Name:_____________________
BIOLOGY
Unit 5 Objectives: Cells III
1. Describe the structure of DNA.
a. Shape
b. Parts of a nucleotide
c. Location in the eukaryotic cell
2. Describe the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
3. Analyze the statement: “DNA is the unifying molecule of all living organisms.”
4. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA structure.
a. Number of strands
b. Bases
c. Sugars
5. Identify the importance of proteins in organisms.
6. Explain the process of transcription in protein synthesis.
a. Location
b. Why
c. How
7. Explain the process of translation in protein synthesis.
a. Location
b. Why
c. How
1
8. Describe the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins.
9. Describe how amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins.
10. Describe the different types of gene mutations and explain their effect on protein structure
and function.
a. Frame Shift Mutations
b. Point Mutations
Key Terms
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Double Helix
Nucleotide
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
Uracil
Complementary Base Pairs
Genes
Chromosomes
Transcription
Translation
Protein Synthesis
Protein
Amino Acid
Peptide bonds
Transfer RNA
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Codon
Anticodon
Eukaryotic
Genotype
Phenotype
Gene mutation
Frame Shift Mutation
Point Mutation
Important Cell Parts
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
2
Unit 5 Biology Notes
Name__________________
DNA
Objective 1: Describe the structure of DNA. (shape, parts of a nucleotide, and location
in the eukaryotic cell)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) a nucleic acid that contains all of an individual’s
_______________________________________________.
Shape: Double ________________ ladder
Parts:
1. _________________________: Pair up to form the rungs of the DNA
twisted ladder.
Adenine(A)
Guanine(G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine(T)
Complementary Base Pairs
G–C
A–T
2. _______________________: Forms the sides of the DNA ladder and are
bonded to a ____________________.
3. ___________________________: 5 carbon sugar that bonds with a
_______________ to form the sides of the DNA ladder.
Nucleotide: basic unit of DNA that is made up of __________________________,
_________________________ and _____________________________________.
3
Gene: A specific ___________________________________ in DNA that codes
for one _________________________.
Location: DNA is located in the ______________ of the eukaryotic cell.
Chromosome: A molecule (strand) of _____________ that is tightly coiled.
 A bunch of ________________ makes up one chromosome.
 Humans have ________________________________________________.
DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes
Objective 2: Describe the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
Use your book to answer the following 4 questions. Use the index and glossary to help you find
the correct pages.
1. What is the function of DNA?
2. What is a gene?
4
3. How are DNA and genes related?
4. What are chromosomes?
DNA as the Unifying Molecule of Life
Objective 3: Analyze the statement: “DNA is the unifying molecule of all living
organisms.”




All living things have DNA in their cells
All DNA is made of the same four basic ______________________.
All DNA has the same _________, ________ (nucleotides), and ____________
The more similar the sequence of nucleotides in two organisms’ genome, the
more closely _____________ those organisms are to each other.
DNA vs. RNA
Objective 4. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA structure. (number of strands, bases,
sugars)
Differences between DNA and RNA
Category
DNA
RNA
Number of Strands
Nitrogen Bases
Type of Sugar
5
Proteins
Objective 5: Identify the importance of proteins in organisms.
Proteins are found in every living organism
Functions of Proteins in the Body:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Protein Synthesis (Transcription and Translation)
Objective 6: Explain the process of transcription in protein synthesis. (location, why,
how)
Objective 7: Explain the process of translation in protein synthesis. (location, why, how)
Protein Synthesis:
Process of ______________ the information on ________ and using that
__________ information to make _____________
**It is the process of translating an organism’s ________________ into its
____________________.
 Genotype:
 Phenotype:
** One ______________ codes for one _______________________.
We say a gene is _____________________ when the protein it codes for is made.
6
There are two parts to Protein Synthesis:
1.
2.
Protein Synthesis Requires:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA):
A ____________-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar _______________
There are three types of RNA
1. ______________________________ carries copies of instructions for the
assembly of proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.
2. ______________________________ transfers amino acids to ribosome
during protein synthesis.
3. ______________________________ makes up the major part of the
ribosome.
Transcription and Translation
Transcription:
Process in which __________ of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is
________________ into a complementary sequence of _______________.
Location: Transcription occurs in the _________________.
Why does Transcription Occur?
The information on the ________ (which remains in the ___________) must
somehow get out to the cell, where ____________ are made, so a single-stranded,
_______________ _________ of the __________ is made.
7
How does Transcription Occur?
1. The enzyme, _________________________, separates (unzips) a section of
DNA.
2. RNA polymerase links ____________________________ to their
complementary bases on the DNA strand to form a molecule of
_________________.
3. The process continues until one ____________ on the DNA is copied.
Note: Instead of thymine, mRNA matches ________________ up with adenine.
Translation:
The process by which genetic information carried by the __________ is translated
to ____________________________.
Location: Translation occurs on __________________ .
Why does Translation Occur?
How Does Translation Occur?
1. mRNA leaves the nucleus, enters cytoplasm, and attaches to a
_____________________.
2. tRNA that carries a specific ___________________ moves to the ribosome
and pairs up its ___________________ with the __________________ of
the mRNA.
3. Peptide bonds form between the ______________________ that are brought
to the ribosome.
4. Once the whole mRNA strand is translated, the amino acid chain breaks off
the ribosome and a _______________is formed.
8
Important Definitions:
- Codon:
- Anticodon:
- Ribosome:
Transcribe and Translate the following DNA Strand:
DNA Base Sequence:
A T G C C G A T C C A A T G G
mRNA Base Sequence:
U
tRNA Base Sequence:
A
DNA, Genes, and Proteins
Objective 8: Describe the relationship between DNA, genes, and proteins.
What is a gene?
Amino Acids
Objective 9: Describe how amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins.
Proteins: _______________ molecules that are formed from a string of
______________________.
There are ___________ different Amino Acids
 __________ amino acids can be made by your body
 __________ amino acids must be ingested (Essential Amino Acids)
9
What makes the structure and function of proteins different?
In other words, how do we make different proteins?
CODON WHEEL
10
Gene Mutations
Objective 10: Describe the different types of gene mutations and explain their effect on
protein structure and function. (frame shift mutations, point mutation)
Gene Mutations: a ______________________ in the nucleotide sequence of
DNA that occurs within a ____________
 Frame shift mutation: gene mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of
genetic message by _______________ or _______________ a nucleotide.
 Point mutation: gene mutation that affects a __________ nucleotide
usually by _____________________ one nucleotide for another.
Effect of gene mutations:
 Mutations _______________ a change in the proteins a cell synthesizes.
 Mutations can be _______________, _______________, or have
_________________ at all.
11