Table 1. Characteristics of the total study population and according to ethnic background (n=3452)*.
Ethnic background
Total
Dutch
Turkish
Moroccan
(n=3452)
(n=2800)
(n=272)
(n=145)
(81.1%)
(7.9%)
(4.2%)
Family characteristics
Maternal educational
low
523 (15.3)
262 (9.4)
135 (51.5)
62 (47.3)
level (n,%)
middle
940 (27.6)
687 (24.7)
94 (35.9)
48 (36.6)
high
1947 (57.1)
1837 (65.9)
33 (12.6)
21 (16.0)
Maternal employment
no paid job
486 (17.6)
336 (14.1)
84 (54.2)
31 (39.7)
status (n,%)
paid job
2275 (82.4)
2040 (85.9)
71 (45.8)
47 (60.3)
Household income
<2000
590 (20.0)
306 (12.4)
130 (64.4)
73 (70.9)
(n,%)
2000-3200
872 (29.6)
742 (30.1)
55 (27.2)
21 (20.4)
>3200
1486 (50.4)
1419 (57.5)
17 (8.4)
9 (8.7)
Child characteristics
Sex (n,%)
Age (months)
TV viewing time (n,%)
boy
girl
1743 (50.5)
1709 (49.5)
48.2 (47.8-50.6)
306 (8.9)
3146 (91.1)
1281 (37.1)
2171 (62.9)
3378 (97.9)
74 (2.1)
105 (3.4)
3005 (96.6)
1401 (50.0)
1399 (50.0)
48.2 (47.8-50.2)
159 (5.7)
2641 (94.3)
919 (32.8)
1881 (67.2)
2742 (97.9)
58 (2.1)
46 (1.8)
2552 (98.2)
147 (54.0)
125 (46.0)
48.4 (47.8-52.8)
63 (23.2)
209 (76.8)
148 (54.4)
124 (45.6)
265 (97.4)
7 (2.6)
26 (12.0)
190 (88.0)
71 (49.0)
74 (51.0)
48.5 (47.8-51.7)
26 (17.9)
119 (82.1)
82 (56.6)
63 (43.4)
141 (97.2)
4 (2.8)
16 (14.5)
94 (85.5)
Surinamese
(n=235)
(6.8%)
p-Value**
64 (27.7)
111 (48.1)
56 (24.2)
35 (23.0)
117 (77.0)
81 (46.0)
54 (30.7)
41 (23.3)
<0.001
124 (52.8)
111 (47.2)
48.4 (47.8-51.2)
58 (24.7)
177 (75.3)
132 (56.2)
103 (43.8)
230 (97.9)
5 (2.1)
17 (9.1)
169 (90.9)
0.53
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
≥ 2 hours/day
<0.001
< 2 hours/day
≥ 1 hour/day
<0.001
< 1 hour/day
> 0 hours/day
0.79
0 hours/day
TV set in child’s
yes
<0.001
bedroom (n,%)
no
Table is based on non-imputed dataset.
Missings were 42 (1.2%) for maternal educational level, 691 (20.0%) for maternal employment status, 504 (14.6%) for household income, 0 for child’s sex, 0
for child’s age, and 342 (9.9%) for television set in child’s bedroom.
* Values are medians (90% range) for continuous variables, and frequencies (percentage) for categorical variables.
** Differences in family and child characteristics for the ethnic groups were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables, and Chi-squared test
or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.
Table 2. Association between ethnic background and television viewing time (≥ 2 hours per day) in the total study population and according to maternal
educational level (n=3452).
Total study population
Ethnic background
Dutch (Ref)
Turkish
Moroccan
Surinamese
Univariate model
OR (95% CI)
1.00
5.01 (3.62,6.92)
3.63 (2.31,5.71)
5.44 (3.89,7.62)
Multivariable model*
OR (95% CI)
1.00
2.27 (1.56,3.30)
1.68 (1.03,2.76)
3.12 (2.16,4.50)
Multivariable model**
OR (95% CI)
1.00
6.23 (2.45,15.85)
4.98 (1.58,15.72)
6.41 (2.96,13.86)
Maternal educational level
Ethnic background
High
Dutch (Ref)
Turkish
Moroccan
Surinamese
Univariate model
OR (95% CI)
1.00
10.20 (4.24,24.58)
7.28 (2.39,22.17)
7.72 (3.69,16.17)
Middle
Dutch (Ref)
Turkish
Moroccan
Surinamese
1.00
3.10 (1.78,5.38)
1.89 (0.84,4.25)
3.55 (2.15,5.88)
1.00
2.83 (1.59,5.02)
1.71 (0.75,3.93)
3.33 (1.98,5.61)
Low
Dutch (Ref)
Turkish
Moroccan
Surinamese
1.00
1.36 (0.82,2.24)
1.12 (0.57,2.21)
1.86 (1.01,3.42)
1.00
1.32 (0.77,2.25)
1.09 (0.53,2.22)
1.81 (0.95,3.45)
Table is based on imputed dataset.
Bold print indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
* Adjusted
** Adjusted
for maternal educational level and household income.
for household income.
Table 3. Association between ethnic background and television viewing time (≥ 1 hour per day) in the total study population and according to maternal
educational level (n=3452).
Total study population
Ethnic background
Dutch (Ref)
Turkish
Moroccan
Surinamese
Univariate model
OR (95% CI)
1.00
2.44 (1.90,3.14)
2.66 (1.90,3.73)
2.62 (2.00,3.43)
Multivariable model*
OR (95% CI)
1.00
1.54 (1.16,2.03)
1.72 (1.20,2.47)
1.88 (1.41,2.50)
Multivariable model**
OR (95% CI)
1.00
3.01 (1.50,6.03)
4.97 (1.92,12.84)
3.70 (2.13,6.42)
Maternal educational level
Ethnic background
High
Dutch (Ref)
Turkish
Moroccan
Surinamese
Univariate model
OR (95% CI)
1.00
3.65 (1.85,7.21)
5.71 (2.25,14.46)
3.94 (2.29,6.78)
Middle
Dutch (Ref)
Turkish
Moroccan
Surinamese
1.00
2.04 (1.32,3.16)
1.62 (0.91,2.86)
1.86 (1.24,2.79)
1.00
1.82 (1.16,2.85)
1.44 (0.80,2.59)
1.69 (1.12,2.55)
Low
Dutch (Ref)
Turkish
Moroccan
Surinamese
1.00
0.86 (0.57,1.29)
1.04 (0.60,1.78)
0.95 (0.55,1.63)
1.00
0.86 (0.55,1.35)
1.04 (0.57,1.88)
0.95 (0.53,1.69)
Table is based on imputed dataset.
Bold print indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
* Adjusted for maternal educational level and household income.
** Adjusted for household income.
Table 4. Association between maternal immigration characteristics and television viewing time (≥ 2 hour/day) (n=3452)*.
Turkish
Moroccan
Surinamese
≥ 2 hrs/day
< 2 hrs/day
≥ 2 hrs/day
< 2 hrs/day
≥ 2 hrs/day
< 2 hrs/day
Generational status
First generation (n,%)
47 (24.1)
148 (75.9)
24 (20.0)
96 (80.0)
42 (25.9)
120 (74.1)
Second generation (n,%)
16 (21.1)
60 (78.9)
2 (8.3)
22 (91.7)
16 (22.2)
56 (77.8)
Age at immigration**
0-15 years (n,%)
≥ 16 years (n,%)
12 (20.3)
27 (26.2)
47 (79.7)
76 (73.8)
9 (19.6)
11 (20.8)
37 (80.4)
42 (79.2)
26 (27.4)
11 (23.9)
69 (72.6)
35 (76.1)
Dutch language skills
Good (n,%)
16 (23.9)
51 (76.1)
7 (13.5)
45 (86.5)
44 (27.7)
115 (72.3)
Reasonable (n,%)
12 (14.8)
69 (85.2)
8 (26.7)
22 (73.3)
6 (16.7)
30 (83.3)
Not good (n,%)
23 (28.4)
58 (71.6)
8 (21.6)
29 (78.4)
0 (0.0)
1 (100.0)
Table is based on non-imputed dataset.
Associations between television viewing time (≥ 2 hour/day) and immigration characteristics were evaluated using Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. No
significant associations were observed.
* Values are frequencies (percentage).
** Only for first generation immigrants.