Biology 414 MidTerm Review
List of Chapters
Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 3: Ecology- Nutrition and Cycles
Chapter 4: Ecology- Biomes and Interactions
Chapter 7: Cells
Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
Chapter 10: Mitosis and Meiosis
Vocabulary Terms
CHAPTER 1: The Science of Biology

Controlled Experiment - experiment where ONE variable is tested

Control – what is kept the same, used for comparison

Variable- parts of the experiment that are changed
o Independent- what the experimenter purposely changes
o Dependent- data collected

Data
o Qualitative – data that cannot be measured (color, texture)
o Quantitative – data that uses numbers (height, weight)

Homeostasis- maintaining an internal balance in your body ( sweat when hot to cool down)

Theory: well tested explanation (Evolution Theory)
CHAPTER 2: Chemistry of Life

Atom- smallest particle of an element
o Electrons- negative (found outside nucleus)
o Proton- positive charge (in nucleus)
o Neutrons- no charge, neutral (in nucleus)

Chemical bond- interaction between atoms
o Covalent- atoms SHARE electrons
o Ionic- atoms TRANSFER electrons
o Hydrogen- (formed between water molecules)

Chemical reaction- 2 or more substances undergo a chemical change to form a product
o Product- what comes out of the reaction A + B - AB
o Reactant- what go INTO the reaction
A + B  AB

Adhesion- water sticks to other substances

Cohesion- water sticks to itself

Monomer- single unit ( glucose)

Polymer- many monomers linked together (starch)

Carbohydrate- made up of sugars, used for energy

Protein- made up of amino acids, used to build muscle

Lipid- fats, oils, waxes, used for long term energy
CHAPTER 3 and 4: Ecology1

Biotic: living factor

Abiotic: nonliving thing

Food chain: linear sequence that shows feeding relationships
Arrows show flow of energy

Food web: show many feeding relationships

Trophic level: energy levels

Eukaryote: has nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote: no nucleus or organelles (bacteria)

Autotroph: (producers), make their own food through photosynthesis, ex; grass

Heterotroph: (consumer), eat to get energy

Symbiotic relationships
o Mutualism: both organisms benefit
o Predation: predator kills prey
o Commensalism: one species benefits, other is unaffected
o Parasitism: one species benefits, the other is harmed

Host : organism that is harmed, providing nutrients
o Competition: fighting over resources

Competitive Exclusionary Principle: 2 species in the same niche will fight for resources
CHAPTER 7: Cells

Cell theory
o Cells are basic unit of life
o Cells reproduce (new cells from existing cells)
o Cells are basic unit of structure and function

Active transport: requires energy (ATP), moves molecules from low to high concentration
o Endocytosis: bringing large molecules INTO a cell
o Exocytosis: pushing large molecules OUT of cell

Passive transport: no energy required, moves molecules from high to low concentration
o Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
o Osmosis: the diffusion of water
o Facilitated Diffusion: molecules that use a protein carrier to get across cell membrane

Hypotonic : low solute, cell in hypotonic envt will expand (grow)

Hypertonic: high solute, cell in hypertonic envt will shrink

Isotonic: equal amount of solute and solvent (water)
CHAPTER 8 and 9: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

Glucose: simple sugar produced during photosynthesis

Photosynthesis: CO2 + H20 + sunlight  C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2
Done by autotrophs (producers), happens in the chloroplast

Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2  CO2 + H20 + ATP
Done by autotrophs and heterotrophs, happens in the mitochondria

ATP: Adenosine tri phosphate (energy)
CHAPTER 10: Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis)

Cell Division: examples are mitosis and meiosis, create more cells ( copy DNA, grow, and divide)

Mitosis: one cell divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Purpose is tissue repair and growth

Meiosis: produces gametes (sex cells), 1 cell divides into 4 genetically unique cells.

Offspring: the result of reproduction (babies)

Chromosomes: carry genetic information (DNA)

Diploid Number: 2n, the normal chromosome number. For a human it is 46 chromosomes

Haploid number: n, half the normal chromosome number. For a human it is 23 chromosomes

Cancer: uncontrolled cell division

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic information

Gametes: sex cells (egg and sperm)

Zygote: fertilized egg

Adaptation : a trait that allows an organism to survive

Variation: genetic differences in individuals
Biology Midterm Review
Concepts- CHAPTER 1- Science of Biology
 List the steps of the scientific process.
- State the problem
- Gather information (make observations)
- Hypothesize
- Run the experiment
- Gather Data/Conclude

What are all of the characteristics of living things? Choose an organism and explain how it demonstrates all
of the characteristics.
- All living things are made of cells
- Grow and Develop
- Require energy
- Reproduce
- Respond to the environment
- Adapt and Evolve
 Study the function of the parts of a microscope
Eyepiece: 10X
Lens: 10x (low power)
Total Magnification: 100X
Eyepiece: 10X
Lens: 40X (high power)
Total: 400X
 List the hierarchy of life starting with a cell and ending with the biosphere
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere

Where does the independent axis go on a graph?
- independent – x axis
The dependent axis?
-
dependent – y axis
CHAPTER 2- Chemistry of Life
 Identify the smallest unit of matter and the subatomic particles that make it up. What are characteristics of
these particles
Atom:
-
Protons ( + )
Neutrons (neutral )
Electrons ( -)
 Identify the three types of bonds discussed in class and what happens with the electrons.
Covalent bond – electrons are shared
Ionic bond – electrons are transferred
Hydrogen bonds- formed between water molecules
 Differentiate between the products and the reactants of a chemical formula
Reactants are what go INTO the reaction
Products are what COMES OUT of the reaction

Describe the 4 macromolecules of life and what are characteristics or examples of each.
Carbohydrate:
- simple sugars (glucose) and complex sugars (starch)
- Used for energy
Proteins:
- made up of amino acids
- used to build muscle, hair, skin
CHAPTER 7Cells
 Label
cell and
each.
the parts of the
write the
function for

What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells do not? What are their roles in the plant cell.
Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis
Central Vacuole: stores water, nutrients
Cell Wall: provides structure and support to the cell. MADE OF A CARBOHYDRATE CALLED
CELLULOSE
CHAPTER 8 and 9- Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
 Describe the process of photosynthesis. What are the two stages and where do they take place?
Plants take in sunlight, CO2, and water to make sugar and oxygen
Light Reactions: happens in thylakoid
Calvin Cycle: happens in stroma
 Describe the process of cellular respiration. What is the purpose of CR and where does it take place?
Process by which your cells make ATP by breaking down glucose (sugar)
Takes place in the mitochondria

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?
They are opposites (look at the equations)
CHAPTER 10 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
 Compare Mitosis and Meiosis. List the phases.
Mitosis:
Purpose: tissue repair and growth
One cell division
Produces 2 IDENTICAL daughter cells
Asexual reproduction
Meiosis:
Purpose: produce haploid sex cells (gametes)
2 Cell divisions (PMAT 1 and PMAT 2)
Produces 4 genetically different daughter cells
Sexual Reproduction
 Explain the pros and cons, as well as the main reasons for sexual and asexual reproduction.
Asexual
Pros: fast, easy, don’t need to find a mate
Cons: All offspring are genetically alike so if there is a disease they will all die off
Sexual
Pros; genetic diversity
Cons: have to find a mate, slower, more energy required
CHAPTER 3 and 4 ECOLOGY
 Understand how energy is transferred through food chains and food webs.
Begin with producers  primary consumers secondary consumertertiary consumer

What are characteristics of the following biomes
o Tundra: very cold, permanently frozen ground
o Rainforest: lots of rain, very humid
o Desert: can be extremely hot and cold, very little precipitation
 Identify the various types of organism interactions that exist and briefly explain/ give an example for each.
Competition
Predation
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
 How are humans impacting the carbon cycle?
Humans burn fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas) adds too much CO2 to atmosphere

What are the major themes of biology that we have discussed so far this year?
Cellular Basis of Life: all living things are made up of cells and cells are the basic unit of life (Cells)
Interdependence in Nature: all living things rely on one another for survival (Ecology)
Matter and Energy: all living things require energy and transform energy from one form into another (Cellular
Respiration and Photosynthesis )
Heredity/Genetics and Reproduction: all living things pass on their DNA during reproduction (mitosis/meiosis)