1
MADNESS AND ITS SOCIAL MILIEU IN BRITAIN, 1560-1820
MO4904
2004-05
Professor R. A. Houston
Madness is a source of fascination and dread in the modern world. For its part, the period
between the end of the middle ages and the early years of the nineteenth century is seen as
particularly important in forming modern ideas of madness and because of the origins of
new types of care such as the asylum movement. In addition, analysing perceptions of mad
behaviour allows unique insights to be gained into the social and cultural priorities of the
sane in early modern Britain.
The aims of this course are:
1) to promote an understanding of English society and mentalities in the early modern
period by examining attitudes to the abnormal.
2) to adopt a critical, interdisciplinary and comparative approach.
BASIC TEXT [short loan but strongly recommended purchase]
PORTER, R., Mind forg’d manacles. A history of madness in England from the Restoration
to the Regency (Penguin, 1987).
DOCUMENTS [short loan]
HUNTER, R. and MACALPINE, I. (eds), Three hundred years of psychiatry, 1535-1860
(1963), 1-763.
Availability: other than at the weekly seminars, the best way to contact me is by email
(rah) - rarely should you have to wait more than a few hours for a reply. I do not hold
formal tutorial times: meetings, if required, can be arranged for any time by mutual
agreement.
PROGRAMME OF SEMINARS
SEMESTER 1, WEEK:
1) ORGANISATION AND ORIENTATION
2) INTRODUCTION TO DOCUMENTARY SOURCES
3) INSANITY AND THE LAW 1: CRIMINAL DEFENCES
4) INSANITY AND THE LAW 2: CIVIL LAW
5) HUMOURS AND NERVES
6) IDENTIFYING MADNESS
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7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
reading week
ATTRIBUTING THE CAUSES OF INSANITY
MADNESS, CLASS AND GENDER
MADNESS AND RELIGION
gobbets week
MADNESS AND SUICIDE
SEMESTER 2, WEEK:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
THE CARING PROFESSIONS
THERAPEUTIC REGIMES
FAMILY AND COMMUNITY
BETHLEHEM HOSPITAL
THE ORIGINS OF THE ASYLUM
gobbets week
THE ILLNESS OF KING GEORGE
MADNESS, ART, AND LITERATURE
THE VOICE OF THE MAD
MADNESS AND SANITY
RELATIVISM AND POSITIVISM
student revision
WORKLOAD
Three seminar papers of no more than 2,000 words each and three sets of commentaries on
document extracts (each equally weighted) will make up 40% of the final mark, the other
60% being made up by two three hour examinations. All course-work must be wordprocessed and submitted in hard copy.
Each week we shall have a student essay which will be presented in class with a one page
A4 handout for each member of the class. Gobbets will be prepared as follows. In weeks
when you are not doing an essay, you may be asked to prepare and present a document
extract. You will have to do two such presentations (with a handout) making up one gobbet
mark. Specific assignments will be handed out once essays have been allocated. The other
two will be writing 500 words each on two from six gobbets (emulating the format of Paper
1 in the exams). You will do two such assignments. The first will be in your own time and
will be submitted by 4pm on Friday 5th December (week 10) of first semester. These
gobbets will be discussed in the following week’s class. The second set you will prepare in
your own time, but write under exam conditions in the class on Wednesday 17th March
(week 6 of second semester).
Course work makes up a total of 40% of your mark for the module. The other 60% is
generated by two three-hour exams at the end of the second semester, in which you will be
required to write on nine gobbet extracts (three from a choice of six in each of three
questions) [paper I] and on three out of the nine essay questions set [paper II]. These exams
usually take place on the same day during the May/June diet. You should familiarise
yourself with examples of past exam papers, available from the University Library or
the class/School website.
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Seminars and Written Work
The course is taught by seminars, which will take place weekly on Wednesday 10am-noon
in room 0.06 of St Katharine’s Lodge during semesters 1 and 2, as specified below (but
please note that there will be no teaching in week 7 of semester 1, which is university
reading week). They will normally be based on student papers. Attendance is compulsory
and there are penalties for delinquency in attendance and submission of written work. You
can familiarise yourselves with these at:
http://www.st-and.ac.uk/academic/history/information/permission.shtml
Unless otherwise specified in writing the deadline for all written work is noon on Monday
for essays or gobbet presentations scheduled for that week’s Wednesday seminar. School
regulations state that late work will be penalised.
http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/academic/history/information/late.shtml
Seminars topics are listed below along with 1) pages on which some relevant documents
will be found: these are only a starting point in your search for relevant extracts 2) a list of
secondary reading which refers to the course Bibliography (available on the Internet via my
homepage) 3) essay titles
SEMESTER 1, WEEK:
1) ORGANISATION AND ORIENTATION
2) DOCUMENTARY SOURCES
Hunter and Macalpine: flick through the lot!
Bartlett (2001). Ingram (1991). MacDonald (1987). Macfarlane (1977).
3) INSANITY AND THE LAW 1: CRIMINAL DEFENCES
Hunter and Macalpine: 42-5, 436-7, 557, 563-4, 567-72, 576-7, 621-6, 637
Andrews and Scull (2001), ch. 6. Bartlett (2001). Beattie (1986). De Lacy (1986). Eigen
(1985), (1991), (1995). Forbes (1985). Hanawalt (1979). Jackson (1995). Macalpine and
Hunter (1969), ch. 23. Manning (1993). Robinson (1995). Rushton (1988). Smith (1981).
Walker (1968).
What developments took place in criminal insanity defences during the period 1700-1820?
4) INSANITY AND THE LAW 2: CIVIL LAW
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Hunter and Macalpine: 64-5, 92, 103-5, 137-40, 278, 297, 299-301, 373-5, 434-5, 451-7,
611-13, 617-20, 696-703, 706-7
Bartlett (1999), ch. 1-2. Bartlett (2001). Davies (1996a, 1996b). Horowitz and Polden
(1996). MacDonald (1989). Suzuki (1991, 1992).
Did the civil law protect the mentally disabled of early modern England?
5) HUMOURS AND NERVES
Hunter and Macalpine: 7-11, 50-2, 130-2, 141-2, 189-92, 405-9, 469-71, 475-9, 489-90,
579-83
Bynum (1974), (1985). Koutouvidis and Marketos (1995). Suzuki (1995x2). MacDonald
(1981), ch. 2. Skultans (1979), ch. 2. Thomson (1997).
Outline how theories explaining mental ailments changed between the late sixteenth and the
late eighteenth century.
6) IDENTIFYING MADNESS
Hunter and Macalpine: 103-5, 121, 163-5, 182-3, 237-9, 240-3, 258-61, 265-6, 272-3, 3035, 338-41, 373-5, 402-10, 522-4, 532-3, 638-9, 709
Andrews (1990) (1998). Barry (1985). Cope (1987). Digby (1985), ch. 8. Doerner (1981).
Eigen (1995), ch. 4. Goodey (1994). Hattori (1995). Jackson (1998). Kromm (1985). Leff
2000. MacDonald (1981), ch. 4. Miller 1996. Rack (1982). Sharpe (1996). Skultans (1979),
ch. 6. Suzuki (1991) (1999). Wright and Digby (1996), ch. 2, 4.
Do you agree with Klaus Doerner (Madmen and the bourgeoisie, p. 16) that identifying
madness was ‘an arbitrary matter’?
7) reading week
8) ATTRIBUTING THE CAUSES OF INSANITY
Hunter and Macalpine: 7-9, 36-40, 73, 96-7, 182-3, 245-6, 321-2, 386-8, 425, 487-8, 54851, 576-7, 588-91, 646, 666-7, 691-2
(see IDENTIFYING MADNESS plus) Barry (1985). Digby (1985), ch. 9. MacDonald
(1981), ch. 3, (1982). MacDonald and Murphy (1990). Rack (1982). Smith (1999), ch. 3.
Why did people choose one cause rather than another when explaining the madness of
friends or family, patients or strangers in early-modern England?
9) MADNESS, CLASS AND GENDER
Hunter and Macalpine: 221-3, 231-2, 289-91, 729-30 (see also IDENTIFYING MADNESS
and ATTRIBUTING …)
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Andrews 1990. Digby 1985. Doerner (1981). Foyster 2002. Jackson 1995. MacDonald
1981. Micale 1989. Neely 1991. Rousseau 2000. Showalter 1987. Small 1996. Suzuki 1998.
Williams (1990).
Were criteria of madness ‘male and bourgeois’ in early modern England?
10) MADNESS AND RELIGION
Hunter and Macalpine: 60-1, 66-7, 71-5, 164-5, 241-3, 252, 321-2, 528-31, 550-1
(see IDENTIFYING MADNESS plus) Doerner (1981). Guy (1982). Harley (1989), (1994).
Laffey 2001. Scull (1979), (1993).
Did the witches of the sixteenth and seventeenth century become the mad people of the
eighteenth and early nineteenth century?
11) gobbets week
12) MADNESS AND SUICIDE
Hunter and Macalpine: 113-15, 154-7, 166-7, 226, 528-31, 536, 563-4, 589, 645, 666
Barry (1985). MacDonald and Murphy (1990). Murphy (1986). Murray, 1998, 2000.
Seabourne & Seabourne, 2000, 2001. Seaver (1985). Stevenson (1987 x 2). Zell (1986).
Did an automatic connection between suicide and madness develop in late seventeenth and
eighteenth century England?
SEMESTER 2, WEEK:
1) THE CARING PROFESSIONS
Hunter and Macalpine: 59-61, 64-5, 91, 279-81, 293-5, 369-70, 425, 542, 637, 654-5 (plus
CARE 2 & 5)
Andrews (1990). Andrews and Scull (2001). Carpenter (1989). Digby (1985), ch. 6, (1994).
Eigen (1985) (1995). Forbes (1985). Guy (1982). Harley (1994). Holmes (1982). Landsman
(1998). Melling and Forsythe (1999), ch. 6. Porter, D. (1989). Porter, R. (1989). Porter and
Porter (1988). Rosner (1991). Scull (1993). Smith (1981). Smith (1999), ch. 2, 4.
Did the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries see the development of a psychiatric
profession?
2) THERAPEUTIC REGIMES
Hunter and Macalpine: 55-8, 122-3, 184-6, 191-2, 209-11, 225-6, 233-5, 248-51, 272-3,
282-4, 294-5, 311-14, 325-9, 333-4, 346-7, 376-8, 408-10, 421-2, 449-50, 535-7, 596-8,
600-1, 635-6, 644-7, 651-2, 671
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Andrews (1991). Andrews and Scull (2001). Brewer and Porter (1993). Digby (1985), ch. 34. Macalpine and Hunter (1969), ch. 17-21. MacDonald (1981), ch. 5. Smith (1993). Smith
(1999), ch. 6.
How much did therapies for mental ailments change in the early modern period?
3) FAMILY AND COMMUNITY
Hunter and Macalpine: 103-5, 137, 139, 248-51, 299-301, 472, 525-7
Andrews (1988). Bartlett and Wright (1999). Beier (1985). Fessler (1956). Macalpine and
Hunter (1969), ch. 24. Mason (1994). Murphy 2001. Rushton (1988). Smith (1988), (1992),
(1993), (1994). Suzuki (1991), (1992), (1998). Wright and Digby (1996), ch. 3.
What support was available to the mentally disabled outside formal institutions (asylums,
poorhouses or jails)?
4) BETHLEHEM HOSPITAL
Hunter and Macalpine: 40-1, 102, 106-8, 235, 302-10, 355-7, 414-15, 644-7, 696-703
Allderidge (1979), (1985). Andrews et al (1997). Porter (1988). Stevenson (1996). MULTIMEDIA RESOURCES.
How typical was Bethlem of the care given to the mentally troubled in early modern
England?
5) THE ORIGINS OF THE ASYLUM
Hunter and Macalpine: 200, 265-7, 277, 330-1, 366-7, 427-9, 445-8, 451-57, 472, 517-20,
525-7, 542, 606-10, 621-6, 629-30, 687-90, 706-7, 723-5
Andrews (1995). Bickford (1976). Digby (1983), (1985), (1986). Ignatieff (1983). Jones
(1993). Macalpine and Hunter (1969), ch. 23. ). Melling and Forsythe (1999), ch. 2. Murphy
2001. Parry-Jones (1971). Philo (1995). Porter (1992). Scull (1979), (1993). Smith (1996),
(1999), ch. 1. Winston (1994). MULTI-MEDIA RESOURCE 3.
Why were more institutions for the mentally disabled opened in England c.1700-1820?
6) gobbets week
7) THE ILLNESS OF GEORGE III
Hunter and Macalpine: 510-14, 672-5
Arnold (1996). Christie (1986). Macalpine and Hunter (1969), ch. 1-16. Reid (1992).
Walker (1968), ch. 4, 11. MULTI-MEDIA RESOURCES 1, 2.
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From an historian’s perspective, write a critical review of the ‘The madness of King
George’ (FilmFour).
8) MADNESS, ART AND LITERATURE
Hunter and Macalpine: 214-15, 298, 320-1, 355-7, 417-18, 599, 676-8, 695
Andrews (1990). Babb (1951). Bynum and Neve (1985). Dickinson 2000. Feder (1980).
Grange (1962). Hattori (1995). Herold (1995). Jamison (1993). MacDonald (1986). Neely
(1991). Porter (1985). Roberts and Porter (1993), ch. 4. Small (1996).
Was art and literature a positive or a negative influence on the national development of
attitudes towards the mentally disabled?
9) THE VOICE OF THE MAD?
Hunter and Macalpine: 154-7, 174-7, 214-15, 315-18, 322, 358-63, 397, 417-18, 544-6
Eigen (1995), ch. 7. Hodgkin (2001) x 2. Ingram (1982) (1991) (1998). Keynes (1995).
Peterson (1982). Porter (1996).
How did the mentally troubled of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England understand
their condition?
10) MADNESS AND SANITY
Hunter and Macalpine: 17-19, 47-9, 64-7, 76-7, 100-1, 116-7, 129, 209-11, 278, 373-5, 388,
458-61, 546, 661
Beier (1985). Foucault (1971). Gaskill 2000. Gutting (1994). Hattori (1995). Jones and
Porter (1998). Madden (1967). Walsham (1998).
What did it mean to be sane in early modern England?
11) RELATIVISM AND POSITIVISM
Bartlett (1999), ch. 7. Berrios (1994). Berrios and Porter (1995). Doerner (1981). Goffman
(1968). Kiev (1972). Kleinman and Good (1985). Laing (1960). Macalpine and Hunter
(1969), ch. 12, 25-7. Maher (1973). Melling and Forsythe (1999), ch. 1. Moore (1984).
Murphy (1976). Romanucci-Ross (1983). Rousseau (1980). Skultans (1979), ch. 1. Stevens
and Price (1996). Stevenson (1977). Szasz (1971), (1972). MULTI-MEDIA RESOURCE 4.
How does an historian’s understanding of mental incapacity vary from that of a modern
psychologist or psychiatrist?
READING
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Warning: if you discover any other items apparently of relevance to the course you should
bring them to me for approval, or email me (rah@st-and.ac.uk) with details, before using
them in your essays. The reading list may not include all the relevant items in the University
Library, but there are a number of titles deliberately excluded as misleading or unscholarly.
Students should please note that I never lend out my books or articles.
ALLDERIDGE, P. H., ‘Management and mismanagement at Bedlam, 1547-1633’, in
WEBSTER, C. (ed.), Health, medicine, and mortality in the sixteenth century (Cambridge,
1979), 141-64.
ALLDERIDGE, P. H., ‘Bedlam: fact or fantasy’, in BYNUM, W. F., PORTER, R., and
SHEPHERD, M. (eds), The anatomy of madness. Essays in the history of psychiatry vol. 2
(London, 1985), 17-33.
ANDREWS, J., ‘The lot of the “incurably” insane in enlightenment England’, Eighteenth
Century Life 12, 1 (1988), 1-18.
ANDREWS, J., ‘“In her vapours ... [or] in her madness”? Mrs Clerke’s case: an early
eighteenth century psychiatric controversy’, History of Psychiatry 1, 1 (1990), 125-44.
ANDREWS, J., ‘A respectable mad doctor? Dr Richard Hale F. R. S. (1670-1728)’, Notes
and Records of the Royal Society of London 44 (1990), 169-204.
ANDREWS, J., ‘“Hardly a hospital, but a charity for pauper lunatics”? Therapeutics at
Bethlem in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’, in BARRY, J. and JONES, C. (eds),
Medicine & charity before the welfare state (London, 1991), 63-82.
ANDREWS, J., ‘The politics of committal to early modern Bethlem’, in R. PORTER (ed.),
Medicine in the enlightenment (Amsterdam, 1995), 6-63.
ANDREWS, J. et al, The History of Bethlem hospital (1997).
ANDREWS, J., ‘Begging the question of idiocy: the definition and socio-cultural meaning
of idiocy in early modern Britain’, History of Psychiatry 9 (1998): (1), 65-95; (2), 179-200.
ANDREWS, J. and SCULL, A., Undertaker of the mind: John Monro and mad-doctoring in
eighteenth-century England (London: University of California Press, 2001).
ARNOLD, W. N., ‘George III’s urine and indigo blue’, Lancet 347 (1996), 1811-13.
BABB, L., The Elizabethan malady: a study of melancholia in English literature from 15801640 (Michigan, 1951).
BARRY, J., ‘Cultural habits of illness: medicine and religion in eighteenth-century Bristol’,
in PORTER, R. (ed.), Patients and practitioners. Lay perceptions of medicine in preindustrial society (Cambridge, 1985), 177-204.
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BARTLETT, P., The poor law of lunacy: the administration of pauper lunatics in midnineteenth-century England (1999).
BARTLETT, P., ‘Legal madness in the nineteenth century’, Social History of Medicine 14
(2001), 107-31.
BARTLETT, P. and WRIGHT, D. (eds), Outside the walls of the asylum. The history of
care in the community, 1750-2000 (London, 1999), ch. 1, 4, 6, 8.
BEATTIE, J., Crime and the courts in England, 1660-1800 (Oxford, 1986), 82-5.
BEIER, A. L., Masterless men: the vagrancy problem in England, 1560-1640 (London,
1985), 110-19.
BERRIOS, G. E., ‘Historiography of mental systems and diseases’, History of Psychiatry 5
(1994), 175-90.
BERRIOS, G. and PORTER, R. (eds), A history of clinical psychiatry. The origin and
history of psychiatric disorders (1995).
BICKFORD, J. A. R. and M. E., The private lunatic asylums of the East Riding (Beverley,
1976).
BREWER, J. and PORTER, R. (eds), Consumption and the world of goods (1993), ch. 4.
BURTON, R., The anatomy of melancholy 3 volume edition (Oxford, 1989-94).
BYNUM, W. F., ‘Rationales for therapy in British psychiatry: 1780-1835’, Medical History
18 (1974), 317-34.
BYNUM, W. F., ‘The nervous patient in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain: the
psychiatric origins of British neurology’, in BYNUM, W. F., PORTER, R., and
SHEPHERD, M. (eds), The anatomy of madness. Essays in the history of psychiatry vol. 1
(London, 1985), 89-102.
BYNUM, W. F., PORTER, R., and SHEPHERD, M. (eds), The anatomy of madness.
Essays in the history of psychiatry 2 vols. (London, 1985).
BYNUM, W. F., PORTER, R., and SHEPHERD, M., ‘Introduction’, in Bynum, W. F.,
Porter, R., and Shepherd, M. (eds), The anatomy of madness. Essays in the history of
psychiatry vol. 1 (London, 1985), 1-24.
BYNUM, W. F. and NEVE, R., ‘Hamlet on the couch’, in BYNUM, W. F., PORTER, R.,
and SHEPHERD, M. (eds), The anatomy of madness. Essays in the history of psychiatry
vol. 1 (London, 1985), 289-304.
CARPENTER, P. K., ‘Thomas Arnold: a provincial psychiatrist in Georgian England’,
Medical History 33 (1989), 199-216.
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CHRISTIE, I. R., ‘George III and the historians 30 years on’, HISTORY Vol.71, No.232
(1986), pp.205-221
COPE, E. S., ‘Dame Eleanor Davies: never soe mad a ladie?’, Huntington Library Quarterly
50 (1987), 133-144.
DAVIES, T. G., ‘Judging the sanity of an individual: some south Wales civil legal actions
of psychiatric interest’, National Library of Wales Journal 29 (1996a), 455-67.
DAVIES, T. G., ‘The Welsh contribution to mental health legislation in the nineteenth
century’, The Welsh History Review 18, 1 (1996b), 40-62.
DE LACY, M., Prison reforms in Lancashire, 1700-1850: a study in local administration
(1986), 117-19.
DIGBY, A., ‘Changes in the asylum: the case of York, 1777-1815’, Econ. Hist. Rev. 36, 2
(1983), 218-39.
DIGBY, A., Madness, morality and medicine: a study of the York Retreat, 1796-1914
(Cambridge, 1985).
DIGBY, A., From York lunatic asylum to Bootham Park hospital Borthwick Papers 69
(York, 1986).
DIGBY, A., ‘Quantitative and qualitative perspectives on the asylum’, in PORTER, R. and
WEAR, A. (eds), Problems and methods in the history of medicine (London, 1987), 153-74.
DIGBY, A., Making a medical living. Doctors and patients in the market for medicine,
1720-1914 (1994).
DICKINSON, H., ‘Idiocy in nineteenth-century fiction compared with medical perspectives
of the time’, History of Psychiatry 9 (2000), 291-309.
DOERNER, K., Madmen and the bourgeoisie. A social history of insanity and psychiatry
translated by J. NEUGROSCHEL and J. STEINBERG (Oxford, 1981. First published
1969).
EIGEN, J. P., ‘Intentionality and insanity: what the eighteenth-century jury heard’, in W. F.
BYNUM, R. PORTER and M. SHEPHERD (eds), The anatomy of madness. Essays in the
history of psychiatry vol. 2 (London, 1985), 34-49.
EIGEN, J. P., ‘Delusion in the courtroom: the role of partial insanity in early forensic
testimony’, Medical History 35 (1991), 25-49.
EIGEN, J. P., Witnessing insanity. Madness and mad-doctors in the English court (New
Haven, 1995).
FEDER, E., Madness in literature (Princeton, 1980).
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FESSLER, A., ‘The management of lunacy in seventeenth century England. An
investigation of quarter-session records’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 49
(1956), 901-7.
FORBES, T. R., Surgeons at the Bailey: English forensic medicine to 1878 (London 1985).
FOUCAULT, M., Madness and civilization. A history of insanity in the age of reason
translated by Richard Howard (London, 1971).
FOYSTER, E., ‘At the limits of liberty: married women and confinement in eighteenthcentury England’, Continuity and Change 17, 1 (2002), 39-62
GASKILL, M., Crime and mentalities in early modern England (Cambridge, 2000).
GOFFMAN, E., Asylums. Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other
inmates (Harmondsworth, 1968 edition).
GOODEY, C. F., ‘John Locke’s idiots in the natural history of mind’, History of Psychiatry
5 (1994), 215-50.
GRANGE, K. M., ‘Dr Samuel Johnson’s account of a schizophrenic illness in Rasselas’,
Medical History 6 (1962), 162-8.
GUTTING, G., ‘Foucault and the history of madness’, in GUTTING, G. (ed.), The
Cambridge companion to Foucault (Cambridge, 1994), 47-70.
GUY, J. R., ‘The Episcopal licensing of physicians, surgeons, and midwives’, Bulletin of
the History of Medicine 56, 4 (1982), 528-42.
HALLIDAY, A., A general view of the present state of lunatics, and lunatic asylums, in
Great Britain and Ireland, and in some other kingdoms (London, 1828).
HANAWALT, B. A., Crime and conflict in English communities, 1300-1348 (1979), 1014, 145-50.
HARLEY, D., ‘Mental illness, magical medicine and the devil in northern England’, in
FRENCH, R. and WEAR, A. (eds), The medical revolution of the seventeenth century
(1989), 114-44.
HARLEY, D., ‘The good physician and the godly doctor: the exemplary life of John
Tylston of Chester (1663-99)’, Seventeenth Century 9, 1 (1994), 93-117.
HATTORI, N. ‘“The pleasure of your Bedlam”: the theatre of madness in the Renaissance’,
History of Psychiatry 6 (1995), 283-308.
HEROLD, N., ‘Madness and drama in the age of Shakespeare’, Comparative Studies in
Society and History 37 (1995), 94-99.
HODGKIN, K., ‘The labyrinth and the pit’, History Workshop Journal 51 (2001), 37-63.
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HODGKIN, K., ‘Reasoning with unreason: visions, witchcraft, and madness in early
modern England’, in CLARK, S. (ed.), Languages of witchcraft. Narrative, ideology and
meaning in early modern culture (London, 2001), 217-36.
HOLMES, G., Augustan England. Professions, state and society, 1680-1730 (1982), ch. 57.
HOROWITZ, H. & POLDEN, P., ‘Continuity or change in the Court of Chancery in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?’, Journal of British Studies 35, 1 (1996), 24-57.
HOUSTON, R. A., Madness and society in eighteenth-century Scotland (2000) [use index
for English comparisons].
IGNATIEFF, M., ‘Total institutions and working classes: a review essay’, History
Workshop Journal 15 (1983), 167-73.
INGRAM, A., Boswell’s creative gloom (London, 1982).
INGRAM, A., The madhouse of language: writing and reading madness in the eighteenth
century (1991).
INGRAM, A. (ed.), Patterns of madness in the eighteenth century: a reader (1998).
JACKSON, M., New-born child murder. Women, illegitimacy and the courts in eighteenthcentury England (Manchester, 1995), 120-7.
JACKSON, M., ‘“It begins with the goose and ends with the goose”: medical, legal and lay
understandings of imbecility in Ingram v Wyatt, 1824-1832’, Social History of Medicine
11, 3 (1998), 361-80.
JAMISON, K. R., Touched with fire. Manic-depressive illness and the artistic temperament
(New York, 1993).
JONES, C. and PORTER, R., Reassessing Foucault. Power, medicine and the body
(London, 1998).
JONES, K., Asylums and after: a revised history of the mental health services from the
early 18th century to the 1990s (1993).
KEYNES, M., ‘The personality of Isaac Newton’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society
of London 49 (1995), 1-56.
KIEV, A., Transcultural psychiatry (New York, 1972).
KINSMAN, R. S., ‘Folly, melancholy, and madness: a study of shifting styles of medical
analysis and treatment, 1450-1675’, in KINSMAN, R. S. (ed.), The darker vision of the
Renaissance (Berkeley, 1974), 273-320.
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KLEINMAN, A. and GOOD, B., ‘Introduction: culture and depression’, in KLEINMAN, A.
and GOOD, B. (eds), Culture and depression. Studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural
psychiatry of affect and disorder (London, 1985), 1-33.
KOUTOUVIDIS, N. and MARKETOS, S. G., ‘The contribution of Thomas Sydenham
(1624-1689) to the evolution of psychiatry’, History of Psychiatry 6 (1995), 513-20.
KROMM, J. E., ‘Hogarth’s madmen’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 48
(1985), 238-42.
LAFFEY, P., ‘John Wesley on insanity’, History of Psychiatry 12, 4 (2001), 467-79.
LAING, R. D., The divided self. An existential study in sanity and madness (London,
1960).
LANDSMAN, S., ‘One hundred years of rectitude: medical witnesses at the Old Bailey,
1717-1817’, Law and History Review 16, 3 (1998), 445-94.
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MULTI-MEDIA RESOURCES
(1) ‘Purple Secret’, C4 ‘Secret History’ video about porphyria.
(2) ‘The madness of King George’, FilmFour video (rentable if you haven’t seen it).
(3) ‘States of mind: the asylum war’, BBC video about York Asylum in the early nineteenth
century.
(4) ‘A living Hell’, BBC video about depression.