 Limitation of Jane Austen’s Literary Tendency
Jane Austen’s way of precise description about the details of daily life is considered as
one of weaknesses of her novels. And she has been denounced because of writing dull
stories about common people, especially when her works are compared with those
novels that describes the changing times and historical events. (Zhi Min Zhang 2011:1326)
Pollock’s (1860) said “it is just the unique character of Austen’s work. She shows
readers a real and vivid picture of her era through these small matters in ordinary
people’s ordinary life. There is no grand narrative, but readers can feel it from the
dialogues characters make. The description of ordinary people and life is easier to
understand.”
5.2 Limitation of Jane Austen’s View on Marriage
Jane Austen’s viewpoints of marriage are formed as a result of her historical and social
background. It means when she expressed her own views of marriage, she does not
transcend her life circumstances. Although Austen made a compelling point, her
argument also had a limitation.
Austen writes for a living. Nevertheless, she has no income until a few years before
her death. During her whole life, she completely depends on her male family members.
She always believes women are equal to men. But this awareness of equality is merely
related to matters of marriage. Therefore, Austen fails to provide solutions of economic
independence for marriage. She also hopes to marry a rich man and be guaranteed her
living like other Gentry women. In Pride and Prejudice, there are no ambitious female
characters who try to change their life by getting jobs.
Only a man who has enough ability and property, especially high-class man is able to
marry a beautiful woman in this novel. Even though the main characters marry after
much meandering, the common route is not far from ‘Cinderella’ and “Sleeping Beauty’
story.
Besides, the marriages between different social classes are never described in Pride
and Prejudice. Because Elizabeth and Darcy are Gentry class people. There were many
economic differences among them in the eighteenth century. Still, however, their
marriage is difficult to be regarded as new combination through collapsing the boundary
between different social classes. This limitation is also similar to one of limitations in
Cinderella story. The story seems to be a story about new combination between high
class prince and low class Cinderella at the first sight but Cinderella is originally a high
class woman. It is typical combination between high classes. In this aspect, Pride and
Prejudice has a limitation like Cinderella.
5.2.1 Solution
In the male-dominant society, women’s ultimate goal is to gain wealthy husbands in
their life. Women’s senses, manners and intelligences only improve their attractiveness
for men and it provides more opportunities to reach their ideal marriages. However, all
their qualities will be neglected by their husbands after marriage.
Austen believes the economic security is the basic foundation of marriage. But she
fails to lead her female characters in economic independences to fine perfect marriages
and settle down. On the contrary to it, Austen improves the economic conditions of
female characters through only marriages. In fact ， "Economic base determines
superstructure.” If women never become financially independent from men, they
continuously are treated as dependent on their husbands and they cannot protect the
sense of human dignity. Therefore, women should have their own jobs to live without
wealthy husbands. This is the only way for women to receive men’s respect and their
marriage will be happier and long-lasting.
6 Conclusion
6.1 Summary of the Study
The aim of this paper is to analyze competing views of love and marriage in Pride and
Prejudice and study what the meaning of marriage is. It is a main theme that runs
through Jane Austen’s works. Austen ridicules marriage based solely on money and
social status and she insist marriage based on love is the most desirable, as is
demonstrated in several different cases of marriage in Pride and Prejudice.
Through description and discussion of the four marriages in Pride and Prejudice,
Austen perfectly expresses her viewpoints on love and marriage by upholding the ideal
marriage solidly based on mutual understanding and true love, but also by satirizing the
marriage founded on the basis of origin and desire.
There are no marriage based on social position and money can bring happy life. And
aimless love and marriage are incompatible.
Austen’s views on marriage and love have significance for our real life as well. We
youth should be guided by the right views of marriage and love as a compass to orient
our lives.
6.2 Limitation of the Study and Suggestion for Further Study
First of all, I have to mention that this paper is more like a discussion than an academic
writing. And there are some limitations because of the limitation of the author’s
knowledge. Love and Marriage have been one of important event in people’s life for
centuries. Jane Austen’s works are trying to do research on many aspects and they have
already had so many achievements. But I think how her works have an influence on
modern marriage still be one of the hardest topics. Most previous researches focus on
marriage which is in the eighteenth century. So, in this research I am willing to show the
influence of Jane Austen’s view on modern marriage. And I also want to study her
limitations. Especially, in the previous researches, the limitation of Jane Austen’s view
on marriage is difficult to find. Therefore, I dealt with the limitation of her view on
marriage and provide solutions. However, unfortunately, the limitation of this study is
that Pride and Prejudice is difficult to find a proper novel to compare with. Firstly, this
work is historical novel. Thus, it has difficulties in comparison with modern literature
because of the differences of backgrounds. Secondly, the main theme of this novel is
marriage and love of ordinary people. Most other writers write about historical events
instead of ordinary life which Austen chose as her novel’s main theme in the eighteenth
century. Thirdly, when I consider that Korean historical literature compares with Pride
and Prejudice, I realized that it is difficult to find a historical female writer tried to
realistically describe women’s life like Austen because of conservative society in the
eighteenth century.
If it is possible, I want to go on this research and find a proper novel can compare with
the view of love and marriage which described in Pride and Prejudice for the further
study.
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