Shua Darwish Almutawa
200023791
4MI
Radiographic Pathology
Introduction:
This project is written as a part from radiographic
pathology course. It is about the diseases that may accurse in
the urinary system.
In this report the following diseases will be covered:

Polycystic Kidneys

Kidney stones.

Renal failure.
The report will describe how the disease develops. What
is the prognosis? What is the best medical technique to
demonstrate it? How it appears in the x-ray? And some
general information about each disease.
Polycystic kidneys:
Polycystic kidney disease is characterized by enlarged kidneys
containing many cysts. It is one type of the kidney cyst and it result of
an inherited disorder. Polycystic is results of cystic compression of
nephrons which causes localized intrarenal obstruction.
What are the symptoms?
Polycystic disease is often symptom less unless cysts eventually
replace so much normal kidney substance that the sufferer develops
chronic kidney failure at which point symptoms of the latter disorder
such as tiredness and increased frequency of urination begin to
appear.
How common is the problem?
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Shua Darwish Almutawa
200023791
4MI
Since the polycystic kidneys disease cause no symptoms it is
difficult to estimate the number of people with this disease.
What are the risks?
Polycystic kidney disease may lead to kidney failure.
What is the treatment?
There is no specific treatment for polycystic disease.
How it can be detected?
The multiple cysts in polycystic kidney disease can be detected
on CT, MRI and ultrasound.
Kidney stones
What is kidney stone?
Kidney stone is a hard mass developed from crystals that
separate from the urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the
kidney. Normally, urine contains chemicals that prevent the crystals
from forming. When these inhibitors do not work well the person will
form stones. If the crystals remain tiny enough, they will travel
through the urinary tract and pass out of the body in the urine without
being noticed.
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Shua Darwish Almutawa
200023791
4MI
What cause kidney stone?
The cause of kidney stones is unknown, but there are some
theories about it. The most comment theory is called supersaturation
crystallization, which says that dehydration causes calcium
phosphates, oxalates, urea, uric acids, citrates, complex mucoproteins
or other trace elements in urine to combine and crystallize.
Some studies shows that dehydration can increase the chance of
have kidney stones, drinking plenty of water can prevent kidney stone.
Eating a high protein diet, dark green leafy vegetables, tea, and
chocolate may increase the chance of forming kidney stones.
What are the Symptoms of kidney stones?
The first symptom of kidney stones is extreme pain, which often
begins suddenly when stone moves in the urinary tract, causing
irritation or blockage. A person feels a sharp, cramping pain in the
back and side in the area of the kidney or in the lower abdomen.
Sometimes nausea and vomiting occur. Later, pain may spread to the
groin.
If the stone is too large to pass through the ureter, pain will
continues as the muscle of the ureter wall trying to move it down to
the bladder. As the stone moving it may cause blood in the urine.
Patient may feel that he need urinated more often or feel a burning
sensation during urination.
How to diagnose kidney stones?
Kidney stones, which do not cause any symptoms, are usually
found on x-rays taken during general health exams. More often,
kidney stones are found on an x-ray or sonogram taken on someone
who complains of blood in the urine or sudden pain.
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Shua Darwish Almutawa
200023791
4MI
What is the treatment?
Surgery is not usually necessary. Most kidney stones can pass
through the urinary system with plenty of water (2 to 3 quarts a day)
to help move the stone along.
Renal failure
Acute renal failure
Acute renal failure is the rapid breakdown of renal function that
occurs when high levels of uremic toxins (waste products of the body’s
metabolism) accumulate in the blood. Acute renal failure occurs when
the kidneys are unable to excrete the daily load of toxins in the urine.
Based on the amount of urine that is excreted over a 24-hour period,
patients with ARF are separated into two groups:


Oliguric: patients who excrete less than 500 milliliters per day
(< 16 oz/day)
Nonoliguric: patients who excrete more than 500 milliliters per
day (> 16 oz/day)
What are the symptoms?
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Shua Darwish Almutawa
200023791
4MI
Acute renal failure does not produce a classic set of symptoms.
The most common symptom is decreased urine output, which
occurs in 70% of patients.
How to diagnose renal failure?
Acute renal failure is most easily diagnosed by an increase in
blood level of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. The blood level of
creatinine typically increases by 0.5 milligrams per tenth of a liter
(mg/dL) every day.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is the progressive loss of kidney
function. The kidneys attempt to compensate for renal damage by
hyperfiltration (excessive straining of the blood) within the
remaining functional nephrons (filtering units that consist of a
glomerulus and corresponding tubule). Over time, hyperfiltration
causes further loss of function. Chronic loss of function causes
generalized wasting (shrinking in size) and progressive scarring
within all parts of the kidneys. In time, overall scarring obscures
the site of the initial damage. Yet, it is not until over 70% of the
normal combined function of both kidneys is lost that most
patients begin to experience symptoms of kidney failure.
What cause chronic renal failure
The causes of chronic renal failure can be determined by a
detailed medical history, a comprehensive physical examination, and
laboratory studies. More often determining the cause of chronic renal
failure is difficult if not impossible. Even a kidney biopsy may be
inconclusive, because all forms of kidney failure eventually progress
to diffuse scarring and look the same on kidney biopsy.
How to diagnose chronic renal failure?
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Shua Darwish Almutawa
200023791
4MI
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is diagnosed by the observation of a
combination of symptoms and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and
creatinine (Cr) levels. The following abnormalities found in the blood
may signal CRF:








Anemia (low red blood cell count)
High level of parathyroid hormone
Hypocalcemia (low blood level of calcium)
Hyperphosphatemia (high blood level of phosphate)
Hyperkalemia (high blood level of potassium)
Hyponatremia (low blood level of sodium)
Low blood level of bicarbonate
Low plasma pH (blood acidity)
Whether renal failure is acute or chronic usually can be
distinguished by comparing prior test results (e.g., from the past
several months or years). It is difficult to make the distinction without
previous test results.
Ultrasound may show that the kidneys are small in size and
echogenic (a sign of renal scarring), signs that supports a diagnosis of
CRF. For unclear reasons patients with diabetic nephropathy often
have preservation of kidney size despite CRF.
Acute renal
failure
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