Table of Contents
Abstract
i
Acknowledgements
iii
Table of Contents
v
List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xix
Introduction
1
1.1 Background
1
1.2 Advantages of the Composite Steel Frame-Reinforced Concrete Infill Wall
System
2
1.3 Literature Review
3
1.3.1 Experimental Research on the Seismic Behavior of Infilled Frames
4
1.3.2 Analysis of Infilled Frames
7
1.4 Research Objectives
9
1.5 Organization of Thesis
11
Analysis and Design of Prototype Structure
12
1.6 Description of the Prototype Structure
12
1.7 Design Guidelines for the Prototype Structure
13
1.8 Elastic Finite Element Analysis of the Prototype Structure
15
1.8.1 Model Description
15
1.8.2 Analytical Results of the Fully-Composite Model
16
v
1.8.3 Effect of Headed Stud Connector Stiffness
20
1.8.3.1 Determination of the Shear Strength of Headed Studs
20
1.8.3.2 Determination of the Stiffness of Headed Studs
21
1.8.3.3 Analytical Results
22
Experimental Program
27
1.9 Specimen Design
27
1.9.1 Specimen Dimensions
27
1.9.2 Beam-to-Column Connection Design
31
1.9.3 Design of the Headed Stud Connectors along the Interfaces
35
1.9.4 Design of the Wall Reinforcement
42
1.10 Material Properties
43
1.10.1 Steel Material Properties
43
1.10.2 Concrete Material Properties
44
1.10.3 Material Properties of Reinforcing Bars
46
1.10.4 Material Properties of Headed Studs
47
1.11 Test Setup
47
1.12 Instrumentation
51
1.12.1 Global Response
51
1.12.2 Steel Columns
52
1.12.3 Reinforced Concrete Infill Walls
55
1.12.4 Interfaces between Steel Members and Reinforced Concrete Infill
Walls
55
1.12.5 Headed Studs
58
1.12.6 Partially-Restrained Connection Regions
59
1.13 Loading History
62
General Behavior of the Specimen
65
1.14 Summary of Specimen Performance
65
vi
1.15 Assessment of System Strength and Stiffness
66
1.16 Cracking and Crushing of Reinforced Concrete Infill Walls
72
1.17 Yielding of Steel Frame
79
1.18 Failure of Headed Stud Connectors
81
1.18.1 Post-Test Inspection of the Headed Studs
81
1.18.2 Audible Events
84
1.19 Evaluation of the Ductility
87
1.20 Energy Dissipation by Hysteretic Behavior
90
1.21 Evaluation of the R Factor
93
Local Response of the Steel Frame and the Reinforced Concrete Infill Wall
1.22 Behavior of the Steel Columns
95
95
1.22.1 Characteristics of Strain Variation in the Steel Columns
95
1.22.2 Characteristics of the Variation of Internal Forces in the Steel
Columns
106
1.22.2.1 Magnitudes of the Internal Forces in the Steel Columns
106
1.22.2.2 Estimation of the Shear Forces in the Steel Columns
113
1.22.2.3 Characteristics of the Internal Force Distributions
in the Steel Columns
116
1.23 Performance of the Middle Beam in the Connection Regions
1.23.1 Strain Profiles at the Ends of the Middle Beam
118
118
1.23.2 Comparison of the Internal Forces at the Two Ends
of the Middle Beam
121
1.24 Behavior of the Partially-Restrained Connections
126
1.24.1 Behavior of the Top and Seat Angles of the Partially-Restrained
Connections
126
1.24.2 Load-Deformation Relationship of the Partially-Restrained
vii
Connections
129
1.25 Deformation of the Panel Zones
135
1.26 Behavior of the Reinforced Concrete Infill Walls
138
1.26.1 Deformation of the Reinforced Concrete Infill Walls
138
1.26.2 Strain in the Reinforced Concrete Infill Walls
Behavior of Interface Headed Stud Connectors
146
150
1.27 Yielding of the Gaged Headed Studs
150
1.28 Axial and Bending Strain Demands on the Headed Studs
152
1.28.1 Axial and Bending Strain Behavior of the Headed Studs
152
1.28.2 Comparison of the Axial Strain Demands for the Headed Studs
157
1.28.3 Comparison of the Bending Strain Demands for the Headed Studs
162
1.28.4 Summary of the Axial and Bending Strain Demands
165
1.29 Interface Slip and Separation
165
1.29.1 Interface Slip Demands
165
1.29.1.1 Difference in Slip Demands in Two Loading Directions
165
1.29.1.2 Comparison of Slip Demands
169
1.29.1.3 Relationship Between Interstory Drift and Interface Slip
174
1.29.1.4 Effect of the Axial Extension of the Partially-Restrained
Connections
174
1.29.2 Separation Demands on the Headed Studs
1.30 Deformation Capacity of the Headed Studs
177
180
1.30.1 Failure Sequence of the Gaged Headed Studs
180
1.30.2 Deformation Capacity of the Headed Studs
Force Distribution in the Structural System
viii
182
188
1.31 Lateral Force Distribution
188
1.31.1 Lateral Force Transferred by the Headed Studs
188
1.31.2 Lateral Force Transferred by the Compression Strut
194
1.31.3 Lateral Force Resisted by the “Shear” Deformation of Steel Frame
195
1.32 Overturning Moment Distribution
195
Finite Element Analysis
201
1.33 Finite Element Model of the Specimen
201
1.34 Evaluation of the Finite Element Analysis
206
1.34.1 Comparison of Interface Slips
208
1.34.2 Comparison of Interstory Drifts
209
1.34.3 Comparison of Lateral Forces Resisted by the Studs
210
1.34.4 Comparison of Axial Forces in the Steel Columns
211
1.34.5 Summary
212
1.35 Modification of the Finite Element Model
213
1.36 Conclusion
216
Plastic Mechanism Analysis
218
1.37 Evaluation of Existing Plastic Mechanism Models
218
1.38 Application of Plastic Mechanism Analysis to the Test Specimen
227
Design Recommendations
236
1.39 Assessment of the Preliminary Design Recommendations
236
1.40 Design Recommendations for Future Experimental Study
239
1.40.1 Design Recommendations for the Steel Columns
239
1.40.2 Design Recommendations for the Steel Beams
241
1.40.3 Design Recommendations for the Partially-Restrained
Connections
241
1.40.4 Design Recommendations for the Reinforced Concrete
ix
Infill Walls
243
1.40.5 Design Recommendations for the Headed Stud Connectors
244
1.41 Estimating the Strength of the Partially-Restrained Connections
Conclusions
246
252
1.42 Summary of Experimental Program
252
1.43 Observations from Experimental Results
253
1.43.1 Global Behavior
253
1.43.2 Local Response of the Steel Frame and the Reinforced Concrete
Infill Walls
254
1.43.3 Behavior of the Interface Headed Stud Connectors
255
1.44 Observations from Plastic Mechanism Analysis and Finite Element
Analysis
256
1.45 Conclusions on the SRCW System
257
1.46 Recommendations
258
1.46.1 Design
258
1.46.2 Research
259
Appendix
260
A Design of the Partially-Restrained Connections in the Specimen
260
B Documentation of Instrument Readings
270
B.1 Column Strain Gages
271
B.2 Slip and Separation LVDTs
280
B.3 Stud Strain Gages
304
B.4 Top and Seat Angle Strain Gages
316
C Calculation of the Internal Forces in the Steel Columns
References
321
325
x