Chapter 2 Introduction to Multicellular Organisms
I.
II.
III.
Multicellular organisms have cells that are specialized.
A.
Different jobs in multicellular organisms are done by different cells
1.
cells are specialized
2.
different functions divided among different cells
B.
Plants, animals, and fungi are mostly made up of multicellular organisms
1.
Levels of organization
a)
After cells come tissues. A group of cells that work
together
b)
Different tissues make up organs. Each organ has a
specific job.
c)
Different organs working together make up organ systems
and help the organism function
(1)
Nervous system allows for response to changing
conditions
(2)
Muscular system produces movement and supplies
heat
(3)
Respiratory system takes in oxygen and releases
carbon dioxide
(4)
Circulatory system delivers oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide
(5)
Digestive system breaks down food into usable
forms
d)
Different organ systems work together for survival
Multicellular organisms adapted to live in different environments.
A.
Organisms have characteristics that allow them to survive in t heir
environment.
B.
An adaptation is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s
chance for survival.
C.
Adaptations are the result of differences that can occur in genetic material.
Sexual reproduction leads to diversity.
A.
Sexual reproduction is when the genetic material of 2 parents comes
together
B.
Result is offspring having genetic material with diversity because the
DNA is different from the parents.
C.
2 different cellular processes involved
1.
Meiosis when a special form of cell division produces sperm cells
in males
a)
Egg cells in females
b)
Each contain ½ the necessary amount for an organisms to
survive.
2.
Fertilization is the second process
a)
Sperm cells from male combines with egg
b)
DNA now from both parents and divides
c)
Specialization occurs and different tissues and organs form.
CHAPTER 2.2 Plants are Producers
I.
II.
III.
Plants capture energy from the sun.
A.
The sun provides the energy for almost all organisms to live.
B.
Light energy must be changed into chemical energy
1.
Chemical energy is the form used to carry out the functions of life
2.
Plants convert sun’s energy to chemical energy
C.
Producing Sugars
1.
Plants take sunlight and change to chemical energy by
photosynthesis.
2.
6CO2 + 12H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
a)
Plant takes in water and carbon dioxide
b)
Produce sugar
3.
Most photosynthesis takes place in the leaves
4.
stems hold up leaves to sun
5.
roots anchor plant and supply water
D.
Storing and releasing Energy
1.
Plants are autotrophs or self feeders
2.
Able to use some of the energy-rich material for cellular
processes
3.
Rest can get stored; often as starches
4.
Cellular respiration is the process by which a cell uses oxygen to
break down sugars to release the energy
a)
Carrots and beets store starch in their roots
b)
Rhubarb store in their stems
5.
Potatoes store as swollen roots called tubers
Plants are adapted to different environments
A.
Leaves, stems, and roots are adaptations that allow plants to survive
1.
Grasses can survive as long as their root structure stays unharmed.
2.
Trees can not survive if leaves and stems are damaged
B.
Reproductive adaptations
C.
Protective adaptation
1.
odor producing to keep organisms away
2.
produce harmful chemicals
Plants respond to their environment
A.
Plants respond to a stimulus from their environment
B.
Gravity
1.
Roots grow down
2.
Stems and leaves grow up
C.
Touch
1.
Many respond using tendrils that wrap around objects
2.
help allow plant to grow towards the sunlight
D.
Light
1.
Stems and leaves grow towards
2.
phototropism, when the stems bend toward the sunlight
3.
4.
5.
IV.
Auxin is a hormone that stimulates cell growth.
produced at the tip of the stem
auxin moves away from light so darker side of the plant grows
longer
Plants respond to seasonal changes
A.
Light
1.
sunlight amounts can cause plants to grow or become dormant
2.
dormancy stops growth and requires less energy
B.
Temperature
1.
leaves to die on deciduous trees
2.
Others, the whole plant dies and seeds left behind allow new plants
to grow.
2.3 Notes
I.
Animals obtain energy and materials from food
A.
Animals are consumers. Consumers are organisms that need to get energy
from another organism.
1.
Unlike plants, animals must consume food to get energy
B.
Animals are Heterotrophs because they are organisms that feed on, or
consumes, other organisms.
C.
Animals can be grouped by the type of food that they eat
1.
Herbivores – feed on plants or algae
2.
Carnivores – feed on other animals
3.
Omnivores – feed on both plants and animals
D.
Animals must digest their food in order to obtain energy from it. Digestion
is the process that breaks food down into pieces that are small enough to
be absorbed by cells.
E.
Animals, just like plants, obtain energy from sugars and other carbon
compounds through cellular respiration
F.
In many animals, respiratory system delivers oxygen to the blood, and the
blood carries oxygen to the cells.
II.
Animals interact with the environment and with other organisms
A.
In many animals, muscle and skeletal systems provide movement and
support. A nervous system allows the animal to sense and respond to
stimuli.
B.
Animals respond to many different types of stimuli, such as sights, sounds,
odors, light, or change in temperature. Any observable response to a
stimulus is described as a behavior.
C.
Interactions that occur between the same species are often described as
social behaviors.
D.
Interactions that occur between animals of different species often involve
the search for food.
1.
A predator is an animal that hunts other animals for food.
2.
An animal that is hunted by another animal as a source or food is
the prey.
III.
Animals respond to seasonal changes
A.
B.
Unlike plants, animals can respond to seasonal changes by changing their
location.
1.
Migration is the movement of animals to a different region in
response to changes in the environment.
Not all animals migrate in response to seasonal changes.
1.
Hibernation is a sleep-like state that lasts for extended time
periods.
2.4 Most fungi are decomposers
I.
II.
III.
Fungi absorb materials from the environment.
A.
Fungi are decomposers
1.
break down or decompose complex carbon compound
2.
these are part of living matter
3.
absorb nutrients
4.
leave behind simpler compounds
B.
Fungi are heterotrophs
1.
get their energy from living or once living matter.
C.
Characteristics of fungi.
1.
they are multicellular
2.
have a nucleus and a thick cell wall
3.
they don’t have tissues or organs, instead made of a reproductive
body and a network of cells that form threadlike structures called
hyphae
D.
Reproduction
1.
reproduce by spores
2.
can be produced asexually or sexually
3.
a spore is a single reproductive cell that is capable of growing into
a new organism.
4.
spores are released into the air and spread by the wind.
Fungi include mushrooms, molds and yeast
A.
Mushrooms
1.
cap sits on top of the stalk
2.
Under cap on gills is where the spores grow.
3.
Both parts are made of hyphae
B.
Mold
1.
is a sport producing part of a another form of fungus
C.
Yeasts
1.
single celled fungi
2.
some can exist in yeast form
3.
some can exist as multicellular hyphae
Fungi can be helpful or harmful to organisms
A.
Can be helpful because they release the nutrients from dead organisms
back into the soil providing nutrients for the plants.
B.
Can be harmful by attacking the tissues of a plant
C.
D.
Can produce toxins which kill crops
Can have symbiotic relationships with other organism called Lichens
1.
algae is a plant and provides food for the fungus
2.
the hyphae of the fungus provides the water and nutrients for the
algae
3.
Always remember:
Freddy Fungus and Alice algae had a LICHEN for each other, and now their relationship
is on the rocks!