Egypt and North Africa
From Ottoman to European Domination
(1750-1914)
Essential Questions
How does the decline of the Ottoman Empire effect North Africa?
What effect do Napoleon’s wars have on Egypt? (Compare and contrast to his effect
on Latin America)
Discuss the changes made by Muhammad Ali
Why do Europeans get increasing more involved in Egyptian affairs?
How does the Suez Canal change Egypt for good and for bad?
North Africa under Ottoman Rule
At its peak, the _____________________ controlled most of Islamic North Africa
By the 1700s local waves of _______________________ limited its control
1798: France sends ____________________to Egypt
Napoleon Goes to Egypt
1798 Napoleon invades Egypt to __________________ British takeover
Napoleon clashes with _____________________ (Ottoman vassals) and crushes them
showing vulnerability of the Muslim world
Battle of Aboukir 1798- _________________ destroy most of ___________________
navy and cut supply lines  retreat
Muhammad Ali
1805 rebellion removes ______________________ from ____________________ rule
Introduces ______________________ style military
Ordered Egyptian peasants to produce __________________, __________________,
and _____________________________________ for European businesses
Built ___________________________ and extended irrigation
Some educational _______________
Economic reform was generally _______ because Egypt couldn’t compete with the west
Becomes threat to _____________________ when trying to expand Egypt’s borders into
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
When he threatened to invade Istanbul, ______________ and ____________ intervened
Britain and France stop his expansion, but recognize his claim as ________ to rule Egypt
Ali’s successors the __________________ led Egypt until 1952
Europeans get more involved in Egypt
______________ led to famine and poverty. Egyptians farmers were at the mercy of
European businessmen
Khedives _____________ most collected revenues on ______________ and attempts to
conquer the people of Sudan to Egypt’s south
__________________________ lend money to Khedives for construction of Suez Canal
Isma’il grandson of Muhammad Ali
Builds schools and hospitals conceives ________________________ Plan
Hires French engineer to __________________ Suez Canal
Hires __________ and ___________ construction companies to build canal (1854-1869)
____________________ of Egyptians die during construction
The Suez Canal
Following construction, most shares of the canal were owned by ___________________
and _________________ construction companies
________________ quickly bought most French shares
1875 Britain bought all of ________________ shares
Britain uses control of Suez Canal as excuse to _________________________________
Bankruptcy, Intervention, and Resistance
Islamic scholars call for ________________ against foreign infidels
Al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh call for _________________ of western science and
technology to better compete in the __________________
Both sides agreed on the need for ________________________ from the west
Ahmad Orabi leads revolt against corrupt ________________ rule in military in 1882
Crushed by __________________ troops
Leads to British ____________________ over Egypt (although not formal colonization)
British control of Egypt
Establish the ____________________________ Administration
Extend control over ____________________
Leads to an ______________ rebellion led by __________ (“Ones whose rule is
guided”)
Egypt remains under British control until after ____________________________
European Imperialism in North Africa
France takes over _____________________ in 1830
More than 150,000 French _____________________ move their by the mid-1850s
By the end of the 19th century, France also controls _____________________ and
_____________
Italy conquers ________________ following the ________________ War of 1911-1912
Change Over Time
Discuss the social, political and economic changes that occur in Egypt as it passes from Ottoman to
British rule.
Compare and Contrast
Napoleon’s effects on Egypt to his effects on Latin America
Egypt to the Ottoman Empire between 1750 and 1914