Time allowed: 3 hours
Benha University
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Date of exam: 11-1-2011
Animal Medicine Department
Veterinary Internal Medicine
Fifth grade students – small ruminant and camel medicine
Please answer the following two questions
I(a) Enumerate the causes and pathogenesis of urolithiasis in ram
(5 marks)
(b) Describe the clinical picture of iodine in goat
(5 marks)
II(a) Plan your diagnosis for pregnancy toxaemia in sheep
(5 marks)
(b) Write on the treatment of eczyma in goat
(5 marks)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Please answer two questions only from the following:
III- Explain the following syndromes
(a) Congenital blindness associated with Vit. A deficiency in lamb
(3 marks)
(b) Unthriftiness related to ruminal parakeratosis in feedlot lamb
(3 marks)
(c) Inflammatory changes associated with photosenitization.
(3 marks)
(d) Nervous signs associated with sheep bot
(3 marks)
(e) Addition of Ammonium chloride to diet as a prevention for urolithiasis (3 marks)
IV-:
(a) Plan your differential diagnosis for deficiency problems associated with immune
suppression in sheep
(7.5 marks)
(b) Tabulate the differences between ovine progressive pneumonia and ovine adenomatosis
(7.5 marks)
V- (a) Write short comment on killer disease in camel (5 marks)
(b) You are called to examine a feedlot lamb with complain of regurgitation of food,
grinding on teeth and staggering in gait. Moreover, there was some changes in the feces. Plan
your diagnosis, differential diagnosis and line of treatment. (10 marks)
Good luck
Animal Medicine Family
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Answer model
Please answer the following two questions
I(c) Enumerate the causes and pathogenesis of urolithiasis in ram
(5 marks)
1.
Dietary factors
Feedlot economics require fattening and marketing lambs in a minimum time,
consequently fattening rations contain from 70 to 90 concentrates. The grains especially
sorghum or wheat often have high phosphorus contents and a calcium to phosphorus
ratio near 1.
This dietary imbalance creates high serum and urine level of phosphate and magnesium
and high levels of low-molecular –weight peptides. The increased urea plasma level
increase pH of urine providing an environment in which magnesium and phosphate ions
are less soluble and ammonium ions are more available. Mucoproteins, cells cast or
epithelial cells may contribute to the initiation of calculus formation by forming the nidus
of calculus. The high concentration of phosphate anions, magnesium cations and peptides
in the urine with increased pH initiate precipitation of calcium, magnesium and
ammonium phosphates around the nidus. Producing phosphatic struvitic calculi.
Another types of calculi may be formed depending upon the dietary components.

Silicate calculi: may be formed in sheep feed on grass or cereal hays.

Calcite calculi CaCO3 formed in sheep feed on subterranean clover which is
high in calcium.

Plants rich in oxalates as Halogeton contribute to calcite or wedlite calculi
formation  CaC2O342H2O.
2.
Environmental factors
Include water deprivation as this increase precipitation of salts and also, low
atmospheric temperature autumn and winter as it increase the excretion of peptides
and reflexly contract the penis and urethra.
3.
Hormonal factors:
Early castration predispose for calculi formation as maturation of urethra process is
dependent upon testosterone, and maturity. The urethral process in immature lambs is
small in caliber and adhered to the wall of prepuce. Early castration remove the effect of
testosterone on penis, urethra and urethral process causing these organs to remain
hypoplastic during the entire growing and fattening period. In ewe lambs, all calculi
easily discharge through the expansive urethra. But in withers, descending calculi 1 to 2
mm diameter may traumatize the delicate tissue and lodge either at the sigmoid flexure or
at the urethra process of the hormonally and occlude the urethra gradually accumulating
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urine following bladder rupture, urine spills into the peritoneal cavity and reabsorption
lead to uremia and finally death.
Rupture of urethra discharges urine into subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen and finally
through sinuses to the exterior. Urine infiltrated tissue may sough or infected.
(d) Describe the clinical picture of iodine in goat
(5 marks)
1. ILow growth rate due to low basal metabolic rate (BMR).
2. The neck is variable enlarged in the laryngeal area.
3. Dry skin and poor quality wool.
4. Reduced libido and low semen quality, irregular estrus and abortion due to stillbirth
and weak lambs.
5. Affected lambs show thick, scaly skin with sparse wool and thickened neck.
6. Dyspnoea, noisy breathing, and dysphagia.
(c) Plan your diagnosis for pregnancy toxaemia in sheep
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(5 marks)
A. Case history
1. History of third or subsequent pregnancy.
2. Old or senile animal.
3. Late stage of pregnancy.
4. History of poor nutrition.
5. Thin or obese animals.
6. Pregnancy of twins or triples.
B. Clinical findings
C. Postmortem lesions
1. Fatty liver
2. Uterus contains 2-3 fetuses.
3. Enlargement of adrenal gland by as much as 65%.
D. Laboratory examinations
1. Hypoglycemia below 25mg% N = 40-60mg%.
2. Ketonaemia 10-1000mg % N = up to 10 mg %.
3. Ketonuria 80-1300mg% N = up to 50-70mg %.
4. Milk ketones 40mg % N = 3-10 mg%.
5. BUN and creatinine  
6. High level of cortisone
7. Iron, magnesium and potassium .
Differential Diagnosis: with hypocalcemia in which
a. The animal take frog attitude, lateral recumbency and the head is reflected on the
shoulder towards the flanl region with extension of the hind limb.
b. Response to calcium administration.
c. Low Ca level.
d. Negative Rosther’s nitroprusside test.
(d) Write on the treatment of eczyma in goat
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(5 marks)
1. Hygienic treatment by avoiding the sources of allergen either internal or external by
gastric lavage, purgation, and irradication of external parasites……etc.
2. Local treatment:

In case of moist or wet eczyma we can use dust powder over skin as R/tannic acid
5 gm + salicylic acid 5gm.

Or R/zinc oxide 10gm + talce powder 10gm.

R/-sulphur powder 5gm.
- Alcohol sol.
40ml used as skin application
- Formalin sol
5ml
- Olive oil
up to 100ml

Anaesthetic skin ointmants as lignocaine ointment.
3. Anaesthetic skin ointmants as lignocaine ointment.
4. Systemic treatment as:
a. Antihistaminic, corticosteroids and antibiotics.
b. Treatment of hepatitis, and nephritis if suspected.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Please answer two questions only from the following:
III- Explain the following syndromes
(f) Congenital blindness associated with Vit. A deficiency in lamb
(3 marks)
constriction of the optic canal
(g) Unthriftiness related to ruminal parakeratosis in feedlot lamb
(3 marks)
The normal stratified keratinized epithelium of the ruminal mucosa act as protective
barrier and play an important role in ruminal transportation and metabolism so abnormal
absorptive efficiency and metabolism is related to parakeratosis leading to unthriftiness
(h) Inflammatory changes associated with photosenitization.
(3 marks)
The interaction of phyloerythrin with the sunlight lead to hypersensitivity specially in
liver affections
(i) Nervous signs associated with sheep bot
(3 marks)
Migration of the mature larval stage (Maggot) into the siuns leading to severe annoyance
so that animal shakes head vigorously as an efforts to get ride of the migrating maggot
(j) Addition of Ammonium chloride to diet as a prevention for urolithiasis (3 marks)
The addition of ammonium chloride 2% of the ration will aid in preventing urolithiasis as it induces
acidification of urine. Preventing preciptation of struvtic crystals
IV-:
(c) Plan your differential diagnosis for deficiency problems associated with immune
suppression in sheep
(7.5 marks)
These include:
1- Vitamin A def
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2- Vit E –selenium def
3- Copper def
4- Cobalt def
5- Iodine def
6- Zinc def
(d) Tabulate the differences between ovine progressive pneumonia and ovine adenomatosis
(7.5 marks)
ovine progressive pneumonia
Non onchogenic retro virus
Attach lymphoid interstitial tissue
No nasal discharge
ovine adenomatosis
onchogenic retro virus
Attach type 11 cells and clara cells
Excessive fluidy nasal discharge
V- (a) Write short comment on killer disease in camel (5 marks)
Cephalopina titillator)
Definition
chronic rhinitis in camel caused by Cephalopina titillator larvae that occurs in nasopharynx
Pathogenesis
1- A fly may deposit larvae on the nostrils
2- The larvae occurred mainly in the nasopharynx and, occasionally, degenerated larvae
were found embedded between the turbinated bones
3- The nasal cavity become congested and filled with mucus in which some larvae are
entangled
4- In the pharynx, the pathological changes included the formation of lymphoid nodules,
with central abscesses, at the sites of larval attachment, and a combination of
inflammatory, degenerative and reparative processes in other parts of the pharyngeal
wall.
Clinical Signs
1- Sneezing
2- Difficulty of breathing
3- Nasal discharge
4- Anorexia
5- Neurological disturbance
6- Death may occur
Diagnosis
1- Case history
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2- Clinical signs
3- Observation of fly or larvae
Treatment
1- including Ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg), Albendazole, and Rafoxnide
2- Nostril irrigation with trichlorophen
3- S/C injection of nitroxynil 10 mg/kg
Control
Trichlorophen in drinking water 0.3 %
(b) You are called to examine a feedlot lamb with complain of regurgitation of food, grinding
on teeth and staggering in gait. Moreover, there was some changes in the feces. Plan your
diagnosis, differential diagnosis and line of treatment. (10 marks)
The case may be:
1- Impaction
2- Hypomagnesaemia
3- Calcium deficiency
4- Toxicity
5- Vitamin A deficiency
6- Copper deficiency
The most suspected case:
Impaction: because feed lot lambs are more susceptible for occurrence of impaction which
usually followed by diarrhea as a change in feces character.
Please put he table of differential diagnosis include etiology, signs, diagnostic test and lab
findings for the previous diseases
A.
1.
2.
3.
B.
C.
I.
1.
Line of treatment of impaction:
Hygienic treatment:
Supplement the grain rations with large amount of hay.
Withheld water supply to the limited amount.
Nursing of recumbent animals by changing its position and adding good bedding of rice straw.
Supportive treatment:
- Intravenous injection of physiological saline and dextrose
Medicated treatment:
It is planned to
To evacuate rumen by:
Oil purgative 0.25-0.5 litre of mineral oil or vegetable oil orally
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N.B.: To avoid saline purgative as much as possible.
2. Surgically by rumentomy.
II.
Stop the harmful action of mciroorganisms by using antibiotics as oxytetracycline.
III.
Correct pH by:
a.
Lime stone 50-100gm then followed by 50gm after 12 hours and every 12 hours.
b.
Magnesium hydroxide or magnesium bicarbonate 50-100gm then followed by 50gm
after 12 hours and every 12 hours.
c.
Sodium bicarbonate orally 50-100gm and I/V as 2% solution 100ml.
d.
Calcium borogluconate 2% solution 100ml.
IV.
Treatment of dehydration:
In case of acidemia, Sod. Bicarbonate solution or lactated
Ringer’s solution electrolyte therapy 250ml I/V.
Ringer’s solution or isotonic saline 0.9% in case of alkalaemia.
V.
Antihistaminincs: As avil or allercur or pirafin amps.
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