By Shane Rowan
Contents
1. Some Facts
2. Geography of Egypt
3. The currency
4. The Calendar
5. The Sphinx
6. Pyramids
7. Hieroglyphics
8. Cleopatra
9. Tutankhamen
10. The Great Egyptians
11. The Gods
12. Mummification
13. Word Scramble
14. The End!
The World of Ancient Egypt...
Population:
More than 76 million people live in Egypt. Life expectancy is around 70
years. Birth rate is on average 2.95 per woman. Literacy rate is 68% for
men and only 47% for women.
Languages:
Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated
classes.
Capital
Cairo
the largest city in Africa and the Middle East.
Area
995,450 sq km (384,345 sq mi)
most of which are is desert and desert like area
Population
nearly 70 million
Currency:
Egyptian Pounds (EGP) is the local currency in Egypt.
Language
Main language: Egyptian Arabic
Second language: English
Third language: French
Religion
Muslim and Christian, an estimated 27% of the population are Christians
and the rest mainly Muslims
Geography
The Nile
The Nile is the longest river in the world stretching 6695 km (4184
miles). It was used for transportation and for people to live by the river
for water supply. The river's current is very strong and deadly. They
made boats to bring supplies across the Nile and also to go up and down
the river for trade across Africa.
Once a year the Nile will overflow its banks causing the crop to get
flooded. Instead of the farmers being angry, they were overjoyed,
because they had water for their crops. Egypt is a desert and there's not
much water to be spared. This is called inundation, it's a holiday for
farmers and other people. They had irrigation so the crops wouldn't
dry up in the unbearable desert heat. Back then, everyone didn't have
to work on that day when inundation came, instead they would have a
feast.
But, in the morning every one has to go back to work.
"The Black Land" was on one side of the Nile and was used to
grow crops. It was the only land you could grow crops on. "The Red
Land" protected Egypt from armies with its desert sand. It also
provided metals and semi-precious stones. The Egyptians melted and
then molded the metals into spears and swords and many other
weapons, sold them and make a lot of money. make them into
sculptures, and there are many other ways that the egyptians used these
materials.
An Oasis is an area of land in the desert were there is water. Some
oasis's where used to grow crops. One was made into a vineyard and
provided wine for the Pharaoh. Some oasis's actually have plant life
growing by it, even trees!
The main currency in Egypt is the Egyptian Pound
Egyptian pound
)cibarA( ‫ج ن يه م صري‬
Reverse of 1 Egyptian pound Obverse of 100 Egyptian pound
Symbol
Coins
Banknotes
Central bank
£, LE, or ‫ج‬.‫م‬
5, 10, 20, 25, 50 piasters, 1 pound
5, 10, 25, 50 piastres
1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 pounds
Central Bank of Egypt
The Egyptian pound, known in Egyptian Arabic as the
gineih.It is the currency of Egypt. It is divided into 100 piastres,
or 1000 malleem.
The currency code is EGP. Locally, the abbreviation LE or
L.E., which stands for livre égyptienne (French for Egyptian
pound) is frequently used. E£ and £E are also much lessfrequently used.
The Egyptian Calendar
The Egyptian Calendar has only three seasons
These seasons are…
1. Akhet
2. Proyet
3. Shomu
Akhet was the first season. It lasted from June 21st to October 21st on
our calendar. Akhet consisted of four 30 day months.
Proyet was the second season. It lasted from October 21st to February
21st. It also contained four months.
Shomu was the third, and last, season. It lasted from February 21st to
June 21st. Like the other seasons, it is four months. Shomu was the
season that we call Summer.
The Sphynx
The job of the Sphynx
was to guard the pyramids which
contained the bodies of Pharaohs.
As you can see from the photographs the
sphinx was always placed near the
pyramids
Pyramids
The Pyramids of Giza:
These massive, 4,000 year old structures have
intrigued people for ages. Each of them was
constructed by crews of 20,000 to 30,000 men and
could take up to 20 years to build! Each pyramid's
construction began when a pharaoh took the
throne because it had to be finished by the time
that he died. These three pyramids were built for
the pharaohs Khufu, Khafre, and Menkuare.
The Earliest Pyramid:
The first pyramid constructed was built for king
Snefru the first in the fourth dynasty. It was built
at Dashur to be an indestructible tomb to protect
Snefru all throughout the afterlife.
Construction:
Pyramids were built using huge blocks of quarried
limestone. The earlier pyramids had the burial
chambers under the pyramid, but when these
tombs were easily robbed, the chambers were
moved to the heart of the pyramid.
Hieroglyphics
is a system of writing, that the ancient Egyptians used, in which
picture symbols were used to represent meaning or sounds or a combination of meaning
and sound. Hieroglyphs literally mean “to carve into stone”, and dates back to 3100BC.
To the ancient Egyptians writing and art were interconnected and can be seen on walls or
stone tablets and monuments. Here are some examples …..
Have a look at the letters in your name… It would take a long time to
write a story or even your name in HIEROGLYPHICS!!
Egypt was ruled by people called pharaohs.
Here is the story of Cleopatra, she was one of the
most famous Pharohs…….
In the spring of around 51 B.C., Ptolemy died leaving
the throne to his eighteen year old daughter Cleopatra and
her younger brother Ptolemy XIII . Cleopatra was born in
Alexandria in 69 B.C. She had two older sisters, one younger
sister, and two younger brothers. A according to the
Egyptian law, Cleopatra was forced to take consort with
either a brother or a son, whatever the age was, it didn't
matter. She was married to her younger brother Ptolemy
XIII, who was twelve years old. She soon fell in love with
Caesar.
The Alexandria wars caused death to her own flesh and
blood. Ptomelys XIII soldiers surrounded Caesar's troops
around November, 49 B.C. Ptomelys XIII drowned in the
Nile trying to flee. Soon her sisters betrayed her. Cleopatra
never forgave them and had them killed or some people
believe.
Because of her brothers death, Cleopatra was the ruler
of Egypt. But now she had to marry her other brother
Ptolemy XIV, who was eleven years old. But Cleopatra was
still in love with Caesar so they had a 2 month long trip
together. Later Cleopatra and Caesar had a son named
Caesarian. Caesar claimed Caesarian his son. Other people
got upset because they thought that he was going to marry
Cleopatra and brake the law. Caesar was killed by his
senators is Rome.
Cleopatra was planning on joining with Mark Anthony
because the harvest was bad and inundation was low. The
thing was that Anthony was married and so he divorced his
wife for Cleopatra. After Anthony's death, Cleopatra
committed suicide. Her death was the end of egyptian
monarchs. Cleopatra was the last great Pharaoh.
Tutankhamun
In 1323 B.C., a very young Egyptian pharaoh died. Tutankhamun, or
King Tut as people call him,,is the best known Pharaoh of ancient
Egypt. He was most likely to be the son of Akhenaten, a king of the
18th dynasty. His mother was probably Queen Kiya, one of the two
wives of Akhenaten. Ankhesenpeeten, his older half sister, became his
queen. When he was nine, he sat at the throne in 1333 B.C. He reigned
until his death at the age of 17 or 18 years old. Some think that he was
murdered and others think that he was deliberately sent into battle
and was killed. However his cause of death is unknown. People who
believe that he was murdered point at the hole in his skull as
evidence. His body was badly preserved so we may never know the
true fate of this young, but famous pharaoh.
Howard Carter found King Tut's tomb. He was in Egypt looking for
anything that had not been discovered already. He had been in Egypt
for many years and he and his crew of archaeologists had not even
found a broken peice of pot; so they say. The crew was getting angry.
Everyone gave up except for Howard Carter. Then he realized that
there was one spot he hadn't looked. So they journeyed to that place
expecting to find nothing. Howard Carter was digging, he found a
step! He kept digging. Then he found another step, and then there was
a whole flight of stair's descending to the tomb were Tutankhamun lie
in his eternal slumber. When they opened the tomb they asked
Howard Carter what he saw. He said:
"I see wondrous things"
The Curse
All the men who visited the tomb died. One man died exactly the
same time of his pet dog. The weirdest case, was when all the lights
in the hotel went off. People heard a shrill scream. Then the lights
came back on. They rushed to the room where the scream
originated. They found an archaeologist dead. Not a single puncture
wound or any signs of being choked to death. Just a dead man. He is
the only one who knows what happened. Howard Carter was the
only one who lived to be about 74 years old. That is the the story of
the Pharaohs Curse.
Tutenkamun
Tutenkamuns mask
His tomb
His feet
The Great Egyptians
The Great Egyptians were very complex and built the Legendary…
1. Pyramids Of Giza
2. The Great Sphinx
3. Canopic Jars
The Egyptians Worshiped Many Gods Such As…
1. Ra
2. Hathor
Egyptian gods
God of
Name
Appearance
Sun
Ra
head of falcon and sun disk
Music
Hathor horns of cow and sun disk
Destruction Sekhmet head of lion
Sky
Nut
blue with golden stars
Earth
Geb
colour of plants and Nile mud
Dead
Osiris
dressed in white with crook and
flail
Desert
Seth
animal head with long curved snout
Pharoah
Horus
head of hawk and crown of Egypt
Magic
Isis
throne on head or holding baby
Wisdom
Thoth
head of ibis
Embalming Anubis
head of jackal
Justice
Ma'at
feather in her hair
Creation
Amun
crowned with feathers
Cats
Bastet
head of cat
Mummification
The mummification process has two stages. The first one is called
embalming. The embalming process cleans the body for the wrapping,
the second stage. The wrapping has a number of special steps that must
be followed with great care, for if you were being mummified, you must
be an extremely important person.
Embalming
Step 1: The body is washed with palm wine.
Step 2: The body is rinsed with water from the Nile River.
Step 3: A small cut is made in the left side of the body.
Step 4: The internal organs which are the liver, lungs, small intestines, and large
intestines, are removed.
Step 5: The brains are removed. A long hook inserted through the nose will pull
the brains out. (The Egyptians did not know what the brain was for, so they
removed it.)
Step 6: The body is covered and stuffed with natron. This is known as the drying
stage.
Step 7: Wait forty days for the body to dry.
Step 8: The body will be washed with water from the Nile River.
Step 9: The body is covered with sweet smelling oils.
Step 10: The body is stuffed with dry things, such as sawdust, leaves, and linen.
Step 11: The body is covered with more oils.
Step 12: The internal organs are put into the canopic jars.
Now the body is ready for the next stage, wrapping.
Wrapping
Step 1: The head and neck are wrapped.
Step 2: The fingers and toes are wrapped.
Step 3: The arms and legs are wrapped.
Step 4: The sacred amulets are placed. The Isis knot, and the Plummet.
Step 5: The spells from the book of the dead are read.
Step 6: The arms and legs are tied together.
Step 7: A scroll is placed between the hands of the deceased.
Step 8: The full body is wrapped.
Step 9: The body is painted with liquid resin as glue.
Step 10: A cloth with Osiris painted on it is wrapped around the body.
Step 11: A large cloth is wrapped around the body.
Step 12: Linen stripes are wrapped around the body to hold the cloth in place.
Step 13: The mummy is put in the first coffin.
Step 14: The mummy is put in the second coffin.
Step 15: The funeral is held.
Step 16: The opening of the mouth ceremony is performed.
Step 17: The mummy is put in the sarcophagus.
Step 18: The mummy is put in its final resting place, the tomb.
Anubis
Anubis was the god of embalming and
the dead. He was believed to watch over
the process of mummification.
Word Scramble Word Scramble
1. The King who built the pyramids of giza - HUKUF
2. A tomb of most early Kings - YRMDIPA
3. First woman Pharaoh - SEHPTUATS
4. Most famous Pharaoh - NMHNTTEAKAU
5. Discverer of King Tut's tomb - DAORWH RTAERC
6. The longest river in the world - ETH EILN
7. The plant that Egyptians use in many cosmetics - NEHAN
8. Cats, bulls, and ______ were enbalmed and buried - SEBIIS
9. Egypt was ruled by kings called __________ - HSRAOAHP
10. The topic of this project - CTNAEIN GPYTE
!!
The
End!
Signed : _____________________